TW201438035A - 碳體及鐵磁碳體 - Google Patents
碳體及鐵磁碳體 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201438035A TW201438035A TW102146023A TW102146023A TW201438035A TW 201438035 A TW201438035 A TW 201438035A TW 102146023 A TW102146023 A TW 102146023A TW 102146023 A TW102146023 A TW 102146023A TW 201438035 A TW201438035 A TW 201438035A
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- carbon
- ferromagnetic
- metal
- activated carbon
- carbon body
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 464
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- FRHBOQMZUOWXQL-UHFFFAOYSA-K azane;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;iron(3+) Chemical compound N.[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O FRHBOQMZUOWXQL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
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- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
Abstract
本發明之領域為改良之碳產物。特別是,本發明之領域為石墨化之活性碳體。本發明有關於碳體和鐵磁碳體,由活性碳而製造這些體,以及碳體和鐵磁碳體之應用,例如水處理和電化學應用。
Description
本發明之領域為改良的碳產物。特別是,本發明之領域為部分石墨化的活性碳體。
本發明有關於碳體和鐵磁碳體,由活性碳而製造這些體的方法,以及碳體和鐵磁碳體的應用,例如在水處理和在電化學的應用。
活性碳通常用作一吸附劑,在領域和工業製程中由液體或氣體流中除去不期望的化合物和離子種類。此種使用包括油溢出清潔、地下水處理、飲用水淨化、空氣淨化、和由許多製程中除去揮發性有機化合物,例如乾洗和汽油施行操作。
在歐洲,活性碳亦為表面來源飲用水和受污染地下水的較佳處理裝置。藉由除去,例如,味道和氣味形成之化合物、殺蟲劑、顏色、三鹵素甲烷、海藻毒素、和氯化碳氫化物,活性碳已用作改善飲用水的品質。
腐植酸(humic acid)和富里酸(fulvic acid)是造成飲用水中令人不悅的味道和顏色之原因的知名有機化合物。腐植酸和富里酸是天然和農業物質的分解產物,且在任何pH1
之下是溶於水的。腐植酸和富里酸可使用活性碳而由飲用水中被除去。目前製程的缺點是,活性碳會很快速地飽和。這是因為特別是腐植酸分子對於未改良活性碳的窄孔洞性質通常是太大的。
對於人們的飲用水,砷污染在地下水供應中是更嚴重的。美國環境保護署(The United States Environmental Protection Agency;U.S.EPA)陳述,砷對於人類健康是有毒的,且將其分類為致癌物質。
Halem et al.(Drinking Water Engineering and Science 2(2009)29-34)報導,世界衛生組織(World Health Organization)已估計,長期暴露於地下水中的砷,在濃度超過500μg/L之下,10個成人中會引起1個死亡。其他研究顯示,在許多其他國家,例如美國和中國,砷在地下水/飲用水中產生問題。在歐洲,砷問題的焦點目前局限在地下水中有高砷水平的國家,例如塞爾維亞、匈牙利和義大利。在大部分其他歐洲國家中,報導為天然產生的砷濃度,大部分低於歐洲飲用水標準10μg/L。
砷不容易溶於水,因此,如果其在一水供應中出現,其通常係來自於採礦或冶金操作或來自於農業區的徑流(runoff),在此農業區中含砷的物質係用作工業毒物。再者,砷和磷酸鹽容易化學性地互相取代。砷在無機形式下,可藉由傳統的水處理製程而被除去或還原。活性碳是由飲用水中除去砷的已知裝置之一。然而,經由活性碳的過濾已被報導為,只能將飲用水中的砷含量減少40-70%。
活性碳藉由兩種理論機制,即吸附和觸媒還原,而由飲用水中除去污染物。
活性碳係一般使用在快速重力過濾器、固定床、漿液、過濾器、和移動式和固定式壓力定速吸附器(fixed pressure rated adsorbers)。活性碳使用的形式可為粉末、粒子(particles)、顆粒(granules)、和成形體,如球體、擠出物(extrudates)或片狀物(tablets)。
