TWI425532B - 一種使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法 - Google Patents

一種使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法 Download PDF

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TWI425532B
TWI425532B TW100143801A TW100143801A TWI425532B TW I425532 B TWI425532 B TW I425532B TW 100143801 A TW100143801 A TW 100143801A TW 100143801 A TW100143801 A TW 100143801A TW I425532 B TWI425532 B TW I425532B
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Prior art keywords
zinc oxide
potential gradient
oxide varistor
varistor
doped
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TW100143801A
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English (en)
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TW201212051A (en
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Ching Hohn Lien
Jie-An Zhu
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Leader Well Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to TW100143801A priority Critical patent/TWI425532B/zh
Publication of TW201212051A publication Critical patent/TW201212051A/zh
Priority to US13/609,508 priority patent/US20130133183A1/en
Priority to JP2012251407A priority patent/JP2013115431A/ja
Priority to EP12193101.8A priority patent/EP2599759A1/en
Priority to KR1020120132497A priority patent/KR101464688B1/ko
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Publication of TWI425532B publication Critical patent/TWI425532B/zh

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Description

一種使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法
本發明涉及一種氧化鋅變阻器的製法,尤指一種使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法。
氧化鋅變阻器具優異的非歐姆特性,是最佳的過電壓保護裝置,應用於電力或電路系統中作為保護元件的瞬態電壓抑制器使用,可以發揮防止瞬間突波及保護元件的效果。
