CN106030387B - 用于调节光透射的装置 - Google Patents

用于调节光透射的装置 Download PDF

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CN106030387B
CN106030387B CN201580007143.8A CN201580007143A CN106030387B CN 106030387 B CN106030387 B CN 106030387B CN 201580007143 A CN201580007143 A CN 201580007143A CN 106030387 B CN106030387 B CN 106030387B
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glass
liquid crystal
dye
coefficient
sheet
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CN106030387A (zh
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R·内非
B·费比兰兹
C·L·梵奥斯滕
S·库明
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Merck Patent GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/133305—Flexible substrates, e.g. plastics, organic film
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B32B17/10045—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
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    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10082—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet
    • B32B17/10119—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet having a composition deviating from the basic composition of soda-lime glass, e.g. borosilicate
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    • B32B17/10128—Treatment of at least one glass sheet
    • B32B17/10137—Chemical strengthening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
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    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/10201—Dielectric coatings
    • B32B17/10211—Doped dielectric layer, electrically conductive, e.g. SnO2:F
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10504—Liquid crystal layer
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
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    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
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    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
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    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13725—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on guest-host interaction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13731—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a field-induced phase transition
    • G02F1/13737—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a field-induced phase transition in liquid crystals doped with a pleochroic dye
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

在本专利申请中描述的发明涉及基于薄玻璃片的可切换LC窗户，其在一个或多个方向是可弯曲的。

Description

用于调节光透射的装置
技术领域
如在以下描述的本发明涉及可切换液晶(LC)窗户，其既坚固又轻量，并且其在一个或两个方向是可弯曲的。
背景技术
基于液晶的可切换窗户相对于传统的遮阳解决方案提供了几种益处：它们快速切换，没有噪音并且紧凑。这种窗户的特定的实施方案是染料掺杂液晶可切换窗户。在这种类型的窗户中，染料具有主吸收轴并且吸收轴的取向可以通过液晶的取向控制。当染料的吸收轴在窗户的平面中时，窗户在低透射或暗态下。当染料的吸收轴垂直于窗户的平面时，窗户在其高透射或亮态下。
基于染料掺杂液晶的窗户的缺点是可切换的层需要封装在两个基板之间，并且存在对这些基板在平坦度、刚性、强度、光学透明性和热行为方面的性能的严格的控制。两种最常见的基板类型是玻璃和聚合物。玻璃相对聚合物通常是优选的，因为其具有优异的阻隔性能、刚性、透明度和抗刮性。玻璃基板的缺点是它们是沉重的、仅可以在1或2个方向具有有限的弯曲，并且对热或物理应力引起的破裂仅具有有限的强度。
本发明提供了基于玻璃的染料掺杂LC可切换窗户，克服了这些问题。
制备轻量、坚固和/或弯曲的染料掺杂LC盒的传统方式是使用聚合物基板。例如，US 2003/052838 A1描述了由热塑性聚合物基板制备双曲面染料掺杂LC装置。得到具有良好长期阻隔性能和长寿命稳定性的热塑性聚合物是非常难并且因此是昂贵的。因此这是一个昂贵的方法。
WO 2004/013060 A2描述了来自“玻璃上的塑料”，聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、环烯烃聚合物(COP)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚醚砜(PES)、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯和聚丙烯的组的柔性基板上的基于液晶的可切换窗户。再次，这里这些材料被受限于光学质量和长期寿命性能。
DE 102006042538 A1描述了至少薄和厚玻璃片的组合，其中官能化、潜在可切换的层在薄玻璃上。该发明对厚层的最小厚度设置了明确的规定以获得期望的组合物的强度。这具有缺点，整个组合物变得比所期望的更重。
JP 2010-156784 A描述了由玻璃制成的弯曲的LC显示器。在这种情况下，两个玻璃片之一含有TFT阵列，而另一个玻璃片具有彩色滤光器，并且所述液晶不含有染料。TFT阵列构建复杂并且因此对器件带来了额外的成本。此外，在LC层中不含染料引入使用两个偏振片的需要，这使得装置复杂和昂贵。
DE3330305A1公开了包含两个在它们内侧和配向层上涂覆有ITO电极的相对厚的玻璃片和在两个玻璃片中间一层染料掺杂LC材料的层结构的可切换窗户。然而，没有不含破裂的此结构的相关弯曲度是可行的，并且该结构是相对沉重的。
DE 102006042538A1相比DE3330305A1具有另外的特征，公开了将LC盒层压至更厚的玻璃片。然而，如在DE3330305A1中，得到的结构相对沉重并且不能够弯曲至相关的程度，而无损伤。
