TW201535010A - 用於調節光穿透之元件 - Google Patents

用於調節光穿透之元件 Download PDF

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TW201535010A
TW201535010A TW104103956A TW104103956A TW201535010A TW 201535010 A TW201535010 A TW 201535010A TW 104103956 A TW104103956 A TW 104103956A TW 104103956 A TW104103956 A TW 104103956A TW 201535010 A TW201535010 A TW 201535010A
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liquid crystal
dye
glass
window
doped liquid
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TW104103956A
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TWI712834B (zh
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Rainer Neeff
Bernd Fiebranz
Oosten Casper Laurens Van
Stephen Cumming
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Merck Patent Gmbh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B32B17/10045—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10082—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet
    • B32B17/10119—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet having a composition deviating from the basic composition of soda-lime glass, e.g. borosilicate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
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    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10128—Treatment of at least one glass sheet
    • B32B17/10137—Chemical strengthening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/10201—Dielectric coatings
    • B32B17/10211—Doped dielectric layer, electrically conductive, e.g. SnO2:F
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
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    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10504—Liquid crystal layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/133305—Flexible substrates, e.g. plastics, organic film
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13725—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on guest-host interaction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13731—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a field-induced phase transition
    • G02F1/13737—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a field-induced phase transition in liquid crystals doped with a pleochroic dye
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • E06B2009/2464—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds featuring transparency control by applying voltage, e.g. LCD, electrochromic panels

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
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Abstract

本專利申請案中所描述之發明係關於一種基於薄玻璃片之可切換LC窗，其可在一個或多個方向上彎曲。

Description

用於調節光穿透之元件
如下文描述之本發明係關於一種可切換液晶(LC)窗，其牢固及輕重量及其可在一個或兩個方向上彎曲。
基於液晶之可切換窗較傳統遮光方法提供若干益處：其等切換快、無雜訊及緊密。此類窗之特定實施例係染料摻雜液晶可切換窗。在此類窗中，該等染料具有初級吸收軸且該吸收軸之定向可藉由液晶之定向控制。當染料之吸收軸在窗平面內時，該窗係處於低穿透或黑暗狀態。當染料之吸收軸垂直於窗平面時，該窗係處於其高穿透或明亮狀態。
基於染料摻雜液晶之窗的缺點係該可切換層需要密封於兩個基板之間及就性質平整度、剛度、強度、光學透明度及熱行為而言，需嚴格控制此等基板之性質。兩種最常見的基板類型係玻璃及聚合物。通常玻璃優於聚合物，因為其具有優異之障壁性質、剛度、透明度及抗刮性。玻璃基板之缺點係重、僅可在1或2個方向上有限彎曲及由於熱或物理應力而具有有限的破裂強度。
本發明顯示克服此等問題之基於玻璃之染料摻雜LC可切換窗。
製造輕重量、牢固及/或彎曲之染料摻雜LC元件之傳統方法係使用聚合物基板。例如，US 2003/052838 A1描述一種自熱塑性聚合物基板製造雙彎曲染料摻雜LC元件的方法。獲得具有良好長期障壁性質及高夀命穩定性的熱塑性聚合物係非常困難且因此十分昂貴。因 此，此係昂貴之方法。
WO 2004/013060 A2描述在來自以下「玻璃上塑膠(plastic on glass」之群之可撓性基板上之基於液晶的可切換窗：聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、環烯烴聚合物(COP)、聚對苯二甲酸丁二酯、聚醚碸(PES)、聚醯胺、聚碳酸酯及聚丙烯。此處之此等材料亦具有有限的光學品質及長期壽命性質。
DE 102006042538 A1描述至少一薄玻璃片及一厚玻璃片的組合，其中該薄玻璃上具有一功能化、潛在性可切換層。此發明在厚層之最小厚度上設定明確的配方以獲得該組合物之所需強度。此具有該總組合物可變得比所需更重之缺點。
JP 2010-156784 A描述由玻璃製成之彎曲的LC顯示器。在此情況中，兩個玻璃片中之一者含有TFT陣列，而另一玻璃片具有彩色濾光器(color filter)且該液晶不含染料。建立TFT陣列較複雜及因此為元件帶來額外成本。此外，LC層中缺乏染料引入使用2個偏光板的需要，此使得該元件複雜且昂貴。
DE3330305A1揭示一可切換窗，其包括內側及對準層上經ITO電極塗覆之兩個相當厚玻璃片及介於該等兩個玻璃片之間之染料摻雜LC材料層的層結構。然而，此結構不可能經相關彎曲而無破裂，且該結構相當重。
相較於DE3330305A1，DE 102006042538 A1具有另一特徵，其揭示LC元件與另一厚玻璃片的層合。然而，如在DE3330305A1中，所得結構係相當重且無法彎曲至相關程度而無損害。