雖然活性碳的內在吸附性質是具吸引力的,特別是高容量,但是活性碳經常不被使用為由存在較高濃度的污染物中清洗水流。原因是活性碳很快會飽和,這會降低使用壽命。結果,飲用水經常在具有非常大之截面表面積的沙或氧化鐵的薄的固定床中淨化,以使得可以相當低的流速來淨化一水流。因此,有需要對於用於水淨化之活性碳的性質進行改善。
活性碳也是對於貴金屬觸媒的一較佳載體(support),因為貴金屬可藉由碳的燃燒而容易地回收,且在酸性和鹼性液體中是穩定的。活性碳的一缺點是容易氧化。另外的缺點是,活性碳載體容易磨損。磨損通常會導致貴金屬的損失,以及反應產物的污染。貴金屬和反應產物的損失一般而言是不能接受的,因為貴金屬的價格高。因此,一較穩定的碳觸媒載體,例如包括石墨碳者,是非常具吸引力的。因此,活性碳部分轉換為石墨碳是高度具吸引力的。
活性碳在使用於電化學應用上,例如在流體化床電極上和用於電池的其他電池成份上,也有許多令人滿意的性質。
US-A-4 236 991和US-A-4 176 038報導,在電化學反應中使用流體化床電極,以由金屬離子中淨化水流。然而,這些系統的缺點是,很難避免電解電池之失效部分中流體化床的偏析(segregation)。再者,上述文獻沒有提到活性碳可用於流體化床電極。
在一最近的刊物Racyte et al.(Carbon 49(2011)5321-5328)中,活性碳係用於流體化床電極中,作為水的消毒。在此系統中,粒狀的活性碳粒子被懸浮,交替的無線電頻率電場被施加於此經懸浮的床。此系統的缺點是,其需要經由一攪拌棒的機械攪動,以避免粒狀的活性碳粒子沈澱。因此,當使用在流體化床電極時不會沈澱的活性碳,是非常具吸引力的。
一般而言,活性碳係由含碳來源的物質而製得,例如堅果外殼、泥媒或木頭,且活性碳包括幾乎主要(例如>99wt.%)為非晶碳。以BET方法測量且計算的活性碳之表面積是極高的。活性碳被報導為具有高於1000m2/g的BET表面積值。然而,對於這麼廣的表面積,可得知的缺點是,其只對於經過窄孔洞是可接近的。然而氣體流經過窄孔洞的傳輸仍然可以是足夠快速的,液體在窄孔洞中的傳輸速率則是低的;原因是液體中的擴散係數大約比氣相中的擴散係數小104。液體經過活性碳孔洞結構的慢速傳輸,在許多應用上都是一個相當重要的問題。較大的分子,例如,腐植酸分子是太大而不能進入窄的孔洞而吸附在活性碳體的外表面上,這導致孔洞阻塞,而接下來對於較小分子造成吸附力的損失。
對於傳輸速率,最重要的是(特別對於液體)孔洞的長度,其係由所使用之活性碳體的尺寸而決定。較小尺寸的碳體,一般而言提供較短的孔洞。在一固定床中,用作吸附劑的活性碳體不應該太小,因為這會導致經過床的壓降太高。使用於固定床中的活性碳體的最小尺寸,一般而言約為2至10mm。然而,用於漿液中的活性碳體的尺寸限制是較小的,一般可為約10μm。此限制係由以過濾或離心而分離活性碳的需求而決定。
雖然事實為孔洞長度對於傳輸速率的影響大於孔洞直徑的影響,但是使用具有較大直徑的孔洞也是可以相當地提高傳輸速率。然而,活性碳中孔洞的平均直徑通常是非常小的。
如前所述,當用作吸附劑或觸媒載體時,活性碳體經常不具有足夠的機械強度以抵抗磨損。再者,新鮮製造出的活性碳也是疏水性的和親油性的。然而,暴露於大氣空氣中,活性碳的表面會氧化而變成親水性的。因此,有需要提供具有穩定疏水性質的碳。
WO-A- 2011/136654敘述含有奈米粒子的石墨碳和一鐵磁金屬或合金,適於使用於臨床應用,例如磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging;MRI)。然而,並沒有揭露這些奈米粒子的總孔洞體積和BET表面積。
WO-A-2007/131795敘述由微結晶纖維素中製造非晶碳體。然而,微結晶纖維素是相當昂貴的,而在熱處理後,微結晶纖維素只有約20%之的原始重量維持。再者,將其他纖
維素物質成形和浸漬是困難的,且需要摻合許多其他成分,其經常溶於酸或鹼環境中,於是限制碳體的穩定性。因此,製造此多孔碳體並不具吸引力。
WO-A-2010/098668敘述金屬-碳體的製造,其中碳幾乎是完全以石墨碳而存在。
US-A-2010/291167敘述一種由植物衍生材料中製造一多孔碳材料複合物(porous carbon material composite)的方法。再者,US-A-2010/291167敘述,將植物衍生材料以氯化鐵水溶液浸漬,接著加熱到750℃。由於氯化鐵在加熱步驟中揮發,鐵含量的分佈不受控制,導致鐵含量在經浸漬的材料中分散。
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 322(2010)1300-1303敘述,藉由將活性碳以硝酸鐵之乙醇溶液浸漬,乾燥,然後加熱到900℃。
Faraday Discussions 151(2011)47-58)敘述以碳為載體的奈米鎳粒子,製造方法為使石墨碳以硝酸鎳的水溶液浸漬,將經浸漬的碳乾燥,以及於450℃之下煅燒。