发明内容
本发明在于所选择玻璃类型和层组成的建构用于宾主染料掺杂液晶窗户，这产生了可弯曲的、坚固的和轻量的窗户。该窗户根据权利要求1和以下列举的其优选的实施方案限定。
本领域专家会选择聚合物基板而不是玻璃以解决该技术问题，因为聚合物不那么脆并且因此可以更容易地加工。玻璃不是通常被认为是可弯曲材料的材料。特别地，技术人员预料不到多层的夹层结构(各自具有严格的厚度公差)可以弯曲。
就性能而言，与本发明的方案最接近的是具有沉积在聚合物膜上的保护(即硬涂层例如氧化硅)层的聚合物膜。然而，沉积的聚合物膜相对于全玻璃基板具有较差性能(平坦度、强度和水分迁移)。相反地，本发明具有以下优点：玻璃基板在平坦度、刚度和长期持久度方面是优异的。
本发明优选的实施方案通过附图阐明。
本发明最基本的实施方案是染料掺杂液晶窗户，包括液晶盒，其中所述液晶盒包括各自为0.02mm至0.7mm厚的两个玻璃片(2,7)。所述玻璃片优选涂覆有两个电极层(3,5)，其二者在玻璃片的内侧，指向两个玻璃片之间的内部空间。内部空间填充有一层染料掺杂液晶材料(4)。
图1显示了根据本发明的可切换LC窗户的第一个实施方案。在该实施方案中，层1、2、3、4、5、6和7以该顺序位于彼此的顶部。
参考编号4是包含染料掺杂液晶材料的层。技术人员知道可以用于该目的的多种不同的材料。实例是说明书和实施例，优选WO 2009/141295、WO 2014/090367、WO 2014/090373、尚未公开的EP 13002711.3、尚未公开的EP 13005918.1、尚未公开的EP14000141.3、尚未公开的EP 14001335.0和尚未公开的EP 14154087.2的实施例中列举的材料。优选地，染料掺杂液晶层具有3μm至50μm的厚度，优选3和40μm之间，特别优选5μm和25μm之间。
参考编号3和5是电极。优选地，这些是由透明导电氧化物(TCO)例如ITO、FTO或相似材料制成的透明电极。优选地，所述电极另外包含液晶配向层，其位于电极的指向染料掺杂液晶层的一侧上。该配向层优选由聚酰亚胺或聚乙烯醇制成，并且优选经受单方向摩擦处理以获得其配向性能。该配向层的一个实例是材料AL-1054，其可以从JSR购买。
参考编号2和7是具有0.02mm至0.7mm厚度的玻璃片。优选地，它们由硼硅酸盐玻璃、铝硅酸盐或钠钙玻璃制成。所述玻璃优选是具有低热膨胀系数的玻璃。特别优选地，其热膨胀系数在2x10-6/K和5x10-6/K之间。这种类型的玻璃可商购自公司例如Schott或Corning。为了阐明区别，常规玻璃具有6x10-6/K和1x10-5/K之间的系数。材料的热膨胀系数(CTE)可以通过在热机械分析仪(TMA)(例如来自供应商Perkin-Elmer或TA)中测量几何变形来测定。确切的方法可以在2013年PerkinElmer,Inc.出版的操作说明书“ThermalAnalysis:Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Measurement using the TMA 4000”中找到，并且其可作为纸件拷贝和在公司网站http://www.perkinelmer.com/CMSResources/Images/44-154298011175_01％20APP.pdf获得。
根据本发明优选的实施方案，两个玻璃片2和7均在一个或多个方向，优选在一个或两个方向弯曲。玻璃片以它们保持彼此平行的方式弯曲，即在结构的整个区域内距彼此恒定的距离。
参考编号1和6是功能层。该层的实例(其对于本发明是任选的，但在某些情况下是优选的)为UV截止滤光器、IR截止滤光器、抗反射层或阻隔层，如氧化硅或氮氧化硅。替代于位于玻璃片2的外侧，功能层1也可以位于玻璃片2和电极3之间。替代于位于玻璃片7和电极5之间，功能层6还可以位于玻璃片7的外侧。
图2显示了根据本发明可切换LC窗户的第二个实施方案。其特征在于根据图1的实施方案通过使用合适的层压材料8例如PVB(聚乙烯醇缩丁醛)、TPU(热塑性聚氨酯)或EVA(乙烯醋酸乙烯酯)将其层压至第三片材9得到进一步加强。所述层压材料优选以材料的箔或片的形式存在。在根据图2的实施方案中，层1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8和9以此顺序位于彼此的顶部。