本發明在於用於客體-主體型染料摻雜液晶窗之所選玻璃類型及積層之構造物，其創建可彎曲、堅固及輕重量之窗。此窗係如技術方案1定義及其較佳實施例列於下文中。
該領域之專家願意選擇聚合物基板而非玻璃，以解決此技術問 題，因為聚合物具有較小脆性及因此可易於加工。玻璃並非為通常被視為可彎曲材料之材料。特定言之，令熟習此項技術者出乎意料的是，每層具有精確之厚度公差之多層的夾層可彎曲。
就性質而言，最接近本發明之解決方案係具有保護(即，諸如氧化矽之硬質塗層)層之聚合物膜，該保護層沉積在該聚合物膜上。然而，相較於全玻璃基板，經沉積之聚合物膜具有較差的性質(平整度、強度、水遷移)。相比之下，本發明之優勢係玻璃基板具有優異的平整度、剛度及長期耐久性。
藉由圖式說明本發明之較佳實施例。
本發明之最基本實施例係染料摻雜液晶窗，其包括液晶元件，其中該液晶元件包括兩個玻璃片(2、7)，各者厚0.02mm至0.7mm。該等玻璃片較佳係經兩個電極層(3、5)塗覆，其等皆在該等玻璃片之指向該等兩玻璃片之間之內部空間之內側上。該內部空間係經染料摻雜液晶材料之層(4)填充。
圖1顯示本發明之可切換LC窗的第一實施例。在此實施例中，層1、2、3、4、5、6及7按此順序位於彼此的頂部。
參考編號4係包括染料摻雜液晶材料之層。熟習此項技術者瞭解許多不同之可用於此目的之材料。實例係列於WO 2009/141295、WO 2014/090367、WO 2014/090373、尚未公開之EP 13002711.3、尚未公開之EP 13005918.1、尚未公開之EP 14000141.3、尚未公開之EP 14001335.0及尚未公開之EP 14154087.2中之說明及工作實例(較佳工作實例)中之材料。較佳地，該染料摻雜液晶之層具有3μm至50μm，較佳在3與40μm之間，更佳在5μm與25μm之間之厚度。
參考編號3及5係電極。較佳地，此等電極係由諸如ITO、FTO或類似材料之透明導電氧化物(TCO)製成的透明電極。較佳地，該等電極另外包括液晶對準層，其位於該等電極之指向染料摻雜液晶之層之 側面上。此類對準層較佳係由聚醯亞胺或聚乙烯醇製成，且較佳經歷單向摩擦處理以獲得其對準性質。此對準層之一實例係可購買自JSR之材料AL-1054。
參考編號2及7係具有0.02mm至0.7mm厚度之玻璃片。較佳地，其等係由硼矽酸鹽玻璃、鋁矽酸鹽或鹼石灰玻璃製成。該玻璃較佳係具有低熱膨脹係數的玻璃。特別佳地，其熱膨脹係數係在2x10-6/K與5x10-6/K之間。此類玻璃可自諸如Schott或Corning之公司購買獲得。為說明差異之目的，常規玻璃具有在6x10-6/K與1x10-5/K間之係數。可藉由於熱機械分析儀(TMA)(例如，來自供應商Perkin-Elmer或TA)中量測幾何變形來判定材料的熱膨脹係數(CTE)。確切方法可見於應用註解「Thermal Analysis：Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Measurement using the TMA 4000」中，該應用註解係由PerkinElmer，Inc.於2013年公開且可以紙質副本及在http：//www.perkinelmer.com/CMSResources/Images/44-154298011175-01%20APP.pdf下之公司網站上獲得。
根據本發明之較佳實施例，兩個玻璃片2及7均在一個或多個方向上彎曲，較佳在一個或兩個方向上彎曲。該等玻璃片以其等保持互相平行的方式彎曲，即，在該結構之整體區域上彼此處於恒定距離。
參考編號1及6係功能層。此類層(其等可視需要用於本發明中，但在某些情況下較佳)之實例係UV截止濾光器、IR截止濾光器、抗反射層或諸如二氧化矽或氧氮化矽的障壁層。功能層1亦可置於玻璃片2與電極3之間而非置於玻璃片2外側。功能層6亦可置於玻璃片7外側而非置於玻璃片7與電極5之間。
圖2顯示本發明之可切換LC窗的第二實施例。其特徵為藉由用諸如PVB(聚乙烯醇縮丁醛)、TPU(熱塑性胺基甲酸酯)或EVA(乙烯醋酸乙烯酯)之合適的層合材料8將圖1之實施例層合至第三薄片9而進一步 強化該圖1之實施例。該層合材料較佳係以箔或材料片之形式存在。在圖2之實施例中，層1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8及9按此順序位於彼此的頂部。
根據一個較佳實施例，該層合材料8可含有用於可見光之偏光板濾光器及/或UV阻斷功能性之濾光器。在此情況下，較佳地，各別濾光器係以薄片形式置於層合材料箔之間。
