TWI508993B - 予體-受體交替共軛高分子及使用其所製成之太陽能電池元件 - Google Patents
予體-受體交替共軛高分子及使用其所製成之太陽能電池元件 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI508993B TWI508993B TW102139316A TW102139316A TWI508993B TW I508993 B TWI508993 B TW I508993B TW 102139316 A TW102139316 A TW 102139316A TW 102139316 A TW102139316 A TW 102139316A TW I508993 B TWI508993 B TW I508993B
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- polymer
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- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 title description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- MLCPSWPIYHDOKG-BUHFOSPRSA-N (3e)-3-(2-oxo-1h-indol-3-ylidene)-1h-indol-2-one Chemical compound O=C\1NC2=CC=CC=C2C/1=C1/C2=CC=CC=C2NC1=O MLCPSWPIYHDOKG-BUHFOSPRSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000000923 (C1-C30) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910021392 nanocarbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- JTPNRXUCIXHOKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloronaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(Cl)=CC=CC2=C1 JTPNRXUCIXHOKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000592 heterocycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen atom Chemical class [H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- KZDTZHQLABJVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,8-diiodooctane Chemical compound ICCCCCCCCI KZDTZHQLABJVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 64
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 54
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 51
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 51
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 44
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 22
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 8
- IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 7
- KWTSZCJMWHGPOS-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloro(trimethyl)stannane Chemical compound C[Sn](C)(C)Cl KWTSZCJMWHGPOS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 238000000944 Soxhlet extraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010898 silica gel chromatography Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- QFLWZFQWSBQYPS-AWRAUJHKSA-N (3S)-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[5-[(3aS,6aR)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoylamino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-[1-bis(4-chlorophenoxy)phosphorylbutylamino]-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound CCCC(NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CCCCC1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]12)C(C)C)P(=O)(Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1)Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1 QFLWZFQWSBQYPS-AWRAUJHKSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-bromosuccinimide Chemical compound BrN1C(=O)CCC1=O PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940125773 compound 10 Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 4
- ARRNBPCNZJXHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydron;tetrabutylazanium;phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)([O-])=O.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC ARRNBPCNZJXHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- ZLVXBBHTMQJRSX-VMGNSXQWSA-N jdtic Chemical compound C1([C@]2(C)CCN(C[C@@H]2C)C[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]2NCC3=CC(O)=CC=C3C2)=CC=CC(O)=C1 ZLVXBBHTMQJRSX-VMGNSXQWSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002371 ultraviolet--visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229940125782 compound 2 Drugs 0.000 description 3