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509(2011)585-589敘述FeCo/奈米碳複合物的製備,係將呋喃甲醇(furfuryl alcohol)、金屬硝酸鹽、和正矽酸四乙酯(teraethylorthosilicate)進行共凝膠化,以形成無機/有機混合乾凝膠(xerogel)。此文獻更敘述使所形成的乾凝膠在900℃之下碳化,然後以NaOH侵蝕。
Langmuir 20(2004)3388-3397敘述在800℃之使
含有鐵、鈷、和鎳的聚(苯乙烯磺酸-共-順丁烯二酸)鹽類進行熱分解,以製造出包括多孔碳和金屬種類的材料。再者,此文獻顯示所製得這些材料的SEM影像,具有類似硬紙板的結構。
Journal of Materials Science 42(2007)3692-3694敘述奈米碳纖維的合成,係使用奈米鐵粒子為模板(template),同時藉由五羰基鐵(iron pentacarbonyl)和乙醇之化學氣相分解而形成碳,以酸除去模板
然而,控制活性碳轉變為石墨碳以使得石墨碳的分率和位置被決定,這是高度具吸引力的。這是因為石墨碳是且維持疏水性的。因此,控制疏水性和親水性表面的比例會使得一活性碳體具有有趣的性質。
因此,本發明之一目的為提供具有改良性質的一種部分石墨化的活性碳體,其中該石墨碳的含量和位置可被控制。
令人驚訝的是,發現到將活性碳以一個或多個能形成不穩定金屬碳化物的金屬化合物浸漬,且將經浸漬之活性碳於惰性氣氛下高溫下熱分解,導致金屬化合物的還原以及活性碳的局部再結晶為石墨碳。一般而言,能形成此種不穩定金屬碳化物的金屬,包括鐵磁金屬,如鐵、鎳、和鈷。活性碳的再結晶亦導致BET表面積的下降,以及平均孔洞直徑相當大的成長。
此外,發現到可以藉由承載入活性碳中的金屬化合物的量以及用於熱分解的溫度,而控制活性碳到石墨碳的轉
變。發現到,在活性碳內所形成的石墨碳的位置,可以由控制浸漬製程而得以控制,亦即,金屬被沈積的位置,其可被活性碳體之浸漬製程而影響。
因此,本發明有關於一種鐵磁碳體,其包括部分石墨化的活性碳以及至少一鐵磁金屬之金屬粒子,且其中該體之BET表面積為介於200和1000m2/g之間,總孔洞體積介於0.1和1ml/g之間,平均孔洞直徑介於2和10nm之間。
令人驚訝的是,已發現到本發明之鐵磁碳體具有改良的孔洞尺寸分佈。鐵磁碳體的改良孔洞結構,比起未改良的活性碳,可使得傳輸到其大的內表面進行較快速。此優點提供了吸附力和污染物除去率的相當增加。
亦令人驚訝的是,以碳而使金屬前驅物還原而得的金屬粒子,特別是鐵粒子,一般而言不被石墨碳包覆或只有部分被石墨碳包覆。在碳的再結晶之後,金屬粒子的部分表面仍是露出的,這可由大部分金屬粒子可由所得碳體經過一酸(例如氫氯酸、硝酸、或硫酸)處理而被除去(例如>90wt.%)的事實而證明。
所期望的是,經浸漬之金屬化合物在活性碳起始物質中的分散是被控制的。
由非均質觸媒技術而言,對於金屬化合物在一載體中分散和分佈的控制方法是已知的。
Zhuang et al.(Applied Catalysis A:General 301(2006)138-142)敘述製造蛋殼、蛋白和蛋黃型式之承載金屬觸媒的方法,有明顯的界限。在Zhuang et al.的技術中,可
避免一浸漬溶液或一瀝濾溶液進入觸媒載體的核心,因為在觸媒載體中心的孔洞體積是被一疏水有機溶劑所填滿的。Zhuang et al.亦敘述,在觸媒載體內的有機溶劑量可由蒸發而控制。再者,Zhuang et al.敘述藉由抑制浸漬溶液進入觸媒載體的核心而得到蛋殼型的觸媒;藉由抑制瀝濾溶液進入還原之觸媒載體的核心而得到蛋黃型的觸媒;或者藉由抑制瀝濾溶液進入還原之蛋殼型觸媒的核心而得到蛋白型的觸媒。
US-A-3 259 589敘述一種製備觸媒的方法,係將一無機氧化物載體以一觸媒活性金屬成份和一有機酸浸漬,乾燥此經浸漬的載體,然後在氫氣存在下加熱以還原金屬成份。US-A-3 259 589亦敘述此方法可在觸媒浸漬時不使用有機酸而得以改良,得到一觸媒粒子,在或接近其表面上具有實質上所有觸媒活性金屬成份(亦即,一蛋殼型觸媒)。再者,US-A-3 259 589敘述,使用過量的有機酸,導致實質上所有金屬成分被迫進入觸媒粒子的中心(亦即,一蛋黃型觸媒)。在此方法之另外變化例中,US-A-3 259 589敘述,藉由使用在羧基附近有一羥基的一有機酸,用量為觸媒重量的0.1 to 1.5wt.%,可製得一觸媒粒子,其具有金屬成份層完全嵌入在粒子中。在US-A-3 259 589所述方法的其他變化例為,藉由在銨或其他鹼性活性物質的存在下,使用一有機酸,用量為觸媒重量的0.1 to 1.5wt.%,可製得一觸媒粒子,其具有均勻分佈在載體中的金屬成份。
US-A-3 388 077敘述和US-A-3 259 589類似的方法而製備一觸媒,但一鹼土金屬成份亦浸漬入載體中。
Van den Berg(“Zirconia-supported iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts”,PhD Thesis(2001)Utrecht University,The Netherlands)敘述使用初期濕潤浸漬法來製造高度分散之氧化鋯承載之鐵基礎的觸媒的一種方法。在此方法中,發現到鍛燒溫度會影響在觸媒中觸媒活性物質的分散。