若使用偏光板濾光器，則當該元件處於黑暗狀態時，該偏光板濾光器之吸收方向較佳係垂直於液晶染料層4中之染料之吸收軸的定向而定向。此具有顯著增強窗之切換對比度的效應。其另一效應在於該元件之黑暗狀態具有顯著較低穿透。
在於某些情況下較佳之一替代實施例中，圖1之結構可膠合至第三薄片9，而非層合於其上。合適之材料可係諸如3M CEF 8187之壓敏黏合劑(PSA)或諸如LOCTITE 3195之液態光學透明黏合劑，兩者皆可於市面購得。
該第三薄片9較佳係由玻璃製成。在此情況下，其較佳係由厚度在0.7與8mm之間(較佳在1mm與6mm之間)之強化玻璃製成。較佳地，該玻璃片9係諸如Corning Gorilla玻璃、Schott Xensation玻璃或Asahi Dragontrail玻璃的強化玻璃。就強化玻璃而言，可使用化學強化玻璃或物理強化玻璃諸如回火玻璃，或兩種類型之組合。
化學強化玻璃係一類由於後製造化學過程而具有經增強之強度之玻璃。化學強化玻璃的強度通常為浮法玻璃之強度的六至八倍。化學強化玻璃係藉由表面整飾法獲得。在該方法中，在約300℃時，將該玻璃浸沒於含有鉀鹽(較佳硝酸鉀)之浴中。此導致玻璃表面中之鈉離子被浴液中之鉀離子置換。化學強化玻璃的表面壓力較佳達到高達690MPa。在一用於製造化學強化玻璃的替代性兩階段方法中，首先在約450℃時，將玻璃物件浸沒於硝酸鈉浴中，此使該表面富含鈉離 子。此在玻璃上留下更多鈉離子以用於浸沒於硝酸鉀中以置換鉀離子。藉由此方法，可獲得甚至更堅固之玻璃。
回火玻璃可由退火玻璃經由熱回火方法製成。退火係緩慢冷卻玻璃以在其形成之後減輕內應力之方法。在該熱回火方法中，使該玻璃通過熔爐，該熔爐將其加熱至高於其約720℃的退火點。然後用強制空氣流迅速冷卻該玻璃，同時內部保持短時間的自由流動。回火玻璃較佳具有大於60MPa之斷裂強度。
在一替代實施例中，該第三薄片9係由聚合物製成。在此情況中，其較佳具有在0.7與8mm之間，較佳在1mm與6mm之間之厚度。該聚合物較佳係PMMA聚合物或聚碳酸酯聚合物。若使用聚合物作為第三薄片9之材料，則圖1之實施例較佳藉助於壓敏黏合劑(PSA)層合至該薄片9。根據一較佳實施例，用作第三薄片9之聚合物係UV吸收，或含有UV吸收添加劑。在此情況中，該用作第三薄片9之聚合物較佳由PMMA聚合物製成。
較佳地，該第三薄片9係位於窗之側面上，該側面係外側，即面向外部之側面。
此外，用於該窗之層結構中的玻璃片的熱膨脹係數較佳係相似。此具有可避免該結構中之應力積聚的效應，從而導致其變得更堅固及更持久。具有最低熱膨脹係數之玻璃片之熱膨脹係數與具有最高熱膨脹係數的玻璃片之各別係數特別佳相差不超過50%，更佳30%，最佳20%，其中該以%計之差異係相對於具有最高係數之玻璃片之係數表示。
圖3及4用於說明本發明之可切換LC窗之第三實施例。在此第三實施例中，該LC可切換窗係在一個或多個方向上彎曲，較佳在一個或兩個方向上彎曲。
根據一個較佳實施例，該窗係僅在一個方向上彎曲。在此情況 下，將其曲率半徑命名為R1。對於本專利申請案的目的而言，術語「曲率半徑」定義為圖3中之半徑R的長度，其中圖3中之部分圓形代表該彎曲LC可切換窗。若該窗係僅在一個方向上彎曲，則其曲率半徑較佳在1m與10m之間，較佳在2m與8m之間。
此外，該窗較佳係在兩個方向上彎曲。在此情況中，可藉由兩個完全相同或不同之曲率半徑(命名為R1及R2)描述其形式。然後較佳地，其曲率半徑中之一者明顯高於其曲率半徑中之另一者。特別佳地，其曲率半徑之一者比其曲率半徑中之另一者高10倍，特別佳高20倍。在兩個方向上使用顯著不同之曲率半徑的優點係(在此情況下)該等半徑中之一者可相當小，從而導致強彎曲，而不減損該液晶窗之穩定性。更特定言之，若該窗係在兩個方向上彎曲，則其曲率半徑中之一者較佳在1m與10m之間，較佳在2m與8m之間，而其曲率半徑中之第二者在10m與100m之間，較佳在20m與80m之間。
圖4中顯示在兩個方向上彎曲之本發明窗的一較佳實施例。此相當於窗表面之雙軸彎曲。就窗在兩個方向上彎曲之情況而言，兩個彎曲軸較佳相互垂直。在本申請案之內容中，術語「彎曲軸」係如藉由如圖4中之兩條虛線所示定義。該彎曲軸可理解為通過由彎曲LC元件的表面形成的圓形之扇形區的中心所畫之線。
在本發明之一較佳實施例中，將該第三薄片9置於圖1之實施例之單一或雙彎曲結構的凸面上。較佳地，此凸面指向該染料摻雜液晶窗之指向外部之側面。