根据一个优选的实施方案，层压材料8可以含有用于可见光的偏振滤光器和/或UV阻隔功能的滤光器。在这种情况下，优选各自滤光器以片的形式位于层压材料的箔之间。
如果使用了偏光滤光器，则所述偏光滤光器的吸收方向优选垂直于当液晶染料层4在暗态下时液晶染料层4中染料的吸收轴的取向而取向。这具有以下效果：窗户的切换对比显著增加。另外，其具有以下效果：装置的暗态具有显著更低的透射率。
在某些条件下优选的替代的实施方案中，根据图1的结构可以胶合至第三片材9，代替层压至其上。合适的材料可以是压敏粘合剂(PSA)，例如3M CEF 8187或液体光学透明粘合剂例如LOCTITE 3195，二者均是可商购的。
第三片材9优选由玻璃制成。在这种情况下，其优选由具有0.7mm和8mm之间，优选1mm和6mm之间厚度的强化玻璃制成。优选地，所述玻璃片9是如Corning Gorilla玻璃、Schott Xensation玻璃或Asahi Dragontrail玻璃的强化玻璃。作为强化玻璃，可以使用化学强化玻璃或物理强化玻璃例如钢化玻璃，或两种类型的组合。
化学强化玻璃是由于后生产化学工艺具有提高的强度的玻璃的类型。化学强化玻璃通常具有浮法玻璃6-8倍的强度。化学强化玻璃通过表面处理工艺获得。其中，将玻璃浸没在在大约300℃下含有钾盐、优选硝酸钾的浴中。这引起了玻璃表面中的钠离子被浴溶液中的钾离子替换。化学强化玻璃的表面压缩优选达到高达690MPa。在一个替代的制备化学强化玻璃的两阶段方法中，首先在约450℃下将玻璃制品浸没在硝酸钠浴中，其使得表面富集钠离子。这在玻璃上留下更多的钠离子用以在硝酸钾中浸渍以用钾离子替换。通过该方法，甚至可以获得更加坚固的玻璃。
钢化玻璃可以经由热回火工艺由退火的玻璃制成。退火是在内部应力形成之后缓慢冷却玻璃以释放内部应力的工艺。在热回火工艺中，玻璃通过炉取出，所述炉将玻璃加热至其约720℃的退火点以上。随后玻璃用强制通风快速冷却，同时内部部分短时间保持自由流动。钢化玻璃优选具有大于60MPa的断裂强度。
在一个替代的实施方案中，第三片材9由聚合物制成。在这种情况下，其优选具有0.7和8mm之间的厚度，优选1mm和6mm之间。所述聚合物优选为PMMA聚合物或聚碳酸酯聚合物。如果聚合物用作第三片材9的材料，则根据图1的实施方案优选通过压敏粘合剂(PSA)层压至片材9上。根据优选的实施方案，用作第三片材9的聚合物是UV吸收的，或含有UV吸收添加剂。在这种情况下，用作第三片材9的聚合物优选由PMMA聚合物制成。
优选地，第三片材9位于窗户的外侧的一侧，即面向外面的一侧。
此外，优选用在窗户的层结构中的玻璃片的热膨胀系数是相似的。这具有以下效果：可以避免应力在结构中的聚集，使其更坚固耐用。特别优选具有最低热膨胀系数的玻璃片的热膨胀系数与具有最高热膨胀系数的玻璃片的相应系数相差不大于50％，更优选不大于30％，最优选不大于20％，其中以％计的差异相对于具有最高系数的玻璃片的系数表示。
图3和4用于阐明根据本发明可切换LC窗户的第三个实施方案。在该第三个实施方案中，LC可切换窗户在一个或多个方向，优选在一个或两个方向弯曲。
根据一个优选的实施方案，窗户仅在一个方向弯曲。在这种情况下，其曲率半径被命名为R1。对于本专利申请的目的，术语“曲率半径”被定义为图3中的半径R的长度，其中弯曲LC可切换窗户通过图3中的部分圆表示。如果窗户仅在一个方向弯曲，则优选其曲率半径为1m和10m之间，优选2m和8m之间。
此外，优选窗户在两个方向弯曲。在这种情况下，其形式可以通过两个相同或不同的曲率半径(命名为R1和R2)描述。那么优选地，其曲率半径之一比其曲率半径中的另一个显著更高。特别优选地，其曲率半径之一是其曲率半径中的另一个的10倍高，特别优选20倍高。在两个方向使用显著不同的曲率半径的优点是在这种情况下，一个半径可以相对小，导致强烈的弯曲，而不损害液晶窗户的稳定性。更特别地，如果窗户在两个方向弯曲，优选其曲率半径之一为1m和10m之间，优选2m和8m之间，而其曲率半径中的第二个为10m和100m之间，优选20m和80m之间。
根据本发明在两个方向弯曲的窗户的优选的实施方案在图4中显示。这相当于窗户表面的双轴弯曲。在两个方向弯曲的窗户的情况下，优选两个弯曲轴彼此垂直。在本申请的上下文中，术语“弯曲轴”定义为如图4中两个虚线所示。弯曲轴可以理解为通过弯曲LC盒的表面形成的圆的扇形的中心画的线。
在本发明一个优选的实施方案中，第三片材9位于根据图1的实施方案的单或双弯曲结构的凸面侧。优选地，该凸面侧指向染料掺杂液晶窗户指向外部的一侧。
根据本发明的染料掺杂液晶窗户可以通过以下步骤制备：