US-A-4 783 434敘述一種製程,提供一觸媒活性組合物在載體的內和外表面有均勻分佈。在此製程中,一載體係以一觸媒活性組合物之錯合物溶液浸漬,溶液的黏度在加熱和/或溶劑揮發後並不會降低,接著將溶劑揮發,加熱而分解此錯合物。US-A-4 783 434敘述此製程之優點為,使得具有大比表面積(specific area)之一活性組合物可被應用於具有寬孔洞的一載體上,於是,有良好接近的一表面形成,活性組成物的小粒子不會凝聚而造成在觸媒中有窄孔洞的存在。
在材料中金屬化合物粒子的分佈,可以電子顯微鏡(例如TEM和SEM)來評估。
一般而言,本發明之鐵磁碳體包括約10-90wt.%的石墨碳,較佳為20-80wt.%石墨碳,更佳為25-70wt.%石墨碳,甚至更佳為30-60wt.%石墨碳,較佳係使用X光繞射(XRD)組合PONKCS(部分無已知晶體結構;“Partial or no known crystal structures”)方法而測定,如N.V.Y.Scarlett,I.C.Madsen,Powder Diffraction 21(2006)278-284所述。一般而言,鐵磁碳體的BET表面積為200到1000m2/g,較佳為250到950m2/g,更佳為300到900m2/g。在此所用的BET表面積,係由以下方法測量,在將樣品於180℃之下在Micromeritics
ASAP 2420上脫氣後,在77K且P/Po約為0.3之下測定氮含量,假設氮截面積為16.2Å2。
較佳者,鐵磁碳體之總孔洞體積係介於0.15和0.8ml/g之間,更佳者為介於0.2和0.6ml/g之間。在此所用的總孔洞體積,為使用.Micromeritics ASAP 2420測定在P/Po約為1時液體氮被吸附的體積所測得之值。
本發明鐵磁碳體之平均孔洞直徑,較佳者介於3和9nm之間,更佳者為4和8nm之間。在此所用之平均孔洞直徑,係為將總孔洞體積除以BET表面積而得之值,假設孔洞是圓柱形的。使用孔洞充填之Kelvin模型,由實驗等溫,使用BJH方法可用來計算孔洞尺寸分佈。微孔洞之存在可由t-plot分析而建立。
令人驚訝的是,本發明之鐵磁碳體比起活性碳起始物質呈現出實質上較低的微孔洞體積。這是因為在再結晶過程中,有中孔洞介入而犧牲了微孔洞。此優點為,導致了對於通過體之多孔結構的一液體之承載率得以改善。微孔洞和中孔洞,係以IUPAC 1994而分類,孔洞直接分別為<2nm和2-50nm。
期望的是,該體所具有的側壓碎強度(SCS;side-crushing strength)盡可能的高。SCS的測定係對於具有一規則或幾乎規則形狀的體進行,例如球體、擠出物(extrudates)、或片狀物(tablets)。本發明之體的SCS可使用Chatillon DFE force力儀器來測量。然而,任何適合的力儀器皆可用來測量SCS。發現到,該體在熱分解溫度下維持的時
間,會影響SCS。
本發明之鐵磁碳體的形式可為粉末、粒子(particles)、顆粒(granules)、和成形體(shaped bodies),例如球體、擠出物、或片狀物。
鐵磁碳體之鐵磁金屬可為擇自由鐵、鎳、鈷金屬及/或合金、及其組合所組成之族群中。較佳者,鐵磁金屬為鐵或一鐵合金。
此外,本發明鐵磁碳體之金屬粒子可為完全被石墨碳層所包覆(例如.>99wt.%的金屬粒子)。這可藉由將鐵磁碳體在高溫下以氫氣和一含碳分子流中作處理而達到。
金屬粒子(特別是鐵粒子)在石墨層中被完全包覆的優點是,當使用於各種液體中時,金屬粒子可避免氧化和溶解。完全包覆亦避免微細分離的水合鐵(III)種類的形成,這是很難由過濾或離心而除去的。
本發明之鐵磁碳體可更包括一聚合物,較佳為存在於該體之表面上。可使用的適合聚合物,例如,包括同元聚合物和共聚物,如嵌段共聚物、隨機共聚物、和接枝共聚物。此類聚合物的優點是,它們可被會在水溶液中解離的化學基團官能化,於是可使經懸浮的鐵磁碳體在一水溶液中穩定。這些聚合物亦可用於目標除去污染物或有興趣化合物,例如帶電和未帶電種類、親水/疏水化合物、藥物、和代謝產物。
本發明之鐵磁碳體亦可包括一金屬和/或金屬氧化物之其他粒子,較佳為在體之(內部)表面上。更佳者,該鐵磁碳體包括完全被石墨碳層所包覆的鐵磁金屬粒子。一般而言,
其他粒子的金屬和/或金屬氧化物可包括鐵、鎳、鈷、觸媒活性金屬和/或氧化物、及其組合。適合的觸媒活性金屬可包括鋅、銅、鎂、鉬、釩、鎢、和貴金屬。此類鐵磁碳體可適合用作為,例如,吸附劑或非均質觸媒。
此外,本發明之鐵磁碳體可具有奈米碳管和/或奈米碳纖維。此類鐵磁碳體可適合用作在液相反應中的觸媒載體,其中傳輸選擇性維持在足夠高程度是重要的。
具有奈米碳纖維和/或奈米碳管之一緻密層的鐵磁碳體,亦提供極佳的電子接觸,因此,極為適合用於電化學應用中。較佳者,此類鐵磁碳體是用於磁穩定流體化床電極。
一般而言,本發明之鐵磁碳體的尺寸範圍為100nm到20mm,依據應用而定。在漿液應用中,鐵磁碳體的一般尺寸為介於0.5μm和150μm之間,在固定床應用中,介於1和10mm之間。對於腐植酸和富里酸的去除,較佳為使用尺寸<1μm的鐵磁碳體。