然而,隨著世界各國對電力系統邁向超高壓輸電系統的規劃,氧化鋅變阻器必須具備高電位梯度(potential gradient)及高能量吸收特性,已成為重要的發展趨勢。
眾所周知,氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度與單位厚度中的氧化鋅晶界數量有關,亦即單位厚度中氧化鋅晶粒越小,則晶界數越多,其電位梯度也越大。經典理論認為,氧化鋅晶界的擊穿電壓約為3V/1晶界。而且,氧化鋅變阻器的非歐姆特性,是緣於兩個氧化鋅晶粒之間所形成的雙肖特基勢壘,提高勢壘的高度,即可提高氧化鋅變阻器的非線性係數和氧化鋅晶界的擊穿電壓。
但,使用傳統配方與工藝所製備的氧化鋅變阻器,其電位梯度僅為180~200V/mm,能量耐受密度為100~140J/cm3 ,不適合應用於超高壓輸電系統的線路上。
因此,為了研製具高電位梯度的氧化鋅變阻器,現有技術所使用的方法,可以歸納以下二個方面:
一、在氧化鋅晶體的摻雜離子中,添加稀土類氧化物成分,結果所製得的氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度提高至400V/mm;
二、改進氧化鋅陶瓷粉的製備工藝或是引入新工藝,例如,引入高能球磨工藝或奈米製粉工藝,結果所製得的氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度提高至2,000V/mm。
但,上述對氧化鋅變阻器提高電位梯度的現有技術,卻出現氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度一旦提高,而其非線性係數卻下降的缺點。這對氧化鋅變阻器的性能,尤其是對氧化鋅變阻器的限壓效果影響很大。
有鑑於此,本發明的主要目的在於提供一種氧化鋅變阻器的製法,包括:先預製充分半導化的摻雜氧化鋅晶粒,然後再與預製的晶間相組分混合,最後通過燒結過程所製得的氧化鋅變阻器,具有同時提高氧化鋅變阻器電位梯度及非線性係數的特點。
本發明的製法,與氧化鋅變阻器習知製法的差異,主要在於將製備充分半導化的摻雜氧化鋅晶粒,與製備高阻抗的燒結粉或玻璃粉(又稱晶間相組分),分為二個獨立工序來製備,且獲致下列意想不到的優點,而突破了氧化鋅變阻器習知製法的限制,故所製得的氧化鋅變阻器兼具高電位梯度與高非線性係數:
1.提高氧化鋅晶粒之間的肖特基勢壘高度;
2.增加單位厚度中的氧化鋅晶粒之間的晶界數;
3.提高組分與結構的均勻性。
本發明的氧化鋅變阻器製法,適用於製造具超高電位梯度及非線性係數的氧化鋅變阻器,優選用途是用於製造電位梯度介於1200~9000V/mm、非線性係數α介於21.5~55及漏電流IL 介於1~21μA的氧化鋅變阻器;最佳用途是用於製造電位梯度超過2000V/mm的氧化鋅變阻器。
本發明的氧化鋅變阻器製法,包括以下步驟:
a)根據氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度介於1200~9000V/mm,預製摻雜不等價離子的氧化鋅晶粒;
b)根據氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度介於1200~9000V/mm,預製高阻抗的燒結粉(或玻璃粉);
c)以步驟a)的氧化鋅晶粒與步驟b)的燒結粉為原料,製備氧化鋅變阻器用的陶瓷粉;及
d)使用步驟c)的陶瓷粉,製備電位梯度介於1200~9000V/mm、非線性係數α介於21.5~55的氧化鋅變阻器。
在本發明製法中的步驟a),是使氧化鋅晶粒透過不等價離子的摻雜(即,置換Zn2+ 離子或填隙),在燒結過程可抑制氧化鋅晶體生長,而達到充分半導化。