1)组装染料掺杂液晶盒，其包含位于各自0.02mm至0.7mm厚的两个玻璃片之间的染料掺杂液晶层，并且所述玻璃片具有附接到它们面向所述染料掺杂液晶层侧的电极；
2)任选使用UV胶或粘合剂稳定玻璃片的边缘；
3)通过使用优选来自聚合物或玻璃的预先弯曲的支撑物在一个方向弯曲组装的染料掺杂液晶盒；
4)任选通过使用优选来自聚合物或玻璃的预先弯曲的支撑物在第二方向弯曲该盒；
5)任选通过胶合或层压将该盒以其弯曲状态固定，优选固定至预先弯曲的支撑物，所述预先弯曲的支撑物来自聚合物或玻璃，其中该盒被保持在预先弯曲的支撑物中直至完整胶合或层压过程已完成。
根据一个优选的实施方案，在步骤3和/或5中使用的预先弯曲的支撑物是弯曲玻璃片，其优选在一个或多个方向，优选在一个或两个方向弯曲。此外，优选地，以上列出的用于曲率半径和曲率轴的优选的实施方案也适用于用作预先弯曲的支撑物的弯曲玻璃片。
另外，优选地，在方法的步骤3和/或步骤5中使用的预先弯曲的支撑物是由固体材料制成的片，所述固体材料优选来自玻璃、最优选来自化学或物理强化玻璃。优选地，用作预先弯曲的支撑物的玻璃片具有0.7mm至8mm的厚度。在这种情况下，优选地，其由玻璃制成，更优选由化学或物理强化玻璃制成。
根据本发明的结构是相对坚固，但可能对玻璃侧的破坏敏感。如果玻璃边缘损坏，则这些缺陷可能通过玻璃传播，导致玻璃的裂纹和最终破坏。因此，优选将玻璃的边缘处理，例如通过磨光或抛光，或通过激光切割。玻璃的边缘可以通过将其封装来进一步保护，或在薄玻璃连接到较厚玻璃片的情况下，通过使薄玻璃略微小于厚玻璃来进一步保护。尤其优选使用US2010020381A1公开的具体实施方案，其通过引用并入本文。最优选的是在US2010020381 A1的图1和图2中所示的具体实施方案。
根据本发明的可切换窗户优选用于调节日光透射。进一步优选地，其在轿车、卡车、火车或其它车辆中使用，其中由于设计和空气动力学要求弯曲的表面是非常常见和期望的。然而，其也可以用在建筑中，例如在外墙或其它外部表面中，尤其是暴露于显著日照强度的那些。所述可切换窗户也可以用在遮阳板，特别是头盔面罩、旋转门等。
附图说明
附图和参考编号列表
图1显示了根据本发明可切换LC窗户的第一个实施方案。
图2显示了根据本发明可切换LC窗户的第二个实施方案。
图3用以阐明根据本发明可切换LC窗户的第三个实施方案，其中所述窗户是弯曲的。
图4用以阐明根据本发明可切换的LC窗户的实施方案，其中所述窗户在两个方向弯曲。
图5显示了根据工作实施例1本发明LC盒的构成。
图6显示了根据对比实施例1的窗户单元的构成。
图7显示了根据对比实施例2的窗户单元的构成。
图8显示了根据对比实施例3的窗户单元的构成。
在附图中，参考编号如下：
1 功能层
2 玻璃片
3 电极，优选用配向层涂覆
4 染料掺杂液晶材料层
5 电极，优选用配向层涂覆
6 功能层
7 玻璃片
8 层压材料
9 第三片材，优选由玻璃或聚合物制成
10 0.3mm硼硅酸盐玻璃的玻璃片，ITO涂覆在内侧并且使用配向层涂覆在内侧
11 LC-染料混合物
12 4mm钠钙浮法玻璃的玻璃片
13 氩气填充的空间
14 3mm钠钙浮法玻璃的玻璃片玻璃，ITO涂覆在内侧并且使用配向层涂覆在内侧
15 PVB箔
以下工作实施例用于阐明本发明的目的。它们不能被理解为以任何方式如本专利要求保护的限制本发明。
具体实施方式
工作实施例
1)液晶盒的制造
在涂覆有ITO(氧化铟锡,100nm)的0.3mm厚的硼硅酸盐玻璃基板上(产品MDT号255725，来自Merck Display Technologies,Ltd.)，旋转涂覆平面配向层(AL-1054,JSR)并且在180℃下在烘箱中固化90分钟。配向层的层厚度为大约50nm。随后用人造丝布摩擦配向层的表面以引入LC分子的取向。随后将装有25μm垫片的胶框配置在一个基板的顶部。此外，相同尺寸的垫片使用湿喷工艺喷雾到整个基板区域上。随后第二基板位于第一基板上，二者的摩擦方向具有反平行方向。将两个玻璃加热并且在盒压制单元中压制以固定两个基板并且达到25μm的最终盒间隙(＝较低和较高基板之间的距离)。在接下来的步骤中，将玻璃盒在真空填充设备中使用染料掺杂LC混合物填充。所使用的混合物与在公开专利申请WO2014/135240中使用的一种相同，称为混合物“H2”，组合了0.11重量％的染料D1，0.15重量％的染料D2和0.23重量％的染料D3，其中染料D1、D2和D3在以上专利申请中也以这些名字提及。在使用UV胶封闭胶框的填充孔之后，使用UV粘合剂稳定盒的边缘以避免玻璃基板由外侧破裂。盒的重量为1.5kg/m2。该实施例的LC盒的侧视图示于图1。