可藉由下列程序製造本發明之染料摻雜液晶窗：1)裝配該染料摻雜液晶元件，其包括位於兩個玻璃片之間的染料摻雜液晶層，該等玻璃片係各厚0.02mm至0.7mm，且其面向該染料摻雜液晶層之側附著有電極；2)視需要用UV膠或黏合劑穩定該等玻璃片之邊緣； 3)藉由使用預彎曲支架使該經裝配的染料摻雜液晶元件在一個方向上彎曲，該支架較佳係由聚合物或玻璃製成；4)視需要藉由使用預彎曲支架使該元件在第二方向上彎曲，該支架較佳係由聚合物或玻璃製成；5)視需要藉由膠合或層合(較佳)至該預彎曲支架來固定該元件之彎曲狀態，該支架較佳係由聚合物或玻璃製成，其中將該元件保持於該預彎曲支架中直至已完成該全部膠合或層合過程。
根據一個較佳實施例，該用於步驟3及/或5中之預彎曲支架係彎曲玻璃片，其較佳係在一個或多個方向上彎曲，較佳在一個或兩個方向上彎曲。此外，較佳地，該元件之曲率半徑及曲率軸之上述較佳實施例亦適用於用作預彎曲支架之彎曲玻璃片。
此外，較佳地，用於本方法之步驟3及/或步驟5中之預彎曲支架係由固體材料製成之薄片，較佳由玻璃製成，最佳由化學或物理強化玻璃製成。較佳地，該用作預彎曲支架之玻璃片具有自0.7mm至8mm之厚度。在此情況中，較佳地，其係由玻璃製成，更佳由化學或物理強化玻璃製成。
本發明之結構係相當堅固，但玻璃側面可能對損害敏感。若該等玻璃邊緣有所損害，則此等缺陷可在整個玻璃傳播，從而導致裂縫及玻璃之最終失效。因此，較佳地，該玻璃之該等邊緣係例如藉由磨削或拋光或藉由雷射切割處理。該玻璃之該等邊緣可藉由將其等包封，或若該薄玻璃附著至較厚之玻璃片時，藉由使該薄玻璃稍小於該厚玻璃來進一步保護。使用US 2010020381 A1中所揭示之特定實施例尤其佳，該案件以引用之方式併入本文中。US 2010020381 A1之圖1及圖2中所示之特定實施例最佳。
本發明之可切換窗較佳用於調節日光之穿透。更佳地，其係用於汽車、卡車、火車或其他運載工具中，其中由於設計及氣體力學之 要求，高度習知及期望彎曲的表面。然而，其亦可用於建築物中，例如，在外立面或其他外表面中，尤其係彼等曝露於顯著日光強度者。該可切換窗亦可用於遮陽板，特定言之係密封頭盔觀察窗、旋轉門及類似物。
下列工作實例用於說明本發明之目的。不應將其等理解為以任何方式限制本專利申請案所主張之本發明。
工作實例
1)液晶元件之製造
在塗覆ITO(氧化銦錫，100nm)之0.3mm厚硼矽酸鹽玻璃基板(來自Merck Display Technologies，Ltd.之產品MDT No.255725)上，旋轉塗覆平面對準層(AL-1054，JSR)及在180℃之烘箱中固化90min。該對準層之層厚度係約50nm。接著用人造纖維織布擦拭該等對準層之表面以引導LC分子定向。在一個基板之頂部，接著分配裝載25μm間隔物之膠框架。此外，使用濕式噴霧法將相同尺寸之間隔物噴塗於整個基板區域上。接著將第二基板置於該第一基板上，其中兩個摩擦方向皆具有逆平行方向。加熱該等兩個玻璃並壓入元件按壓單元中以固定該等兩個基板並達到25μm的最終元件間隙(=下基板與上基板之間之距離)。在下一個步驟中，於真空填充設備中以染料摻雜LC混合物填充該玻璃元件。所用之混合物與公開之專利申請案WO 2014/135240中所用的混合物相同，該混合物命名為「H2」，其組合以下各物：0.11重量%之染料D1、0.15重量%之染料D2及0.23重量%之染料D3，其中亦在上述專利申請案中以此等名稱提及染料D1、D2及D3。用UV膠閉合膠框架之填充孔後，用UV黏合劑穩定該元件之邊緣以防止玻璃基板從外部斷裂。該元件之重量係1.5kg/m2。圖1顯示此實例之LC元件的側視圖。
2)彎曲該液晶元件以製造彎曲之LC窗
該以該等薄玻璃基板製得之元件顯示良好可撓性且可容易彎曲至約1m的最小半徑。此可藉由將上述製得之200mm x 300mm大LC元件放置於凸面向上放置的實驗室裱玻璃上來達成。該裱玻璃具有約20mm之高度及約80mm之直徑，使得其支持引介至LC元件中之曲率達到某種程度，及使在LC元件上產生的壓力分散於該元件之某個區域上，從而避免在該元件之特定點處力過高。藉由溫和地按壓於矩形LC元件之相對側上之兩點上來最終達成LC元件的彎曲。可藉由例如在下壓之邊上放置重物而將該LC元件固定在其彎曲狀態。證實該元件之顏色均勻性及操作(切換)不受該元件之彎曲影響且該LC層之切換操作與該元件在其平整狀態下剛好相同。
在一種製造彎曲LC元件的替代程序中，將該等元件壓入具有所需曲率半徑之預彎曲支架(例如模子)中，及藉由使用黏合劑固定於此預彎曲支架中。合適之預彎曲支架可由具有約1mm厚度之彎曲厚玻璃諸如來自於Corning之Gorilla玻璃製成。藉由此方法，獲得LC元件與厚玻璃片之層合片，其具有已用作預彎曲支架之厚玻璃片之曲率半徑。