根據結晶學原理,氧化鋅晶粒摻雜的不等價離子,得選自由鋰(Li)、銅(Cu)、鋁(Al)、鈰(Ce)、鈷(Co)、鉻(Cr)、銦(In)、鎵(Ga)、鉬(Mo)、錳(Mn)、鈮(Nb)、鑭(La)、釔(y)、鐠(Pr)、銻(Sb)、鎳(Ni)、鈦(Ti)、釩(v)、鎢(W)、鋯(Zr)、鐵(Fe)、硼(B)、矽(Si)及錫(Sn)所組成的群體的其中一種或一種以上;而不等價離子的摻雜量得依實際情況而定,其摻雜量小於氧化鋅的20mol%。
製備氧化鋅晶粒摻雜不等價離子的方法,包括以下二種:
1.方法一:
根據氧化鋅變阻器的指定性能,選用擬摻雜離子的可溶鹽,配製成一定濃度的水溶液,將氧化鋅粉末加入到上述溶液中經攪拌、烘乾後,再經950~1550℃煅燒,最後將燒結料經破碎、磨細至所需的細度待用。
2.方法二:
根據氧化鋅變阻器的指定性能,採用製備微粉的物理法或化學法奈米技術,製備含有擬摻雜離子的氧化鋅晶粒。其中,所述物理法包括氣相沉積法、激光法、微波法等;所述化學法包括沉澱法、微乳法、水熱法、相轉移法和溶膠-凝膠法等。
如應用化學沉澱法,將含有鋅離子的溶液與含有摻雜離子的溶液混合經攪拌製成含有鋅離子與摻雜離子的均勻混合溶液;在攪拌條件下,採用正向或逆向加入法,將沉澱劑溶液加入上述混合溶液,經控制合適的PH值後,取得共沉澱物。對共沉澱物經過多次清洗,經烘乾後,在合適的溫度下煅燒,即可獲得含有摻雜離子的氧化鋅晶粒。
所述的沉澱劑可選自草酸、尿素、碳酸銨、碳酸氫銨、氨水、乙醇胺或其他鹼性溶液。煅燒溫度視共沉澱物的分解溫度而定。
如應用溶膠-凝膠法(Sol-Gel法),是將鋅離子均勻分散於含擬摻雜離子的無機鹽或金屬醇鹽溶膠中,經過進行水解、聚縮反應形成溶膠後,再經固化及熱處理製得摻雜不等價離子的氧化鋅晶粒。
上述兩種奈米製備技術,可以獲得將摻雜離子成分散佈非常均勻的細小粒徑氧化鋅晶粒,而且熱處理溫度較低,介於350~1000℃,且便於大量生產。
本發明製法中的步驟a)與步驟b)是獨立的不同工序。在本發明製法中的步驟b),是根據氧化鋅變阻器的性能而配製不同成份的燒結粉(或稱晶間相組分)。
製備高阻抗的燒結粉的方法,包括以下二種:
1.方法一:
根據氧化鋅變阻器的指定性能,得選自含鉍(Bi)、銻(Sb)、錳(Mn)、鈷(Co)、鉻(Cr)、鎳(Ni)、鈦(Ti)、矽(Si)、鋇(Ba)、硼(B)、硒(Se)、鑭(La)、鐠(Pr)、釔(Y)、銦(In)、鋁(Al)或錫(Sn)的其中一種或一種以上的氧化物、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、硝酸鹽或草酸鹽為原料,經充分混合後配製不同成份的燒結料原料,經過燒結再磨細至所需細度,即製成具有高阻抗性能的燒結粉;或是將原料混合後,經高溫熔解、水淬、烘乾,再磨細成燒結粉。
例如,所述燒結料是氧化物原料,得選自氧化鉍(Bi2 O3 )、氧化硼(B2 O3 )、三氧化二銻(Sb2 O3 )、氧化鈷(Co2 O3 )、二氧化錳(MnO2 )、氧化鉻(Cr2 O3 )、五氧化二釩(V2 O3 )、氧化鋅(ZnO)、氧化鎳(NiO)、二氧化矽(SiO2 )或稀土氧化物等其中兩種以上的混合物。其中,所述燒結料視需要加入氧化鋅(ZnO)成份的目的,在於提升晶間相的燒結性。
2.方法二:
根據氧化鋅變阻器的指定性能,採用物理法或化學法奈米技術製備具指定組分的奈米顆粒。本發明優選使用化學沉澱法、微乳法或溶膠-凝膠法等方法來製備具高阻抗性能的奈米顆粒。這種方法可以獲得組分均勻和粒徑細小的燒結粉。
在本發明製法中的步驟c),是將步驟b)製備的高阻抗燒結粉加水製成料漿,在攪拌條件下,將一定比例的步驟a)製備的摻雜不等價離子的氧化鋅晶粒加入料漿中,經充分攪拌均勻後,經烘乾、煅燒、再磨細,即製成氧化鋅變阻器用的陶瓷粉。
步驟a)的氧化鋅晶粒:步驟b)的燒結粉的重量配比,為100:2~100:50,優選100:10~100:30。
在本發明製法中的步驟d),是按習知工藝方法製成氧化鋅變阻器,包括對步驟c)的陶瓷粉製成漿料刮成生胚、印刷2層或2層以上交錯的內電極、煆燒具內電極的生胚晶粒,煆燒後,對晶粒外露內電極的兩端披覆外電極,以製得圓片型或多層片式氧化鋅變阻器。
本發明的氧化鋅變阻器製法,具有下列功效:
1.提高氧化鋅晶粒之間的肖特基勢壘高度
本發明製法中的步驟a)因為是獨立工序,克服了氧化鋅變阻器習知製法的缺點,在氧化鋅晶粒摻雜不等價離子的過程中,不必受所選用的高阻抗晶間相組分的限制,且具有以下優點而提高了氧化鋅晶粒之間的肖特基勢壘的高度,結果所製得的氧化鋅變阻器兼具超高電位梯度和非線性特性:
1)擴大可供選擇的摻雜離子成分種類;
氧化鋅晶粒摻雜離子時,不受高阻抗晶間相組分的限制,大大擴展了氧化鋅晶粒能夠摻雜的不等價離子成分種類。
2)提高了不等價離子的摻雜量;
因為氧化鋅晶粒可以創造最佳的離子摻雜條件來摻雜不等價離子,結果氧化鋅晶粒的不等價離子摻雜量將大為提高。
2.增加單位厚度中的氧化鋅晶粒之間的晶界數
本發明的製法中,通過調整晶間相組分來抑制氧化鋅晶粒的長大,或通過超細磨工藝使氧化鋅晶粒的尺寸減小,或是選用奈米級的氧化鋅晶粒,都可以提高單位厚度的氧化鋅晶粒數量及增加晶界數,使得所製得的氧化鋅變阻器具高電位梯度和非線性特性。
3.提高晶間相組分及其結構的均勻性
本發明製法中的步驟b)因為是獨立工序,應用奈米技術得將晶間相組分製成奈米粒徑的顆粒,且所製成的每一個顆粒均含有幾近相同的組分。更重要的是將Bi2 O3 與其他晶間相組分通過磨細、煅燒或是將所選的(包含Bi2 O3 )晶間相各組分應用奈米技術來合成,可以使每一個奈米顆粒具有含Bi2 O3 的相似組分。在燒結過程中,幾近相同結構的晶間相各組分,有助於降低Bi2 O3 融體中氧化鋅的溶解度、減少氧化鋅晶粒生長速度及抑制氧化鋅晶粒長大。所以,藉單位厚度的氧化鋅晶粒數量及晶界數的增加,所製得的氧化鋅變阻器具高電位梯度和非線性特性。
實施例1:
用化學沉澱法製備代號G1-10的燒結料,其組分列於表1。
用摻雜離子溶液浸泡法來製備摻雜ZnO*晶粒,其摻雜離子種類和比例列於表2。
選取經過不同煅燒溫度950℃、1250℃及1550℃且持溫2小時而製得的摻雜ZnO*晶粒分別與G1-10燒結料粉末混合均勻後,以1000kg/cm2 壓力分別壓製成直徑8.4mm的圓片,再以燒結溫度920℃持溫8小時,接著在800℃完成表面銀電極的燒結,製成圓片型的氧化鋅變阻器。其性能分別列於表3。
實施例2:
用化學共沉澱法製備表5所列的摻雜1mol%銦(In)離子成份 的氧化鋅晶粒樣品。用化學共沉澱法製備代號G1-00的燒結料,其成份及重量比列於表4。
按氧化鋅晶粒樣品:G1-00燒結料的重量配比為100:10或100:15或100:30的比例混合均勻,接著以1000kg/cm2 的壓力壓製成圓片,再以燒結溫度1065℃持溫2小時,接著在800℃完成塗覆銀電極,並且製成圓片型氧化鋅變阻器。分別測量各種氧化鋅變阻器的性能,其結果詳見表5。
由表5可知,當氧化鋅晶粒掺雜同種掺雜離子成份時,氧化鋅變阻器的壓敏特性,將隨著氧化鋅晶粒與高阻抗燒結料的配比之不同而不同。所以,從控制氧化鋅晶粒的掺雜離子成份種類或調配氧化鋅晶粒與高阻抗燒結料的配比,可以製得電位梯度超過1700V/mm的氧化鋅變阻器。
實施例3:
同實施例1,用化學沉澱法製備G1-10燒結料粉末;用摻雜 離子溶液浸泡法來製備摻雜ZnO*晶粒,且經過煅燒溫度950℃持溫2小時製得,其摻雜離子種類和比例列於表6。
同實施例1,將其製成圓片型的氧化鋅變阻器,其性能列於表7。其中,所製得的試樣編號1~4氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度均超過1200V/mm、非線性特性α超過27.41及漏電流IL 低於16.5μA。尤其所製得的試樣編號4氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度高達6023V/mm。
實施例4:
同實施例1,用化學沉澱法製備G1-10燒結料粉末;用溶膠-凝膠法製備摻雜ZnO*晶粒,且經過煅燒溫度350℃持溫3小時製得,其摻雜離子種類和比例分別相同於實施例3的試樣編號3 與4,試樣編號將之分別編為No 3-nm與No 4-nm,其X光繞射圖譜分別列於圖1與圖2。從摻雜ZnO*晶粒X光繞射圖譜和ZnO標準圖譜比對可知,在此低的煅燒條件下,已形成了氧化鋅的晶體。