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- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- VMKOFRJSULQZRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromooctane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCBr VMKOFRJSULQZRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OHZAHWOAMVVGEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-bithiophene Chemical compound C1=CSC(C=2SC=CC=2)=C1 OHZAHWOAMVVGEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JARRYVQFBQVOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-bromo-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one Chemical compound BrC1=CC=C2CC(=O)NC2=C1 JARRYVQFBQVOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HVPQMLZLINVIHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-bromo-1h-indole-2,3-dione Chemical compound BrC1=CC=C2C(=O)C(=O)NC2=C1 HVPQMLZLINVIHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940126214 compound 3 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940125898 compound 5 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 2
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940078552 o-xylene Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- LVEYOSJUKRVCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane Substances C=1C=CC=CC=1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)CCCP(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 LVEYOSJUKRVCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVHBESHWNHQSDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dibromo-5-thiophen-2-yl-3h-thiophene Chemical compound S1C(Br)(Br)CC=C1C1=CC=CS1 ZVHBESHWNHQSDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XULHFMYCBKQGEE-MRXNPFEDSA-N 2-Hexyl-1-decanol Natural products CCCCCCCC[C@H](CO)CCCCCC XULHFMYCBKQGEE-MRXNPFEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 2-hexyl Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XULHFMYCBKQGEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hexyl-1-Decanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(CO)CCCCCC XULHFMYCBKQGEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCMISAPCWHTVNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromothiophene Chemical compound BrC=1C=CSC=1 XCMISAPCWHTVNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQYWXQCOYRZFAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-octylthiophene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=1C=CSC=1 WQYWXQCOYRZFAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1 MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWEKWRQKAHQYNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-(bromomethyl)pentadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(CBr)CCCCCC RWEKWRQKAHQYNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IDEWTEHWNOAXEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[Sn](C1=CC=C(S1)C=1SC(=CC1)[Sn](C)(C)C)(C)C.C[Sn](C1=CC=C(S1)C=1SC(=CC1)[Sn](C)(C)C)(C)C Chemical compound C[Sn](C1=CC=C(S1)C=1SC(=CC1)[Sn](C)(C)C)(C)C.C[Sn](C1=CC=C(S1)C=1SC(=CC1)[Sn](C)(C)C)(C)C IDEWTEHWNOAXEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCPBQOCHJRMVNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[Sn](C=1SC(=CC1)[Sn](C)(C)C)(C)C.C[Sn](C=1SC(=CC1)[Sn](C)(C)C)(C)C Chemical compound C[Sn](C=1SC(=CC1)[Sn](C)(C)C)(C)C.C[Sn](C=1SC(=CC1)[Sn](C)(C)C)(C)C QCPBQOCHJRMVNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N DMSO Substances CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCXLEDUJMXBCGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ICCCCCCCCI.ICCCCCCCCI Chemical compound ICCCCCCCCI.ICCCCCCCCI YCXLEDUJMXBCGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005263 ab initio calculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002178 anthracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-hexane Natural products CCCCCC(C)C JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005274 electronic transitions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 229910000042 hydrogen bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004776 molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- FGNGTWFJQFTFGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C.CN(C)CCN(C)C FGNGTWFJQFTFGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZJYOGTIHQFOQGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-(4-octylthiophen-2-yl)stannane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1=CSC([Sn](C)(C)C)=C1 ZJYOGTIHQFOQGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/124—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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Description
本發明係關於一種予體-受體交替共軛高分子,尤指一種適用於有機高分子太陽能電池、以及場效電晶體(FET)之共軛高分子。
石油危機、核能危機以及地球暖化問題近幾年來受到高度重視,驅使科學家開始重視替代的可再生能源。可再生能源有水力能、風能、地熱能、太陽能……等。諸多替代的可再生能源中,太陽能最受矚目。太陽光能量充沛且太陽能取之不盡用之不竭。科學家經過多年的努力研究,已經發展出許多種的太陽能電池。我們將太陽能電池依照材料以及發展的時間順序分成三個世代,通常稱晶元的太陽能電池為第一代,如矽晶太陽能電池。薄膜太陽能電池為第二代,如非晶矽以及碲化镉太陽能電池。尚在開發中的染料敏化太陽電池、高分子太陽能電池(Polymer Solar Cell)以及其他高功能新穎性太陽能電池為第三代。目
前太陽能電池皆以半導體材料為主要吸光材料,元件結構上同時使用p型半導體與n型半導體,p型或n型半導體吸收太陽光產生激子(Exciton),激子擴散至p-n接面產生電子電洞對(Electron-hole Pair)分離。分離的電子以及電洞受到電池兩極的電位差誘導,電子經由n型半導體傳導到電池負極,電洞經由p型半導體傳導到電池正極。綜觀第一代到第三代太陽能電池的發展,第一代太陽能電池的材料以矽元素為主,其技術發展已經相當成熟。第一代太陽能電池的能量轉換效率(Power Conversion Efficiency,PCE)平均是20%,目前為太陽能電池市場的主流,且電池壽命亦長,但其昂貴的開發製作成本是主要的缺點。第二代太陽能電池為薄膜技術,製作方式較矽晶圓的製作變化多且成本較低,平均能量轉換效率是10-20%,已廣泛用於消費性電子產品,如手錶和計算機中,但其真空製程成本還是偏高。第三代太陽能電池含有創新、開發中的電池技術而且廉價可大面積生產是其最大的優點。
有機高分子太陽能電池在發展初期使用的是雙層異質接面結構(Bilayer Heterojunction Configuration),為正極/p型半導體薄膜/n型半導體薄膜/負極。在光電轉換的途徑中,激子的擴散為影響效率的重要因素之一。根據A.B.Holmes團隊的研究指出激子的擴散距離為5~14奈米(nm),因此雙層的厚度皆控制在5~14奈米的範圍可以確保激子有
效擴散至p-n接面。然而5~14奈米的薄膜不易製作,且只能吸收利用少量的太陽光。除此之外這種結構在製作程序上有些許限制,用於溶解n型半導體材料的溶劑必須無法溶解p型半導體材料,如此一來n型半導體薄膜的製程中其溶劑方能避免影響p型半導體薄膜。基於上述的限制,材料的開發有所侷限。然而這種結構的缺點在近年來發展的體異質接面結構(Bulk Heterojunction Configuration)皆得到改善。
高分子太陽能電池之體異質接面結構是由Heeger團隊所首先開發,這種電池結構為正極/(p型半導體以及n型半導體的混摻薄膜)/負極。混摻薄膜是由p型半導體團聚(Domain)與n型半導體的團聚所構成。團聚大小則是由p型半導體與n型半導體間相分離(Phase Separation)的程度決定。團聚大小控制在5~14奈米可確保激子有效擴散至p-n接面。由於半導體團聚隨機分布於混摻薄膜中,所以較雙層薄膜有更多的p-n接面。此外混摻薄膜中激子擴散至p-n接面的成功與否是由團聚大小決定,與膜厚無關,故可將混摻膜厚提升至100奈米以上,增加太陽光的吸收。因為此種電池結構改善了早期電池結構的諸多缺點。
根據Heeger團隊的研究結果,發現經由予體(Donor)-受體(Acceptor)組成的聚合單元能達到理想能隙的設計目標。此設計運用了分子軌域理論(Molecular Orbital
Theory),藉由兩種不同能階的原子或分子共價鍵結成新分子時,會形成新的軌域能階,使得新分子的能隙小於鍵結前各原子或分子的能隙,因此可具有較佳的吸光能力。
此外,由於半導體材料之結晶性與電荷遷移率、短路電流(Jsc)呈現正相關,因此有研究指出予體化學結構的對稱性可影響電洞遷移率,其中,中心對稱(Centrosymmetric)結構的予體,其高分子鏈的構形趨於直鏈,結晶性較佳,因此有高的電洞遷移率,而軸對稱(Axisymmetric)結構的予體之高分子鏈的構形呈現彎曲鏈,結晶性較差,因此電洞遷移率低。