可藉由類似程序完成在兩個方向上之彎曲，其中在第一彎曲半徑大於10m的情況下，可獲得在50m與100m之間的第二曲率半徑。
3)彎曲LC窗的用途
可藉由施加合適之電壓使該彎曲LC窗自其透明狀態切換至其黑暗狀態，同時其切換特徵不受該LC窗所處之彎曲形式影響。
4)比較實例1
按照DE3330305A1之技術教示，建造可切換窗。此窗對應於三玻璃窗(triple glazing window)，其中該中間玻璃片由使用染料摻雜液晶混合物之可切換LC元件替換。
確切程序如下：選擇由鹼石灰浮法玻璃製成之3mm玻璃片以用 於DE3330305A1之裝置之可切換LC元件。在玻璃產業中經常使用此類玻璃片。用來自於氧化銦錫之透明導電層塗覆該等玻璃片。將具有約50nm厚度的聚醯亞胺層(JSR AL 1254)塗覆於該導電層頂部及將其烘烤(在200℃下60min)。拋光該聚醯亞胺層以獲得LC混合物在不施加電壓狀態下的所需預傾斜角。使用具有25μm直徑之塑膠間隔球(Sekisui MicroPearl)以分開兩個玻璃片。藉由密封劑圍繞著玻璃周界將該等玻璃片保持在一起。使用真空方法將實例1中所指定之染料摻雜LC填充至腔室中。使用UV可固化黏合劑密封填充口。
所得可切換LC元件具有20kg/m2之重量。不可能藉由在2)下描述之方法對其獲得任何可測量之彎曲。
可將該產品製成如DE 3330305A1中所述之三玻璃單元，其使用另外兩個4mm玻璃片及用於在該等玻璃片與LC元件之間之開放空間之氬氣填充物。完整之絕緣玻璃單元的重量係60kg/m2。圖6顯示此實例之全部單元的側視圖。
5)比較實例2
在此實例中，按照比較實例1之程序製造初始染料摻雜LC元件。然後將此程序與DE 102006042538A1之教示組合。
使用之確切程序如下：使用來自Sekisui S-Lec之0.76mm厚度的PVB(聚乙烯醇縮丁醛)箔寬度將4mm厚之第三結構玻璃片層合至比較實例1之LC元件。在此情況中，該LC元件由兩倍於3mm之玻璃製成。使用標準PVB層合條件(120-150℃、400-900mBar真空)在片層合機中完成層合。
包括三個玻璃片之層合產品之重量係25kg/m2。不可能在此積層中獲得任何顯著之彎曲。圖7顯示此實例之LC元件的側視圖。
6)比較實例3
使用兩個比較實例2之玻璃層合片建立對稱性雙玻璃單元。整個 積層(由外至內)係：4mm鹼石灰浮法玻璃、0.76mm PVB、3mm經ITO塗覆之鹼石灰浮法玻璃、0.25μm LC層、3mm經ITO塗覆之鹼石灰浮法玻璃、20mm氬氣填充之腔室、3mm經ITO塗覆之鹼石灰浮法玻璃、0.25μm LC層、3mm經ITO塗覆之鹼石灰浮法玻璃、0.76mm PVB、4mm鹼石灰浮法玻璃。
使用兩個LC元件之積層可用於在黑暗狀態與透明狀態之間達成高穿透差異。其詳細描述於WO2014/180525中。圖8顯示此實例之LC元件的側視圖。
根據E DIN EN 12600 1996-12，使用該產品進行擺錘測試(pendulum test)。以分別450mm及900mm之擺錘撞擊高度及質量為50kg之柔軟撞擊主體(「雙輪胎」)進行該測試設定，其中該輪胎充滿4bar之壓力。當對該窗投下該重物時，該窗在受撞擊處斷裂。然而，無窗材料之碎片釋放到窗外。
1‧‧‧功能層
2‧‧‧玻璃片
3‧‧‧電極，較佳經對準層塗覆
4‧‧‧染料摻雜液晶材料之層
5‧‧‧電極，較佳經對準層塗覆
6‧‧‧功能層
7‧‧‧玻璃片
8‧‧‧層合材料
9‧‧‧第三薄片，較佳由玻璃或聚合物製成
10‧‧‧0.3mm硼矽酸鹽玻璃之玻璃片，內側塗覆ITO且該內側塗覆對準層
11‧‧‧LC-染料混合物
12‧‧‧4mm鹼石灰浮動玻璃之玻璃片
13‧‧‧經氬氣填充之空間
14‧‧‧3mm鹼石灰浮動玻璃之玻璃片，內側塗覆ITO且該內側塗覆對準層
15‧‧‧PVB箔
圖1顯示本發明之可切換LC窗之第一實施例。
圖2顯示本發明之可切換LC窗之第二實施例。
圖3用於說明本發明之可切換LC窗之第三實施例，其中該窗係彎曲。
圖4用於說明本發明之可切換LC窗之實施例，其中該窗係在兩個方向上彎曲。
圖5顯示工作實例1之本發明LC元件的積層。
圖6顯示比較實例1之窗單元之積層。
圖7顯示比較實例2之窗單元之積層。
圖8顯示比較實例3之窗單元之積層。
1‧‧‧功能層
2‧‧‧玻璃片
3‧‧‧電極，較佳經對準層塗覆
4‧‧‧染料摻雜液晶材料之層
5‧‧‧電極，較佳經對準層塗覆
6‧‧‧功能層
7‧‧‧玻璃片

Claims (19)

  1. 一種染料摻雜液晶窗，其包括液晶元件，其中該液晶元件包括兩個各為0.02mm至0.7mm厚的玻璃片。