本發明之一另外實施例,係有關於將鐵磁碳體使用為適合以氫化一氧化碳而製備烯烴類(olefins)的一觸媒。較佳者,該體的鐵磁金屬為鐵或一鐵合金。更佳者,該體之金屬粒子為不被石墨碳所包覆或只有部分被石墨碳所包覆。一般而言,該體的尺寸為介於1和5mm之間,使其適合用於一固定床。
本發明之另一目的為,提供一種製備本發明之一鐵磁碳體的方法。
因此,本發明有關於一種製造一鐵磁碳體的方
法,其中該方法包括:將活性碳以一金屬化合物之一水溶液浸漬,乾燥該經浸漬之活性碳,以及在一惰性氣氛下熱分解該乾燥之經浸漬之活性碳,藉以將該金屬化合物還原為該對應金屬。
活性碳可使用初期濕潤浸漬(incipient wetness impregnation),以一金屬化合物的水溶液浸漬一次或多次,其中該所用溶液之體積係等於或小於活性碳之孔洞體積。或者,活性碳可以一金屬化合物之水溶液浸漬,係藉由將活性碳浸在該溶液中之時間為小於非揮發性金屬化合物之均勻分佈所需要的時間。時間所依據的因素,例如浸漬溶液的黏度、溫度、和碳體的類型。此時間可為分鐘等級,一般為60分鐘或以下,較佳為30分鐘或以下,更佳者為10分鐘或以下。
熱分解所用的溫度可在寬範圍中選擇,依據期望的SCS而定,或依期望的孔洞結構而定。在較高溫度下,可有更多的活性碳被再結晶為石墨碳。本發明方法中用以熱分解乾燥經浸漬之活性碳的溫度,一般為>700℃,較佳為>800℃。
已建立者為,經浸漬之金屬化合物中的金屬,特別是鐵化合物中的鐵,可在高於700℃之下被碳還原為金屬。在較低溫度下,鐵化合物的還原只會進行到磁鐵礦,Fe3O4.。不依理論而言,相信在活性碳中非晶碳的再結晶,是由於經還原的金屬(特別是金屬鐵)可由非晶碳中佔據碳且形成不穩定金屬碳化物的事實。接著,來自於金屬碳化物的碳偏析(segregated)為石墨碳。活性碳再結晶為石墨,使得BET表面
積下降,且平均孔洞直徑和總孔洞體積都增加。
本發明方法中作為起始物質的活性碳,其形式可為粉末、粒子(particles)、顆粒(granules)、和成形體,如球體、擠出物(extrudates)或片狀物(tablets)。
在另一實施例中,本發明有關於一種製造一鐵磁碳體的方法,該方法包括:將活性碳粉末和一金屬化合物粉末混合,將該所得之混合粉末成形為一體,以及在一惰性氣氛下熱分解該成形之體,藉此將該金屬化合物還原為該對應金屬。
此方法的優點為,使得活性碳到石墨碳為低的轉變。相信這是由於金屬化合物粉末分散在活性碳粉末中之混合限制。
一般而言,在上述本發明方法中用於熱分解該成形體的溫度亦為>700℃,較佳者為>800C。
一般而言,混合粉末係使用已知方法成形,例如擠壓、片狀化、或顆粒化。
在本發明方法中用作起始物質的活性碳,可為傳統方法中由含碳源物質中而製得,例如堅果外殼、泥媒或木頭,且包括幾乎主要(例如>99wt.%)為非晶碳。
適用於本發明方法中的金屬化合物為非揮發性金屬化合物,其為鐵磁金屬和/或合金的前驅物。非揮發性金屬化合物,在此定義為在本發明方法中當浸漬在活性碳上時,在熱分解步驟中不會揮發的金屬化合物。較佳者,金屬化合物可為擇自由鐵、鎳、和鈷化合物、及其組合所組成之族群中。更佳者,所用之金屬化合物為一鐵化合物。更佳者,金屬化合物
為硝酸鐵(III)或檸檬酸鐵(III)銨。
令人驚訝的,發現到在本發明方法中使用非揮發性金屬化合物,藉由金屬化合物在活性碳中分佈的控制,能控制活性碳到石墨碳的轉變。不依理論而言,相信這是因為此類金屬化合物,在熱分解步驟中在活性碳中不會重新分散,但會主要維持在它們被浸漬入活性碳的位置上。
由於本發明之鐵磁碳體一般而言包括不被石墨碳包覆或只有部分被石墨碳包覆的金屬粒子,這些粒子暴露出的金屬表面可因暴露於大氣空氣而氧化。當氧化是不期望的,藉由高溫下氫和含碳分子之流中的處理,此體之鐵磁金屬粒子可被石墨層中之包覆而被保護。可使用適合的含碳分子,包括苯、甲苯、CO、低碳數烷類、烯類、醇類、炔類、及其組合。所使用之溫度一般為>800℃。此處理一般會導致金屬粒子的完全包覆(e.g.>99wt.%)。由於鐵磁碳體可很容易被非均勻磁場而分離,漿液中的該體之分離可容易達到。
本發明之鐵磁碳體可藉由將一聚合物吸附在該體之石墨表面而更進一步改良。該體之石墨碳表面顯示具優良的性質,而能使得聚合物吸附在該體上。
此外,本發明之鐵磁碳體可藉由以一金屬和/或金屬氧化物承載該體而得以改良。較佳者,供作改良的鐵磁碳體包括鐵磁金屬粒子,係被石墨碳層所包覆。可使用的此類承載方法包括:以一金屬化合物之水溶液浸漬鐵磁碳體,接著加熱或將一金屬化合物沈積在該體之表面上。可使用的金屬化合物包括鐵、鎳、和鈷化合物、觸媒活性金屬的化合物、及其組合。
如果期望對於浸漬到鐵磁碳體表面上作限制,可將一另外化合物加到水溶液中,在溶劑蒸發後以增加黏度,如US-A-4 783 434所述。此類另外化合物的例子可為乙基羥基纖維素(ethylhydroxycellulose)。然後,一般而言,將經浸漬之鐵磁碳體乾燥,並加熱。本發明之優點為,在該體的表面上產生金屬和/或金屬氧化物粒子。