然而,在體異質接面結構中,溶解性亦是重要的考量,其團聚大小為了使激子有效擴散至p-n接面,控制在半徑為5~14奈米最為理想,予體-受體低能隙導電高分子與奈米碳簇需形成微相分離,而中心對稱(Centrosymmetric)結構的予體因有較佳的分子排列,而使得溶解性較差,反之軸對稱(Axisymmetric)結構有利於溶解性。
因此予體-受體低能隙導電高分子的結晶性與溶解性必須取得平衡方能有效提升短路電流(Jsc)。
根據前述,本發明為設計並研究具有平衡的予體結構對稱性以及較佳的予體結構共軛長度之予體-受體交替共軛高分子,以應用於有機高分子太陽能電池、以及場效電晶
體(FET)。
本發明之目的係在提供一種予體-受體交替共軛高分子的設計方法,尤指一種適用於有機高分子太陽能電池、以及場效電晶體(FET)之共軛高分子。
予體-受體交替共軛高分子可表示如一通式(式a):
其中,D為予體,係共軛連接之經取代或未取代之複數芳香環,A為受體,其最低電子未佔有軌域(LUMO)與D之最高電子佔有軌域(HOMO)之能階差小於2電子伏特(eV),且其與D彼此為共軛連接。
式(a)亦可表示如式(1):
式(1)中,X可為O、N、S、Se、Te或Po;A可為一經取代或未取代之含有至少一芳基或一雜芳基之官能團;每一Ra、Rb、及Rc係可各自獨立為一或多種選自由:一氫、一C1-30
烷基、一C3-30
環烷基、一C3-30
雜環烷基、一C6-30
芳基、一C5-30
雜芳基、-R1
COOR1
’、-R2
COR2
’、或-R3
-O-R3
’所組成之群組,其中每一R1
、R2
及R3
係可各自獨立為一鍵或一C1-30
烷基,且每一R1
’、R2
’及R3
’係可各自獨立為一氫或一C1-30
烷基;此外,在以經Ra、Rb、及Rc取代之雜芳基所組成之空間中,Ra官能基團及Rc官能基團可彼此為中心對稱或軸對稱。
其中,Ra、及Rc較佳可為一C3-16
烷基,Rb較佳可為一氫。
其中,m+m’+p=4~10,且m=m’;以及n=10~150,在本發明之一較佳實施例中,m及m’可分別為1~2,及p可為1~2。又,在本發明之一更佳實施例中,m及m’可分別為2,及p可為2。
式(1)中,A之最低電子未佔有軌域(LUMO)與D之最高電子佔有軌域(HOMO)之能階差小於2電子伏特(eV),較佳為小於1.6電子伏特(eV),只要具有所述之能階、吸光能力佳、優良的結晶能力、及良好的電荷遷移率,係無特別限制,例如,可各自獨立為一或多種選自由下列群組之官能團:
其中,每一R可各自獨立為一或多種選自由:一氫、一C1-30
烷基、一C3-30
環烷基、一C3-30
雜環烷基、一
C6-30
芳基、一C5-30
雜芳基、-R1
COOR1
’、-R2
COR2
’、或-R3
-O-R3
’所組成之群組,其中R1
、R2
及R3
係各自獨立為一鍵或一C1-30
烷基,且及R1
’、R2
’及R3
’係各自獨立為一氫或一C1-30
烷基。根據本發明之一實施例,R可為一直鏈C3-16
烷基,或具有支鏈之一C3-16
烷基。
此外,根據本發明之一較佳實施例,A可為異靛藍素(isoindigo)。
根據本發明之一較佳實施例,式(1)高分子之m及m’可分別為1,p為2,如式(2)所示:
其中,Rb1
及Rb2
為氫,以及Ra係與Rc相同。Ra、及Rc,例如,皆為一C1-30
烷基,其中,Ra(及所鍵結之芳香環)與Rc(及所鍵結之芳香環)在空間中為中心對稱。
此外,式(2)高分子之A可為異靛藍素(isoindigo)。
又式(2)中,該高分子之Ra及Rc可皆為一C1-30
烷基,較佳為一C3-16
烷基。
根據本發明之一較佳實施例,式(1)高分子之m及m’可分別為2,p為1,如式(3)所示:
Rb為氫,以及Ra1
、Ra2
、Rc1
、及Rc2
可皆相同,其中Ra1
及Ra2
(及各別所鍵結之芳香環)所形成之基團,與Rc2
及Rc1
(及各別所鍵結之芳香環)所形成之基團為軸對稱。
此外,式(3)高分子之A可為異靛藍素(isoindigo)。
又式(3)中,該高分子之Ra1
、Ra2
、Rc1
、及Rc2
可皆為一C1-30
烷基,較佳為一C3-16
烷基。
根據本發明之一較佳實施例,式(1)高分子之m及m’係分別為2,p為2,如式(4)所示:
其中,Rb1
及Rb2
為氫,以及Ra1
、Ra2
、Rc1
、及Rc2
可皆相同,其中Ra1
及Ra2
(及各別所鍵結之芳香環)所形成之基團,與Rc2
及Rc1
(及各別所鍵結之芳香環)所形成之基團為中心對稱。
其中,式(4)高分子之A可為異靛藍素(isoindigo)。
又,該高分子之Ra1
、Ra2
、Rc1
、及Rc2
可皆為一C1-30
烷基,較佳為一C3-16
烷基。
此外,在本案中,「中心對稱」一詞意為,在空間中,在兩物中可找到一點,使得兩物透過該點而互為鏡像,其對稱中心,例如,在式(2)及式(4)中,約在Rb1
及Rb2
各自所在之芳香環之間的其中之鍵上。「軸對稱」一詞意為,在兩物中可找到一線,使得兩物透過該線而互為鏡像,其對稱軸,例如,在式(3)中,以Rb所在之芳香環之通過X所畫出之平行紙面之對稱軸,使得Ra1
與Rc2
對稱,及Ra2
與Rc1
對稱。
於本發明中,若無特別註明,「烷基」一詞係指直鏈或支鏈之單價碳氫基團;「環烷基」一詞係指單價非芳香性5-8員單環結構、8-12員雙環結構或11-14員三環結構;「雜環烷基」一詞係指單價非芳香性5-8員單環結構、8-12員雙環結構或11-14員三環結構,其具有一或多種選自由:N、O、S、Se、P、以及B所組成之群組之雜原子;「芳基」一詞係指單價C6
單環狀、C10
雙環狀或C14
三環狀芳香環系統,芳基舉例包括但不限於:苯基、萘基及蒽基;而「雜芳基」一詞係指單價芳香性5-8員單環、8-12員雙環或11-14員三環結構,其具有一或多種選自由N、O、S、Se、P、Si、Ge以及B所組成之群組之雜原子。
本發明之另一目的係在提供一種高分子太陽能電池元件之應用,其包括:一第一電極;一主動層,設於該第一電極上,且其材料包括:由一高分子形成之一p型半導電材料,其中,該高分子係如式(1)~式(4)所述之高分子;及一n型半導體材料;以及一第二電極,係設於該主動層上。
在該元件中,該n型半導體材料需要具有高的電子遷移率(Electron Mobility)以及能階較低的最低電子未填滿軌域(LUMO),有利於處在p型半導體之最低電子未填滿軌域(LUMO)的電子躍遷至n型半導體。該n型半導體材料可包含一或多種選自由:一奈米碳簇,其中,該奈米碳
簇可為PC61
BM或PC71
BM等等;一n型半導體高分子;及一n型奈米半導體粒子所組成之群組。其中,作為n型半導體材料之奈米碳簇,係對於p型半導體高分子來說,為較佳的混摻材料,原因為奈米碳簇與高分子的混摻容易達到理想的微相分離,例如5~14奈米的團聚大小,因此可使激子有效擴散至p-n接面。
根據本發明之一實施例,該主動層之材料更可包括一添加劑,只要可幫助電荷傳輸,以致提高元件效率,係無特別限制,例如,可包含一或多種選自由:1,8-二碘辛烷(1,8-diiodooctane(DIO))及1-氯萘(1-chloronaphthalene(CN))。
根據本發明之一實施例,其中,該第一電極可為一透明電極,例如氧化銦錫等等。
根據本發明之一實施例,其中,該第二電極之材料可包含一或多種選自由:Al、Ca、Ag、Au及所組成之群組。
根據本發明之一實施例,其中,該元件可更包括一電洞傳輸層,其設於該第一電極層及該主動層之間,例如PEDOT:PSS等等。
綜合上述所論,本發明可提供一具有平衡的予體結構對稱性以及較佳之予體結構的共軛長度,及其高分子擁有良好的光吸收範圍、結晶性、溶解度,因而其所製
成之元件可在短路電流(Jsc)、及能量轉換效率有極佳的表現。
11‧‧‧第一電極層
12‧‧‧主動層
13‧‧‧第二電極層
圖1係本發明之電池元件之示例性實施例。
圖2係本發明之電池元件之電壓-電流曲線圖。
本發明可作各種修改以及可有各種實施例,而目的為示例說明實施例。然而下方描述並非限制本發明於說明實施例,以及應被了解在本發明之精神及範圍內之包括各種改變、等同或取代。此外,本發明之描述中,當認為相關領域之詳細描述會模糊本發明要旨時,其描述將會被省略。