2)弯曲液晶盒以制造弯曲的LC窗户
使用薄玻璃基板制造的盒显示了良好的柔性并且可以容易地弯曲至约1m的最小半径。这通过将200mm x300mm大的LC盒(如上制造)置于凸面朝上放置的实验室表面皿上实现。所述表面皿具有大约20mm的高度和大约80mm的直径，使得其支撑引入到LC盒一定程度的曲率，并且分散在LC盒某一区域施加在盒上的压力，避免在盒的特定点处过高的力。LC盒的弯曲最终通过向下轻轻地按压长方形LC盒的相对侧的两点实现。所述LC盒可以通过例如在向下按压侧施加重量固定于其弯曲状态。证实了所述盒的颜色均匀性和操作(切换)不被盒的弯曲所影响，并且LC层的切换与在其扁平状态下的盒一样有效。
在制备弯曲LC盒的替代性的步骤中，将盒压入预先弯曲的支撑物中，例如模具，其具有期望的曲率半径，并且通过使用粘合剂固定到此预先弯曲的支撑物中。合适的预先弯曲的支撑物可以由弯曲的厚玻璃制成，例如来自Corning的Gorilla玻璃，其具有约1mm的厚度。通过该方法，获得了LC盒和厚玻璃片的层压体，其具有已经用作预先弯曲的支撑物的厚玻璃片的曲率半径。
在两个方向的弯曲可以通过类似的步骤实现，其中具有大于10m的第一弯曲半径，可以实现50m和100m之间的第二弯曲半径。
3)弯曲LC玻璃的使用
所述弯曲的LC玻璃可以通过施加合适的电压由其透明状态切换至其暗态，同时其切换特征不被LC窗户已经带来的弯曲形状所影响。
4)对比实施例1
遵循DE3330305A1的技术教导，建造了可切换窗户。该窗户相当于三层玻璃窗，其中中间玻璃片被使用染料掺杂液晶混合物的可切换LC盒替换。
具体步骤如下：选择3mm由钠钙浮法玻璃制成的3mm玻璃片用于DE3330305A1设置的可切换LC盒。这种玻璃片非常频繁地用于玻璃工业。该玻璃片涂覆有氧化铟锡的透明导电层。将约50nm厚度的聚酰亚胺层(JSR AL 1254)涂覆在导电层的顶部并且烘焙(在200℃下60分钟)。将聚酰亚胺层摩擦以实现在不施加电压状态下LC混合物的所期望倾斜。使用具有25μm直径的塑料隔离球(Sekisui MicroPearl)分离两个玻璃片。所述玻璃片通过围绕玻璃周边的密封件保持在一起。使用真空工艺将如实施例1中详细说明的染料掺杂LC填充至模腔中。填充开口使用UV可固化的粘合剂密封。
得到的可切换LC盒具有20kg/m2的重量。通过2)描述的方法不可能对其施加任何可测量的弯曲。
所述产品可以制成DE 3330305A1中所描述的三层玻璃单元，使用两个另外的4mm玻璃片和用于玻璃片和LC盒之间开放空间的氩气填充。完整中空玻璃单元的重量为60kg/m2。根据该实施例的整个单元的侧视图如在图6中所示。
5)对比实施例2
在该实施例中，遵循对比实施例1的步骤以制成初始的染料掺杂LC盒。该步骤随后与DE 102006042538A1的教导合并。
所使用的具体步骤如下：使用来自Sekisui S-Lec的厚度为0.76mm的PVB(聚乙烯缩丁醛)箔将4mm厚的第三结构玻璃片层压至对比实施例1的LC盒。在这种情况下，所述LC盒由2×3mm(two times 3mm)玻璃制成。使用标准PVB层压条件(120-150℃，400-900mBar真空)在板材层压机中进行层压。
包含三个玻璃片的层压产品的重量为25kg/m2。在这种组成中不可能实现任何显著的弯曲。该实施例的LC盒的侧视图在图7中所示。
6)对比实施例3
使用两个对比实施例2的玻璃层压体，建造了对称双玻璃单元。完整的组成，从外到内为：4mm钠钙浮法玻璃、0.76mm PVB、3mm ITO涂覆的钠钙浮法玻璃、0.25μm LC层、3mmITO涂覆的钠钙浮法玻璃、20mm氩气填充的空腔、3mm ITO涂覆的钠钙浮法玻璃、0.25μm LC层、3mm ITO涂覆的钠钙浮法玻璃、0.76mm PVB和4mm钠钙浮法玻璃。
使用两个LC盒的结构可用于实现暗态和明态之间的高透射差异。其详细描述于WO2014/180525。该实施例的LC盒的侧视图在图8中所示。
使用该产品，根据E DIN EN 12600 1996-12进行了单摆测试。测试设置为单摆冲击高度分别为450mm和900mm，和软冲击体(“双胎”)质量为50kg，所述胎填充4bar的压力。当针对窗户掉落重物时，所述窗户在冲击的位置破碎。然而，没有窗户材料的碎片释放到窗户外。

Claims (17)

1.制备染料掺杂液晶窗户的方法,包括以下步骤:
1)组装染料掺杂液晶盒，其包括位于两个各自具有0.02mm至0.3mm厚的玻璃片之间的染料掺杂液晶层，所述液晶盒具有1和100m之间的第一曲率半径R1和具有10和100m之间的第二曲率半径R2,所述玻璃片相同或不同地由硼硅酸盐玻璃或铝硅酸盐玻璃制成并且所述玻璃片具有附接到它们面向所述染料掺杂液晶层侧的电极；
2)任选使用粘合剂稳定玻璃片的边缘；
3)通过使用来自聚合物或玻璃的预先弯曲的支撑物在一个方向弯曲组装的染料掺杂液晶盒；
4)任选通过使用来自聚合物或玻璃的预先弯曲的支撑物在第二方向弯曲所述盒；
5)任选通过胶合或层压将所述盒固定于其弯曲状态且固定至预先弯曲的支撑物，所述预先弯曲的支撑物来自聚合物或玻璃，其中所述盒被保持在预先弯曲的支撑物中直至完整胶合或层压过程已完成。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中所述粘合剂包括UV胶。
3.根据权利要求1的方法，其中所述预先弯曲的支撑物是弯曲的玻璃片，其由化学和/或物理强化玻璃制成。
4.由权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法制备的染料掺杂液晶窗户，包括液晶盒，其中所述液晶盒包括两个玻璃片,所述玻璃片相同或不同地由硼硅酸盐玻璃或铝硅酸盐玻璃制成,所述玻璃片具有0.02mm至0.3mm的厚度，所述液晶盒具有1和100m之间的第一曲率半径R1和具有10和100m之间的第二曲率半径R2，其中第二曲率半径R2的弯曲轴垂直于第一曲率半径R1的弯曲轴；所述染料掺杂液晶窗户包括由固体材料制成的第三片材，其中所述第三片材由物理和/或化学强化玻璃或者聚合物材料制成，并位于窗户的外侧。
5.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中两个玻璃片在一个或多个方向弯曲。
6.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中两个玻璃片在一个或两个方向弯曲。
7.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中第三片材在一个或多个方向弯曲。
8.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中第三片材在一个或两个方向弯曲。
9.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中第三片材由玻璃制成并且具有0.7mm至8mm的厚度。
10.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中所述液晶盒具有20m和80m之间的第二曲率半径R2。
11.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中第三片材通过层压材料或胶附接至液晶盒的玻璃片之一。
12.根据权利要求11的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中所述层压材料含有偏振滤光器，所述滤光器以其吸收方向垂直于窗户暗态下染料的染料吸收轴而取向。
13.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中具有最低热膨胀系数的玻璃片的热膨胀系数与具有最高热膨胀系数的玻璃片的相应系数相差不超过50％，其中以％计的差异相对于具有最高系数的玻璃片的系数表示。
14.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中具有最低热膨胀系数的玻璃片的热膨胀系数与具有最高热膨胀系数的玻璃片的相应系数相差不超过30％，其中以％计的差异相对于具有最高系数的玻璃片的系数表示。
15.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中具有最低热膨胀系数的玻璃片的热膨胀系数与具有最高热膨胀系数的玻璃片的相应系数相差不超过20％，其中以％计的差异相对于具有最高系数的玻璃片的系数表示。
16.根据权利要求4的染料掺杂液晶窗户，其中染料掺杂的液晶材料的层具有10μm至50μm的厚度。
17.根据权利要求4-16任一项的染料掺杂液晶窗户在轿车、卡车、火车或其他车辆，或在建筑物外墙，或在遮阳板或其它外表面用于调节日光透射的用途。
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