同實施例1製成圓片型氧化鋅變阻器,其性能列於表8。
註:崩潰電壓在6500V/mm以上的樣品,其崩潰電壓已超出儀器的量測範圍。所以,利用測繪出I-V曲線,然後用V1 (I1 =0.1mA)與V2 (I2 =1.0mA)的數值,按公式()計算出非線性係數α值;漏電流IL 按規定取80%BDV時的電流。
試樣編號No 3-nm的圓片試樣與No 4-nm的圓片試樣的I-V曲線圖分別為圖3與圖4。
其中,所製得的試樣編號No 3-nm及No 4-nm氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度均超過6800V/mm。尤其所製得的試樣編號No 4-nm的氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度超過9000V/mm、非線性特性α達到21.50及漏電流IL 低於16μA。
實施例5:
取實施例1中的1250℃煅燒的摻雜ZnO*與G1-10燒結料粉均勻混合,通過行星磨設備將其分別製得平均粒徑為2.1μm、 1.1μm和0.56μm的三種試樣,按實施例1製成圓片型的氧化鋅變阻器,其性能列於表9
其中,氧化鋅陶瓷粉的粒徑小於1.1μm,所製得的氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度均超過1200V/mm。所以,本實施例證實了提高氧化鋅陶瓷粉的細度,是可以提高氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度。
實施例6:
用實施例3中的試樣編號2氧化鋅陶瓷粉,按多層晶片型變阻器的常規製法,分別製作2220與1210型多層晶片型變阻器,再經過燒結溫度900℃持溫8小時下燒成,其電性列於表10。
其中,所製得的2220ML100與1210ML100型多層晶片型變阻器的電位梯度均超過2000V/mm及非線性特性α均超過35。
實施例7:
用實施例3中的No 3氧化鋅陶瓷粉,按多層晶片型變阻器的常規製法,分別製作2220與1210型多層晶片型變阻器,再經過燒結溫度900℃持溫8小時下燒成,其電性列於表11。
其中,所製得的2220ML390與1210ML390型多層晶片型變阻器的電位梯度大約4000V/mm及非線性特性α均超過44。
實施例6及實施例7證實了本發明製法也適用於製造兼具高電位梯度及非線性特性的多層晶片型變阻器。
實施例8:
同實施例1,用G1-10燒結料粉分別與未摻雜離子的氧化鋅晶粒和摻雜離子的氧化鋅晶粒為原料,製作圓片型氧化鋅變阻器,其性能列於表12,而且其圓片試件的電子掃描剖面圖照片分別列於圖5與圖6。
根據電子掃描剖面圖照片來測量計算,未摻雜離子的圓片試樣中,其ZnO晶粒的平均粒徑為5.2μm,而經離子摻雜的圓片試樣中,其ZnO*晶粒的平均粒徑為2.2μm,其粒徑比為2.4倍。上述兩試樣在同樣條件下燒成,但氧化鋅晶粒尺寸差2.4倍,即表明摻雜離子的氧化鋅得有效抑制氧化鋅晶粒在燒結過程中生長。
而且,按單位厚度中氧化鋅晶粒數與電位梯度的公式計算,經離子摻雜的氧化鋅圓片的電位梯度應是777.6V/mm(324V/mm x 2.4),但實測結果為1370V/mm。因此可以認為這附加提高的592.4V/mm(1370V/mm減去777.6V/mm),應歸於離子摻雜提高氧化鋅晶界的肖特基勢壘,同樣,經離子摻雜的氧化鋅變阻器具有較大的非線性係數。
實施例9:
同實施例1,用G1-10燒結料粉分別與實施例3的試樣編號3與4的摻雜ZnO*為原料製成圓片型氧化鋅變阻器,該變阻器在不同溫度下的漏電流值列於表13。
圖1為實施例4試樣編號No 3-mm ZnO*晶粒的X光燒射圖譜。
圖2為實施例4試樣編號No 4-nm ZnO*晶粒的X光繞射圖譜。
圖3為實施例4試樣編號No 3-nm圓片型氧化鋅變阻器的I-V圖。