[實施例]
[製備實施例1]
3-辛基噻吩(3-Octylthiophene)(化合物1)的合成:
在0℃下,將1-溴辛烷(1-bromooctane)(53.30g,0.276mole)緩慢加入含有鎂(8.95g,0.368mole)以及300毫
升無水乙醚的圓底瓶中。待1-溴辛烷(1-bromooctane)加入完成後,將此溶液放置於室溫下反應1小時。接著將此溶液利用雙頭針導入含有3-溴噻吩(3-bromothiophen)(30.00g,0.184mole)、Ni(dppp)Cl2
(200mg,0.368mmole)以及300毫升無水乙醚的圓底瓶中,反應10小時。待反應完成後加入1M鹽酸200毫升中止反應,與乙醚做萃取,取有機層加入無水硫酸鎂。用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用減壓蒸餾(化合物1在3torr下沸點為106℃)純化得到透明無色液體(化合物1)(28.54g,79%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1
H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):7.24(dd,J
=4.9Hz,J
=3.0Hz,1H),6.98-6.89(m,2H),2.63(t,J
=7.6Hz,2H),1.63(qui,J
=6.8Hz,2H),1.45-1.17(m,10H),0.89(t,J
=6.8Hz,3H)
[製備實施例2]
三甲基(4-辛基噻吩-2-基)錫烷(Trimethyl(4-octylthiophen-2-yl)stannane)(化合物2)的合成:
在-78℃下,將40毫升2.5M正丁基鋰(n-BuLi)的無水己烷溶液(0.1mole)加入含有化合物1(19.64g,0.1mole)以及100毫升無水四氫呋喃(THF)的圓底瓶中。在
-78℃下反應一小時後,將此溶液放置於室溫下再反應一小時。接著在-78℃下,加入100毫升1M三甲基氯化錫(trimethyltin chloride)的無水四氫呋喃(THF)溶液(0.1mole)。待1M三甲基氯化錫(trimethyltin chloride)的無水四氫呋喃(THF)溶液加入完成後,將此反應溶液放置於室溫下反應10小時。反應完成後,與己烷做萃取,取有機層加入無水硫酸鎂。用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用矽藻土凝膠(celite gel)層析管柱(己烷作為沖提劑)純化得到淡黃色液體(29.45g,82%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):7.20(s,1H),7.01(s,1H),2.65(t,J
=7.6Hz,2H),1.64(qui,J
=7.6Hz,2H),1.45-1.17(m,10H),0.89(t,J
=6.7Hz,3H),0.36(s,9H)
[製備實施例3]
7-(溴甲基)十五烷{7-(Bromomethyl)pehtadecane)}(化合物3)的合成:
混合2-己基-1-癸醇(2-hexyl-1-decanol)(40.00g,0.165mole)與40wt%的溴化氫(hydrogen bromide)水溶液(100.00g,0.494mole)。接著將混合液加熱至迴流,反應10
小時。待反應完成後,與甲苯(toluene)做萃取,取有機層加入無水硫酸鎂。用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用矽膠(silica gel)層析管柱(甲苯(toluene)作為沖提劑)純化得到透明無色液體(47.86g,95%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):3.45(d,J
=4.8Hz,2H),1.63-1.55(m,1H),1.45-1.17(m,24H),0.93-0.81(m,6H)
[製備實施例4]
(E)-6,6'-二溴-[3,3'-雙-亞吲哚啉]-2,2'-二酮{(E)-6,6'-Dibromo-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione(化合物4)}的合成:
混合6-溴吲哚酮(6-bromooxindole)(23.45g,0.110mole)、6-溴靛紅(6-bromoisatin)(25.00g,0.110mole)、冰醋酸(750ml)以及濃鹽酸(5ml)。接著將混合液加熱至迴流,反應24小時。待反應完成且冷卻後過濾,接著利用甲醇反覆沖提至濾液呈現中性,得到深棕色固體(45.53g,98%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1
H NMR(400MHz,D6-DMSO,δ):11.11(s,2H),9.03(d,J
=8.6Hz,2H),7.22(d,J
=8.7Hz,2H),
7.03(s,2H)
[製備實施例5]
(E)-6,6'-二溴-1,1'-雙(2-己基癸基)-[3,3'-雙-亞吲哚啉]-2,2'-二酮{(E)-6,6'-Dibromo-1,1'-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione}(化合物5)的合成:
混合化合物4(10.00g,23.81mmole)、碳酸鉀(32.90g,238.06mmole)、化合物3(14.54g,47.61mmole)以及100毫升無水二甲基甲醯胺(dimethylformamide)。接著將混合液加熱至100℃,反應24小時。待反應完成後,與乙醚做萃取,取有機層加入無水硫酸鎂。旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用矽膠(silica gel)層析管柱(己烷/二氯甲烷(1:1)混合溶劑作為沖提劑)純化得到紅色固體(20.68g,95%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1
H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,
δ):9.07(d,J
=8.6Hz,2H),7.16(d,J
=8.6Hz,J
=1.8Hz,2H),6.89(d,J
=1.8Hz,2H),3.62(d,J
=7.5Hz,4H),2.00-1.80(m,2H),1.45-1.17(m,48H),0.93-0.81(m,12H)
[製備實施例6]
(E)-1,1'-雙(2-己基癸基)-6,6'-雙(4-辛基噻吩-2-基)-[3,3'-雙-亞吲哚啉]-2,2'-二酮{(E)-1,1'-Bis(2-hexyldecyl)-6,6'-bis(4-octylthiophen-2-yl)-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione}(化合物6)的合成:
混合化合物2(10.00g,27.84mmole)、化合物5(10.00g,11.50mmole)、Pd2
(dba)3
(30.00mg,0.032mmole)、P(o-tol)3
(50.00mg,0.16mmole)以及150毫升無水四氫呋喃(THF)。接著將混合液加熱至迴流,反應10小時。待反應完成後,利用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用矽膠(silica gel)層析管柱(己烷/二氯甲烷(2:1)混合溶劑作為沖提劑)純化得到紅黑色固體(12.28g,97%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1