  2. 如請求項1之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該兩玻璃片係在一個或多個方向上彎曲，較佳係在一個或兩個方向上彎曲。
  3. 如請求項1或2之染料摻雜液晶窗，其包括由固體材料製成的第三薄片。
  4. 如請求項3之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該第三薄片係在一個或多個方向上彎曲，較佳係在一個或兩個方向上彎曲。
  5. 如請求項3或4之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該第三薄片係置於該窗之外側上。
  6. 如請求項2至5中任一項之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該第三薄片係由玻璃製成且具有在0.7mm與8mm之間的厚度。
  7. 如請求項6之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該第三薄片係由物理及/或化學強化玻璃製成。
  8. 如請求項2至5中任一項之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該第三薄片係由聚合物材料製成。
  9. 如請求項1至8中任一項之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該液晶元件具有介於1與100m之間之第一曲率半徑R1。
  10. 如請求項9之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該液晶元件具有介於10與100m之間之第二曲率半徑R2。
  11. 如請求項10之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該第二曲率半徑R2的彎曲軸係垂直於該第一曲率半徑R1的彎曲軸。
  12. 如請求項2至11中任一項之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該第三薄片係藉助於層合材料或膠附著至該液晶元件之玻璃片中之一者。
  13. 如請求項12之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該層合材料含有偏光濾光器，在該窗之黑暗狀態下時該偏光濾光器係以其吸收方向垂直於該染料之染料吸收軸來定向。
  14. 如請求項1至13中任一項之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該等玻璃片係相同或不同地由硼矽酸鹽玻璃、鋁矽酸鹽及/或鹼石灰玻璃製成。
  15. 如請求項1至14中任一項之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該具有最低熱膨脹係數之玻璃片的熱膨脹係數與該具有最高熱膨脹係數之玻璃片的各別係數相差不超過50%，更佳30%，最佳20%，其中該以%計之差異係相對於該具有最高係數之玻璃片的係數表示。
  16. 如請求項1至15中任一項之染料摻雜液晶窗，其中該染料摻雜液晶材料之層具有10μm至50μm之厚度。
  17. 一種製造如請求項1至16中任一項之染料摻雜液晶窗的方法，其包括以下步驟：1)裝配該染料摻雜液晶元件，其包括位於兩個玻璃片之間的染料摻雜液晶層，該等玻璃片各係0.02mm至0.7mm厚，且其面向該染料摻雜液晶層之側附著有電極；2)視需要用UV膠或黏合劑穩定該等玻璃片之邊緣；3)藉由使用預彎曲支架使該經裝配的染料摻雜液晶元件在一個方向上彎曲，該支架較佳係由聚合物或玻璃製成；4)視需要藉由使用預彎曲支架使該元件在第二方向上彎曲，該支架較佳係由聚合物或玻璃製成；5)視需要藉由膠合或層合(較佳)至該預彎曲支架來固定該元件之彎曲狀態，該支架較佳係由聚合物或玻璃製成，其中將該元件保持於該預彎曲支架中直至完成該全部膠合或層合過程。
  18. 如請求項17之方法，其中該預彎曲支架係彎曲玻璃片，其係由 化學及/或物理強化玻璃製成。
  19. 一種染料摻雜液晶窗之用途，其係在汽車、卡車、火車或其他運載工具中或在建築物之外立面中或在遮陽板或其他外表面中用於調節日光的穿透。
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