圖4為實施例4試樣編號No 4-nm圓片型氧化鋅變阻器的I-V圖。
圖5為實施例8以未掺雜離子的ZnO晶粒製成圓片型氧化鋅變阻器的電子掃描剖面圖照片。
圖6為實施例8以掺雜離子的ZnO*晶粒製成圓片型氧化鋅變阻器的電子掃描剖面圖照片。

Claims (6)

  1. 一種使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法,用於製作電位梯度介於2000~9000V/mm、非線性係數α介於21.5~55及漏電流IL 介於1~21μA的氧化鋅變阻器,其特徵在於,包括下列步驟:a)根據氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度介於2000~9000V/mm,預製摻雜一種或一種以上不等價離子的氧化鋅晶粒,且所述供氧化鋅晶粒摻雜的不等價離子,選自由鋰(Li)、銅(Cu)、鋁(Al)、鈰(Ce)、鈷(Co)、鉻(Cr)、銦(In)、鎵(Ga)、鉬(Mo)、錳(Mn)、鈮(Nb)、鑭(La)、釔(y)、鐠(Pr)、銻(Sb)、鎳(Ni)、鈦(Ti)、釩(v)、鎢(W)、鋯(Zr)、鐵(Fe)、硼(B)、矽(Si)及錫(Sn)所組成的群體的其中一種或一種以上;b)根據氧化鋅變阻器的電位梯度介於2000~9000V/mm,預製高阻抗的燒結粉,選自含鉍(Bi)、銻(Sb)、錳(Mn)、鈷(Co)、鉻(Cr)、鎳(Ni)、鈦(Ti)、矽(Si)、鋇(Ba)、硼(B)、硒(Se)、鑭(La)、鐠(Pr)、釔(Y)、銦(In)、鋁(Al)或錫(Sn)的其中一種或一種以上的氧化物、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、硝酸鹽或草酸鹽為原料,經混合、燒結再磨細至所需細度;c)按重量配比為100:2~100:50混合步驟a)的氧化鋅晶粒與步驟b)的燒結粉,製備氧化鋅變阻器用的陶瓷粉;及d)使用步驟c)的陶瓷粉為原料,按常規方法製備電位梯度介於2000~9000V/mm及非線性係數α介於21.5~55的圓片型或多層片型氧化鋅變阻器。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法,其中步驟a)對氧化鋅摻雜不等價離子的方法,係將摻雜的不等價離子製成溶液,浸泡氧化鋅,經烘乾後煆燒磨細製得,煅燒溫度介於950℃~1550℃。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法,其中步驟a)對氧化鋅摻雜不等價離子的方法,係採用易溶的含鋅鹽與擬摻雜離子溶液以共沉澱法取得共沉澱物,經清洗、烘乾後,在煅燒溫度介於350℃~1000℃下煅燒製得摻雜離子氧化鋅晶粒。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法,其中步驟a)對氧化鋅摻雜不等價離子的方法,是以溶膠-凝膠法(Sol-Gel法)將鋅離子均勻分散於含擬摻雜離子的無機鹽或金屬醇鹽溶膠中,經過進行水解、聚縮反應形成溶膠後,再經固化及煅燒溫度介於350℃~1000℃下煅燒製得摻雜離子氧化鋅晶粒。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法,其中步驟b)的燒結粉,選自由Bi2 O3 、Sb2 O3 、CoO、MnO、ZnO、Cr2 O3 、TiO2 、SiO2 、B2 O3 、Pr2 O3 、Y2 O3 及La2 O3 所組成的群體的其中一種以上的組合。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之使氧化鋅變阻器同時提高電位梯度及非線性係數的製法,其中,步驟b)的高阻抗燒結粉,是經過將原料製成溶液,應用納米技術的化學沉澱法、微乳法或溶膠-凝膠法形成納米細粉而製得。
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