H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):9.15(d,J
=8.4Hz,2H),7.30-7.20(m,4H),6.98-6.91(m,4H),3.70(d,J
=7.5Hz,4H),2.63(t,J
=7.6Hz,4H),1.98-1.84(m,2H),1.66(qui,J
=7.1Hz,4H),1.45-1.17(m,68H),0.93-0.81(m,18H)
[製備實施例7]
(E)-6,6'-雙(5-溴-4-辛基噻吩-2-基)-1,1'-雙(2-己基癸基)-[3,3'-雙-亞吲哚啉]-2,2'-二酮{(E)-6,6'-Bis(5-bromo-4-octylthiophen-2-yl)-1,1'-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione}(化合物7)的合成:
先將化合物6(12.28g,11.16mmole)溶於100毫升四氫呋喃(THF)中。待完全溶解後,將秤好之N-溴代丁二醯亞胺(N-bromosuccinimide)(3.98g,22.33mmole)分八個批次加入混合液中,每隔15分鐘加一次。加入完成後,反應10小時。待反應完成後,利用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用矽膠(silica gel)層析管柱(己烷/二氯甲烷(2:1)混合溶劑作為沖提劑)純化得到紅黑色固體(12.22g,87%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1
H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):9.14(d,J
=8.4Hz,2H),7.18(dd,J
=8.4Hz,J
=1.3Hz,2H),7.08(s,2H),6.84(d,J
=1.1Hz,2H),3.67(d,J
=7.2Hz,4H),2.61-2.56(m,4H),1.94-1.84(m,2H),1.66(qui,J
=7.5Hz,4H),1.45-1.17(m,68H),0.93-0.81(m,18H)
[製備實施例8]
(E)-6,6'-二(3,4'-二辛基-[2,2'-雙噻吩]-5-基)-1,1'-雙(2-己基癸基)-[3,3'-雙-亞吲哚啉]-2,2'-二酮{(E)-6,6'-Bis(3,4'-dioctyl-[2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)-1,1'-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione}(化合物8)的合成:
混合化合物2(4.28g,11.92mmole)、化合物7(6.00g,4.77mmole)、Pd2
(dba)3
(10mg,0.01mmole)、P(o-tyl)3
(17mg,0.05mmole)以及50毫升無水四氫呋喃(THF)。
接著將混合液加熱至迴流,反應10小時。待反應完成後,利用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用矽膠(silica gel)層析管柱(己烷/二氯甲烷(2:1)混合溶劑作為沖提劑)純化得到紫黑色固體(7.03g,99%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):9.15(d,J
=8.4Hz,2H),7.32-7.18(m,4H),7.01(s,2H),6.92(s,4H),3.69(d,J
=6.9Hz,4H),2.78(t,J
=7.7Hz,4H),2.62(t,J
=7.7Hz,4H),2.00-1.86(m,2H),1.76-1.60(m,8H),1.45-1.17(m,88H),0.93-0.81(m,24H)
[製備實施例9]
(E)-6,6'-雙(5'-溴-3,4'-二辛基-[2,2'-雙噻吩]-5-基)-1,1'-雙(2-己基癸基)-[3,3'-雙-亞吲哚啉]-2,2'-二酮{(E)-6,6'-Bis(5'-bromo-3,4'-dioctyl-[2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)-1,1'-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione}(化合物9)的合成:
先將化合物8(7.03,4.72mmole)溶於50毫升四氫呋喃(THF)中。待完全溶解後,將秤好之N-溴代丁二醯亞
胺(N-bromosuccinimide)(1.68,9.44mmole)分八個批次加入混合液中,每隔15分鐘加一次。反應10小時。反應完成後,利用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用矽膠(silica gel)層析管柱(己烷/二氯甲烷(3:1)混合溶劑作為沖提劑)純化得到紫黑色固體(6.92g,89%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1
H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):9.15(d,J
=8.4Hz,2H),7.35-7.12(m,4H),6.91(s,2H),6.86(s,2H),3.69(d,J
=6.9Hz,4H),2.73(t,J
=7.7Hz,4H),2.57(t,J
=7.7Hz,4H),1.98-1.84(m,2H),1.72-1.60(m,8H),1.45-1.17(m,88H),0.93-0.81(m,24H)
[製備實施例10]
2,5-雙(三甲基甲錫烷基)噻吩{2,5-Bis(trimethylstannyl)thiophene}(化合物10)的合成:
在0℃下,將40毫升2.5M正丁基鋰(n-BuLi)的無水己烷溶液(0.1mole)加入含有噻吩(thiophene)(4.21g,0.05mole)、四甲基乙二胺(tetramethylethylenediamine)(11.62g,0.1mole)以及50毫升無水四氫呋喃(THF)的圓底瓶中。待加入完成後,加熱至50℃下反應一小時。接著在0℃下,
加入100毫升1M三甲基氯化錫(trimethyltin chloride)的無水四氫呋喃(THF)溶液(0.1mole)。待三甲基氯化錫(trimethyltin chloride)的無水四氫呋喃(THF)溶液加入完成後,將此反應溶液放置於室溫下反應10小時。反應完成後,與己烷做萃取,取有機層加入無水硫酸鎂。用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用甲醇析出純化得到白色固體(19.05g,93%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1
H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):7.38(s,2H),0.37(s,18H)
[製備實施例11]
5,5'-二(三甲基甲錫烷基)-2,2'-聯噻吩{5,5'-Bis(trimethylstannyl)-2,2'-bithiophene}(化合物11)的合成:
在-40℃下,將20毫升2.5M正丁基鋰(n-BuLi)的無水己烷溶液(0.05mole)加入含有5,5-二溴-2,2'-聯噻吩(5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-bithiophene)(8.10g,0.025mole)以及100毫升無水四氫呋喃(THF)的圓底瓶中。在-40℃下反應一小時後,將此溶液放置於室溫下再反應一小時。接著在-40℃下,加入50毫升1M三甲基氯化錫(trimethyltin chloride)的無水四氫呋喃(THF)溶液(0.05mole)。待三甲基氯化錫