再者,依據WO-A-2010/098669所述之製程,本發明之鐵磁碳體可具有奈米碳管和/或奈米碳纖維。
如前所述,在活性碳中存在的非晶碳,比起由與形成碳化物之金屬反應而產生的石墨碳是更容易氧化的。本發明之另一特徵為,有關於而增加活性碳體的孔洞,係藉由將部分的非晶碳轉變為石墨碳,然後選擇性地將留存的非晶碳的部分氧化為二氧化碳和一氧化碳。氧化的進行可為,以經控制的方式將其與氧接觸,例如,可在高度稀釋的氧氣氣氛下(例如.<0.1vol.%氧氣在一惰性氣氛(例如,氬氣、氮氣)中)加熱該碳體,或者在溫度升高下將鐵磁碳體與一種或多種酸接觸,例如,液相之硫酸和硝酸混合物。
當鐵磁碳體是不期望的,可將此體與一酸接觸然後清洗,而將露出的鐵磁金屬粒子除去。適合用於溶解金屬粒子的酸包括硝酸、氫氯酸、硫酸、及其組合。在以一液體(最佳是水)清洗後,將得到之經溶解之金屬粒子除去,而留下主要為純的(例如>99wt.%)碳體。
因此,本發明之另一目的係關於一碳體的製造,該碳體包括部分石墨化的活性碳,其中該方法包括:將本發明
之一鐵磁碳體與一酸接觸,藉此溶解該金屬粒子;以及然後以一液體洗該經酸處理之鐵磁碳體,藉此除去該經溶解的金屬粒子。
一般而言,在鐵磁碳體中的金屬粒子有90wt.%,較佳為>95wt.%,且更佳為>98wt.%可藉由此酸處理製程而得以除去。
本發明之另一目的係關於一種碳體,該碳體包括部分石墨化的活性碳,該碳體係由以下方法而得:將本發明之一鐵磁碳體與一酸接觸,藉此溶解該金屬粒子;以及然後以一液體洗該經酸處理之鐵磁碳體,藉此除去該經溶解的金屬粒子。
發現到,藉由酸處理可由所得之碳體中除去大部分的金屬粒子(e.g.>90wt.%)。一般而言,本發明之碳體包括<1wt.%之金屬粒子,以碳體重量為基礎依金屬而計算得。
發現到,酸處理不會影響所製得碳體的石墨碳含量。此外,發現到,本發明碳體之孔洞結構,與來源物質(亦即,本發明之鐵磁碳體)之孔洞結構相當。
本發明之碳體,類似本發明之鐵磁碳體,包括約10-90wt.%石墨碳,較佳為20-80wt.%石墨碳,更佳為25-70wt.%石墨碳,甚至更佳為30-60wt.%石墨碳,較佳係使用XRD組合PONKCS方法而測定。
一般而言,本發明碳體之總孔洞體積亦>0.1ml/g,較佳為>0.15ml/g,更佳為>0.2ml/g。
一般而言,本發明碳體之平均孔洞直徑係介於2和10nm之間,較佳為>3nm,更佳為>4nm。
在另一實施例中,本發明之碳體和鐵磁碳體可用作一吸附劑或一觸媒載體。此外,本發明之體優異地用於水流處理或電化學應用。
本發明之碳體和鐵磁碳體可優異地用於從水流中除去污染物,例如金屬離子、磷酸鹽、和有機化合物,因為事實是此類體的(內部)表面積由大量液體是較容易接近的。因為在暴露於大氣空氣之下後,留存之活性碳的表面含有羧酸基(carboxylic acid groups)而且比石墨碳的表面容易反應的,因此,本發明之石墨碳體可優異地用於結合帶正電的污染或有價值的種類。依據本發明,因為活性碳被轉變為石墨碳的部分可被控制,可達到吸收劑之可接近力(accessibility)和能力(capacity)之間的最佳化。
已建立的是,對於由溶液中回收金屬離子,金屬鐵和氧化鐵具有特定可能性。金屬鐵可與較貴重元素(如銅、銀、和金)反應,反應為較貴重金屬係沈積在鐵上,且鐵溶解。Zhang et al.敘述未承載之還原的奈米鐵粒子,稱作奈米零價鐵(nZVI),應用於由水溶液中除去金屬陽離子(J.Phys.Chem.C 111(2007)6939-6946)。如果nZVI被帶入水溶液中,會發生快速侵蝕;而且除非液體是高度酸性的,會形成一核心-外殼結構,有一還原鐵核心和一多孔氧化/氫氧化(oxidic/hydroxidic)外殼。明顯地,此氧化/氫氧化外殼可與溶解的陽離子反應而容易被穿透。
氧化/氫氧化層的厚度可藉由限制與氧的反應(鈍化)而受控制。鈍化步驟可為,例如,暴露於含有小量(例如0.5vol.%)氧氣的一惰性氣體流,或暴露於含有二氧化碳的一氧體流。而且,已敘述暴露於含有一些二氮氧化物(dinitrogen oxide;N2O)的氣體流。接著,將具有經鈍化鐵粒子的碳體帶入欲淨化的水中。較乏味、但較具吸引力的步驟為,製造後將碳體維持於一惰性氣體中,接著,將該體引導入水中,儘量避免暴露於大氣空氣中。
而且,對於水的淨化,氧化鐵顯現已知的、高度優良的性質。本發明之兩個實施例有關於在碳體中存在的金屬鐵粒子的使用。第一係為在金屬鐵粒子(經控制的)氧化後的使用。第二步驟為,依據經承載觸媒製造的已知步驟之一者,將金屬鐵粒子以石墨層包覆,將微細分離之氧化鐵沈積在鐵磁碳體的表面上。最後實施例的優點為,在飽和後,氧化鐵可在酸中溶解,且氧化鐵可沈積在經再生的鐵磁碳體上。
另外,在鐵磁碳體中鐵粒子的反應性,可藉由較貴重元素(較佳者,銅)之溶液的加入而得以提昇。銅會以金屬銅的形式沈積在鐵表面上,有助於其他較貴重金屬種類沈積在鐵表面上。
此外,本發明之鐵磁碳體,特別是,可用於流體化床電極,以由水流中除去金屬陽離子。藉由一適合的磁場,鐵磁碳體可沿著一外部磁場的場線而排列,於是可避免在電極結構中導電粒子有限制的問題。因此,金屬陽離子可由水流中除去。在本發明較佳實施例中,依據已知固體觸媒製造之步