(trimethyltin chloride)的無水四氫呋喃(THF)溶液加入完成後,將此溶液放置於室溫下反應10小時。反應完成後,與己烷做萃取,取有機層加入無水硫酸鎂。用旋轉濃縮機除去多餘溶劑後利用甲醇析出純化得到黃色固體(11.68g,95%)。
1
H NMR之特徵峰:1
H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ):7.27(d,J
=3.2Hz,2H),7.08(d,J
=3.3Hz,2H),0.38(s,18H)
[製備實施例12]
P3TI的合成(低分子量Mn:28KDa Mw:60KDa):
將化合物10(82mg,0.2mmole)、化合物7(251mg,0.2mmole)、Pd2
(dba)3
(6mg,0.007mmole)以及
P(o-tyl)3
(10mg,0.033mmole)加入微波反應器專用試管,蓋上密封蓋。利用真空系統抽至真空度為3*10-1
torr後回灌氮氣,重複抽灌動作三次。接著將除氣處理過之間二甲苯(m-xylene)(4ml)注入密封反應試管中。接著將此試管放入密閉微波反應器中進行微波反應。反應條件設定如下,溫度為200℃,瓦數為300瓦,升溫時間40分鐘,持溫時間20分鐘。待反應完成後,將溶液倒入甲醇析出。接著以甲醇以及己烷將析出之高分子進行索氏萃取。最後利用真空烘箱乾燥後得到紅紫色兼具金屬光澤之高分子(185mg,79%)。
[製備實施例13]
P3TI的合成(高分子量Mn:48KDa Mw:117KDa):將化合物10(81.95mg,0.2mmole)、化合物7(251.52mg,0.2mmole)、Pd2
(dba)3
(6mg,0.007mmole)以及P(o-tyl)3
(10mg,0.033mmole)加入微波反應器專用試管,蓋上密封蓋。利用真空系統抽至真空度為3*10-1
torr後回灌氮氣,重複抽灌動作三次。接著將除氣處理過之間二甲苯(m-xylene)(4ml)注入密封反應試管中。接著將此試管放入密閉微波反應器中進行微波反應。反應條件設定如下,溫度為200℃,瓦數為300瓦,升溫時間40分鐘,持溫時間60分鐘。待反應完成後,將溶液倒入甲醇析出。接著以甲醇以及己烷將析出之高分子進行索氏萃取。最後利用真空烘箱乾燥後得到紅紫色兼具金屬光澤之高分子(225mg,96%)。
[製備實施例14]
P4TI的合成(低分子量Mn:26KDa Mw:55KDa):
將化合物11(98.37mg,0.2mmole)、化合物7(251.52mg,0.2mmole)、Pd2
(dba)3
(6mg,0.007mmole)以及P(o-tyl)3
(10mg,0.033mmole)加入微波反應器專用試管,蓋上密封蓋,送進手套箱(O2
<0.1ppm)做除氧處理。接著將除氣處理過之鄰二甲苯(o-xylene)(4ml)注入密封反應試管中。接著將此試管放入密閉微波反應器中進行微波反應。反應條件設定如下,溫度為200℃,瓦數為300瓦,升溫時間40
分鐘,持溫時間60分鐘。待反應完成後,將溶液倒入甲醇析出。接著以甲醇、己烷以及四氫呋喃(THF)將析出之高分子進行索氏萃取。最後利用真空烘箱乾燥後得到紅紫色兼具金屬光澤之高分子(200mg,81%)。
[製備實施例15]
P5TI的合成(低分子量Mn:28KDa Mw:62KDa):
將化合物10(81.95mg,0.2mmole)、化合物9(329.25mg,0.2mmole)、Pd2
(dba)3
(6mg,0.007mmole)以及P(o-tyl)3
(10mg,0.033mmole)加入微波反應器專用試管,蓋
上密封蓋。利用真空系統抽至真空度為3*10-1
torr後回灌氮氣,重複抽灌動作三次。接著將除氣處理過之間二甲苯(m-xylene)(4ml)注入密封反應試管中。接著將此試管放入密閉微波反應器中進行微波反應。反應條件設定如下,溫度為200℃,瓦數為300瓦,升溫時間40分鐘,持溫時間60分鐘。待反應完成後,將溶液倒入甲醇析出。接著以甲醇以及己烷將析出之高分子進行索氏萃取。最後利用真空烘箱乾燥後得到紅紫色兼具金屬光澤之高分子(250mg,80%)。
[製備實施例16]
P6TI的合成(低分子量Mn:35KDa Mw:63KDa):
將化合物11(98.37mg,0.2mmole)、化合物9(329.25mg,0.2mmole)、Pd2
(dba)3
(6mg,0.007mmole)以及P(o-tyl)3
(10mg,0.033mmole)加入微波反應器專用試管,蓋上密封蓋,送進手套箱(O2
<0.1ppm)做除氧處理。接著將除氣處理過之間二甲苯(m-xylene)(4ml)注入密封反應試管中。接著將此試管放入密閉微波反應器中進行微波反應。反應條件設定如下,溫度為200℃,瓦數為300瓦,升溫時間40分鐘,持溫時間60分鐘。待反應完成後,將溶液倒入甲醇析出。接著以甲醇、己烷以及四氫呋喃(THF)將析出之高分子進行索氏萃取。最後利用真空烘箱乾燥後得到紅紫色兼具金屬光澤之高分子(210mg,66%)。
[製備實施例17]
P6TI的合成(高分子量Mn:45KDa Mw:81KDa):
將化合物11(98.37mg,0.2mmole)、化合物9(329.25mg,0.2mmole)、Pd2
(dba)3
(6mg,0.007mmole)以及P(o-tyl)3
(10mg,0.033mmole)加入微波反應器專用試管,蓋上密封蓋。利用真空系統抽至真空度為3*10-1
torr後回灌氮氣,重複抽灌動作三次。接著將除氣處理過之鄰二甲苯(o-xylene)(4ml)注入密封反應試管中。接著將此試管放入密閉微波反應器中進行微波反應。反應條件設定如下,溫度為200℃,瓦數為300瓦,升溫時間40分鐘,持溫時間60分鐘。待反應完成後,將溶液倒入甲醇析出。接著以甲醇、己烷以及四氫呋喃(THF)將析出之高分子進行索氏萃取。最後利用真空烘箱乾燥後得到紅紫色兼具金屬光澤之高分子(260mg,78%)。
[分析實施例1]
PnTI溶液態之UV-Vis吸收光譜量測:將10mg PnTI高分子加入30ml的氯仿(chloroform)中,調配濃度為0.33mg/ml之高分子溶液。接著將高分子溶液放置於50℃加熱台上攪拌48小時。待溶液無沉澱物且冷卻後,取此溶液3ml與17ml之溶劑進行稀釋,稀釋後的濃度為0.05mg/ml。最後以濃度為0.05mg/ml之溶液進行UV-Vis吸收光譜之量測。
結果如表1所示:
[分析實施例2]
PnTI薄膜態之UV-Vis吸收光譜量測:將10mg PnTI高分子加入1ml的氯仿(chloroform)中,調配濃度為10mg/ml之PnTI溶液(P4TI溶液濃度則為5mg/ml)。接著將高分子溶液放置於50℃加熱台上攪拌48小時。待溶液無沉澱物且冷卻後,取此溶液70μl,滴落於2cm*2cm之石英片。接著使用旋轉塗佈機,以1000rpm之轉速進行旋轉塗布製作成薄膜。最後以此薄膜進行UV-Vis吸收光譜之量測。
結果如表2所示:
[分析實施例3]
PnTI之CV量測之試片製作:將10mg PnTI高分子加入1ml的氯仿(chloroform)中,調配濃度為10mg/ml之PnTI溶液(P4TI溶液濃度為5mg/ml)。接著將高分子溶液放置於50℃加熱台上攪拌48小時。待溶液無沉澱物且冷卻後,取此溶液50μl,滴落於1cm*2cm之導電玻璃(氧化銦錫(Indium tin oxide),ITO)(Luminescence Technology Corp.,10Ω)。接著使用旋轉塗佈機,以1000rpm之轉速進行旋轉塗布製作成薄膜。