驟,將鐵粒子包覆在石墨層中,接著將微細分離的銅或貴金屬粒子沈積在鐵磁碳體上。因此,在一較低過電壓下(overpotential),可由水流中除去金屬陽離子。不限制本發明之範圍,相信在還原金屬離子可沈積之處,銅或貴金屬粒子可提供成核位置。沈積之後,藉由將鐵磁碳體與酸接觸,此體可得以再生,於是除去沈積之金屬,而且會有新的銅或貴金屬粒子沈積在經再生之鐵磁碳體上。
磁穩定流體化床電極可用於,氧化例如大的有機化合物(如腐植酸和富里酸),其係以鐵磁碳體吸附且再生此體。較佳者,用於電化學應用的鐵磁碳體,具有奈米碳纖維和/或奈米碳管。
本發明之鐵磁碳體亦可用於逆流技術。一般而言,將鐵磁碳體之漿液加入到欲淨化的液體流中。然後,經過在液體流中一段經控制的停留時間後,鐵磁碳體可被一非均勻的磁場所捕捉。當足夠的鐵磁體被磁場所收集時,關掉磁場,將液體流逆轉。另外的非均勻磁場,在液體流中不同的位置上捕捉經使用的鐵磁碳體。
碳體和鐵磁碳體亦可用作觸媒載體或觸媒。含有金屬鐵之經承載觸媒的製造是困難的。以親水性載體,幾乎不可能將水蒸氣壓降低到還原為金屬鐵是熱力學上可行的程度。雖然如此,製造經承載之金屬鐵觸媒是非常重要的,例如,對於由一氧化碳-氫氣流中製造烯烴類,或對於銨的合成。依據本發明之一特別實施例,含有金屬鐵粒子的鐵磁碳體因此使用作經承載的金屬鐵觸媒。在還原氣體流(reducing gas flow)
中於相當低溫下的熱預處理,是足夠製造金屬鐵的。在溫度高於約300℃之下的熱處理後,非晶和石墨碳是疏水性。
特別是,對於使用在液相反應中的經懸浮觸媒,鐵磁碳體的磁分離也是非常具吸引力的。可在觸媒不暴露在大氣空氣下而進行分離。在某些量的氫已經消耗之後,也可以藉由收集在一磁鐵上的鐵磁碳體載體而停止氫化。中斷一觸媒反應的能力,可造成相當程度較高的選擇性。
第1圖顯示實施例1的t-plot測量。
第2圖顯示實施例1(黑線)和實施例1a(灰線)的XRD光譜。
第3圖顯示實施例2的t-plot測量。
第4圖顯示實施例2的XRD光譜。
第5圖顯示實施例2a的t-plot。
第6圖顯示實施例1、2、和2a的XRD光譜(分別為深黑線、淺黑線、和灰交叉)。
第7圖顯示實施例3的t-plot測量。
第8圖顯示實施例3的XRD光譜。
第9圖顯示實施例1-3之XRD光譜(分別為深黑、淺黑、和灰線)。
第10圖顯示實施例4的t-plot測量。
第11圖顯示實施例4的XRD光譜。
第12圖顯示實施例4a之t-plot。
第13圖顯示實施例1、4、和4a之XRD光譜(分別為深
黑、灰、和淺黑線)。
第14圖顯示製得之一鐵磁碳體剖面圖之背面分散(back-scattered)SEM影像。
第15圖顯示沿著第14圖中所示箭頭而作的能量分散X光(EDX;energy-dispersive X-ray)元素分析。
第16圖顯示製得之一鐵磁碳體剖面圖之背面分散(back-scattered)SEM影像。
第17圖顯示沿著第16圖中所示箭頭而作的EDX元素分析。
本發明現在將以一些實施例為基礎以作說明,但並非用以限制本發明之範圍。
實施例
實施例1(比較):未處理之活性碳擠出物(extrudates)
未處理之活性碳擠出物(JEC carbon 1.8mm SHIRASAGI C2x8/12 coconut-shell based pelletized activated carbon)之微孔洞結構和石墨的存在,係分別以N2-吸附測量和XRD而測定。
使用Micromeritics ASAP 2420裝置,在-196℃之下氮的物理吸附,係用來測定本實施例的組織性質。BET表面積和孔洞尺寸分佈係分別以BET和BJH方法而測定。孔洞的存在係由t-plot分析而測定。在測量之前,所有的樣品在真空下、180℃下,被脫氣直到壓力低於10μm Hg。
粉末X光繞射(XRD)係由Bruker D8 ADVANCE而
得(偵測器:SOL'X,陽極:銅,波長:1.542Å,Primary Soller slit:4°,Secundary Soller slit:4°,Detector slit:0.2mm,Spinner:15 RPM,Divergence slit:variable V20,Antiscatter slit:variable V20,Start:10° 2 theta,Stop:100° 2 theta,Stepsize:0.05° 2 theta,Time/step:8sec,樣品製備:Front loading)。
在實施例1中的元素鐵的量,係由誘導耦合電漿(inductively coupled plasma)(Thermo Electron IRIS intrepid ICP with RF Generator,Fe measured at 239.562nm and 240.488nm)而測量。
實施例1a:經熱處理之活性碳擠出物
將活性碳擠出物(JEC carbon 1.8mm SHIRASAGI C2x8/12 coconut-shell based pelletized activated carbon)在氮氣氣氛下800℃下熱處理1小時。分析同實施例1,可得以下表1之結果。