PnTI之CV量測:以乙腈(acetonitrile)作為溶劑,配置0.1M TBAP電解質溶液30毫升。接著將1mg的二茂鐵(ferrocene)溶於10毫升的TBAP電解質溶液中並倒入循環伏安儀專用之量測槽。裝上鉑電極作為工作電極以及輔助電極,Ag/Ag+電極作為參考電極。量測前先通入氮氣將TBAP電解質溶液進行除氧。待除氧完成後,以循環伏安之模式進行量測。二茂鐵(ferrocene)的氧化電位量測範圍定為0~0.8V。待二茂鐵(ferrocene)之氧化電位確認完成後。將原為鉑之工作電極以試片所取代,電解液使用0.1M TBAP電解質溶液(無添加二茂鐵(ferrocene)),輔助電極以及參考電極不變。最後以循環伏安之模式進行量測。將氧化電位量測範圍定為0~1.4V,
還原電位量測範圍定為0~-1.4V。
結果如表3所示:
[分析實施例4]
PnTI之電洞遷移率量測之試片製作:將10mg PnTI高分子加入1ml的鄰二氯苯(o-dichlorobenzene)中,調配濃度為10mg/ml之PnTI溶液(P4TI溶液濃度為5mg/ml)。接著將高分子溶液放置於70℃加熱台上攪拌48小時。試片結構為ITO/PnTI/Au。首先將ITO按照清洗流程(TL-1(NH3
:H2
O2
:H2
O=1:1:5)→甲醇→異丙醇)放置於各清洗液中,進行超音波震盪各15分鐘。接著取高分子溶液70μl,滴落於2cm*2cm之ITO,並使用旋轉塗佈機,以1000rpm之轉速進行旋轉塗布製作成薄膜。接著將此半成品試片送進熱蒸鍍機中,並在5*10-6
torr下將100nm厚的金蒸鍍於薄膜上完成試片製作。
PnTI之電洞遷移率量測:將試片之金電極與ITO電極分別接上外電路,透過電壓電源電錶記錄電壓-電流曲線。利用公式:
其中J為電流密度,ε為高分子之相對介電常數(在此等於3)乘上真空介電常數(等於8.85 x 10-12
(每焦耳公尺分之庫倫平方)),Veff
為有效電壓而L為高分子之薄膜厚度。透過計算即可求得高分子之電洞遷移率μ。結果如表4所示:
[分析實施例5]
PnTI之最佳化元件製作:以重量比1:1.5調配PnTI與PC71
BM,並根據不同高分子有不同的調配條件,如溶劑及添加劑(如表5所示)之混摻溶液,以製作主動層。元件可參考圖1之結構,其中第一電極層(11)之材料為ITO,主動層(12)之材料為PnTI:PC71
BM,第二電極層(13)之材料為Ca及Al,又在第一
電極層及主動層之間有一電洞傳輸層PEDOT:PSS。其中PEDOT:PSS水溶液(Baytron P VP AI 4083)需先經過0.20μm PVDF濾頭過濾。首先將ITO按照清洗流程(TL-1(NH3
:H2
O2
:H2
O=1:1:5)→甲醇→異丙醇)放置於各清洗液中,進行超音波震盪各15分鐘。待清洗完成後,將ITO以氧電漿處理15分鐘。接著取過濾後的PEDOT:PSS水溶液100μl,滴落於2cm*2cm之ITO,並使用旋轉塗佈機,以5000rpm之轉速進行旋轉塗布製作成薄膜。接著將ITO/PEDOT:PSS放置於140℃之加熱台20分鐘。接著取PnTI與PC71
BM之混摻溶液70μl,滴落於2cm*2cm之ITO/PEDOT:PSS,並使用旋轉塗佈機,進行旋轉塗布製作成薄膜。接著將此元件半成品送進熱蒸鍍機中,並在5*10-6
torr下將鈣以及鋁蒸鍍於薄膜上完成元件製作。
表5(元件的混摻溶液調配之參數):
其中,鄰二氯苯(o-dichlorobenzene)的縮寫為DCB,氯苯(chlorobenzene)的縮寫為CB,氯仿(chloroform)的縮寫為CF,1,8-二碘辛烷(1,8-diiodooctane)的縮寫為DIO及1-氯萘(1-chloronaphthalene)的縮寫為CN。
PnTI之元件量測:將元件放置於AM 1.5G太陽光模擬器下,在此機器提供100mW/cm2
之能量照射後,透過電壓電源電錶記錄電壓-電流曲線。
結果如表6及圖2所示:
如前述所示結果,因此,本發明可提供一具有平衡的予體結構對稱性以及較佳之予體結構的共軛長度,及其高分子擁有良好的光吸收範圍、結晶性、溶解度,因而其所製成之元件可在短路電流(Jsc)、及能量轉換效率有極佳的表現。
11‧‧‧第一電極層
12‧‧‧主動層
13‧‧‧第二電極層
Claims (18)
- 一種如下式(1)所示之高分子:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之A係為異靛藍素(isoindigo)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之m及m’係分別為1,p為2且係如下式(2)所示:
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之A係為異靛藍素(isoindigo)。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之Ra、Rc皆為一C1-30 烷基。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之m及m’係分別為2,p為1,且係如式(3)所示:
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之A係為異靛藍素(isoindigo)。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之Ra1 、Ra2 、Rc1 、及Rc2 皆為一C1-30 烷基。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之m及m’係分別為2,p為2,且係如式(4)所示:
- 如申請專利範圍第9項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之A係為異靛藍素(isoindigo)。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項所述之高分子,其中,該高分子之Ra1 、Ra2 、Rc1 、及Rc2 皆為一C1-30 烷基。
- 一種高分子太陽能電池元件,其包括:一第一電極;一主動層,設於該第一電極上,且其材料包括:由一高分子形成之一p型半導電材料,其中,該高分子係如申請範圍第1至第11項任一項所述之高分子;及一n型半導體材料;以及,一第二電極,係設於該主動層上。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項所述之元件,其中,該n型半導體材料係包括一或多種選自由:一奈米碳簇;一n型半導體高分子;及一n型奈米半導體粒子所組成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項所述之元件,其中,該奈米碳簇係包括一或多種選自由:PC61 BM及PC71 BM所組成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項所述之元件,其中,該主動層之材料更包括一添加劑,其包括一或多種選自由1,8-二碘辛烷(1,8-diiodooctane(DIO))及1-氯萘(1-chloronaphthalene(CN))。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項所述之元件,其中,該第一電極係一透明電極。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項所述之元件,其中,該第二電極之材料包括一或多種選自由:Al、Ca、Ag、Au及所組成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項所述之元件,其中,該元件更包括一電洞傳輸層,其設於該第一電極層及該主動層之間。
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