表1顯示實施例1和實施例1a的鐵量(單位wt.%)、BET表面積(BET SA)(單位m2/g)、總孔洞體積(Total PV)(單位ml/g)、平均孔洞直徑(the average pore diameter)(APD)(單位Å)、以及SCS(單位N)。SCS係選擇長度介於4.5-5.5mm的20-25個擠出物,在Chatillon DFE力儀器作測量。此儀器在一固定和一氣動衝壓機(最大距離0.9mm)之間壓碎擠出物,具有固定速率和被控制的衝壓機。
第1圖顯示實施例1的t-plot測量。線性圖的y截距表示實施例1中存在的微孔洞量。一般而言,較低的y截距表示樣品中存在較低量的微孔洞。實施例1a也有做t-plot測量(未顯示),且發現和第1圖所示實施例1之t-plot非常相當。
第2圖顯示實施例1(黑線)和實施例1a(灰線)的XRD光譜。石墨碳的量,是在26 2-theta scale的波峰。寬影在實施例1中(見第2圖,黑線)和在實施例1a中(灰線),表示非晶碳。這顯示在這些溫度下沒有金屬化合物的存在下,活性碳的熱分解不會導致石墨形成。
實施例2:九水合硝酸鐵(III)/800℃/3h
本發明之鐵磁碳體之製備如下,將40克之活性碳擠出物(JEC carbon 1.8mm SHIRASAGI C2x8/12 coconut-shell based pelletized activated carbon)置於250mL燒瓶中,真空(40mbar)下轉動至少30分鐘。將37mL之58wt.%九水合硝酸鐵(III)溶液於真空下噴在碳擠出物上。將擠出物於真空下40℃下隔夜乾燥。釋放真空後,將35克之經鐵浸漬的碳擠出物置於一固定床中,在400ml/min氮氣流下以5℃/min的速率加熱到800℃。3小時的等溫後,將材料冷卻到室溫,慢慢地加入空氣以穩定所製得之樣品。產物為22克的黑色碳擠出物。
使用N2吸附測量和XRD來分別測定微孔洞結構以及石墨的存在。
實施例2的分析,和實施例1相同,結果如表2所示。
第3圖顯示t-plot測量,第4圖顯示實施例2的XRD光譜。
實施例2a:實施例2擠出物之酸處理
將5.0克之實施例2樣品,以15mL之4M HCl處理,攪拌2小時,過濾,再以10mL之4M HCl處理。然後,過濾,以水洗,於110℃下隔夜乾燥。產物為4.2克的黑色擠出物。分析與實施例1相同,如表2a所示。
實施例2a的t-plot,如第5圖所示。
第6圖顯示實施例1、2、和2a的XRD光譜(見第6圖,分別為深黑線、淺黑線、和灰交叉)。
實施例2和2a的XRD光譜,顯示藉由酸處理可由含鐵擠出物(實施例2)中除去鐵,而不會影響石墨含量(見第6圖,在26 2-theta scale的波峰)。元素分析確認,酸處理除去>95wt.%的鐵(見表2和2a)。再者,經酸處理的擠出物(實
施例2a)之孔洞結構,和含鐵擠出物(實施例2)之孔洞結構為相當,如第3和5圖、表2和2a所示。
實施例3:九水合硝酸鐵(III)/1000℃/3h
實施例3係進行如實施例2所述類似的步驟,但使用150克的活性碳擠出物,及140mL之58wt.%九水合硝酸鐵(III)溶液。熱處理是在1000℃下進行,而非800℃。產物為21克的黑色碳擠出物。微孔洞結構和石墨的存在係分別以N2吸附測量和XRD來測定。
實施例3亦進行如前述實施例相同的分析,結果如表3所示。
實施例3的t-plot測量和XRD光譜,分別如第7和第8圖所示。另外,實施例3之石墨含量,係使用XRD,並組合一軟體程式PONKCS(部分或無已知晶體結構;“Partial or no known crystal structures”,由Bruker AXS,Karlsruhe,DE而得,依據N.V.Y.Scarlett,I.C.Madsen,Powder Diffraction 21(2006)278-284所述之方法)而測定。實施例3中之石墨含量,測得為37wt.%。
第9圖顯示實施例1-3之XRD光譜(見第9圖,分別為深黑、淺黑、和灰線)。
實施例2和3之XRD光譜顯示,增加熱分解溫度,會得到較高量的石墨碳(見第9圖,位於26 2-theta scale的波
峰)。
實施例4:鐵碳顆粒/800℃/3h
進行如實施例2所述之類似步驟,但使用50克之碳顆粒(Barnebey & Sutcliffe 208-C,4 x 8 mesh)而不使用擠出物,並使用47mL之58wt.%九水合硝酸鐵(III)溶液。產物為21克之黑色碳顆粒。微孔洞結構和石墨之存在,係分別以N2吸附測量和XRD而測定。
表4顯示實施例4分析之結果,和實施例1類似,但沒有SCS測量。
實施例4之t-plot測量和XRD光譜,分別顯示於第10和第11圖。
實施例4a:實施例4顆粒之酸處理
將實施例4之5.0克樣品以15mL之4M HCl處理,攪拌2小時,過濾,再以10mL之4M HCl處理。然後,過濾,水洗,於110℃之下隔夜乾燥。產物為3.9克之黑色顆粒。分析和實施例1所述者相同,結果如表4a所示。
實施例4a之t-plot,如第12圖所示。
第13圖顯示實施例1、4、和4a(參見第12圖)之
XRD光譜(分別為深黑、灰、和淺黑線)。
實施例4和4a的XRD光譜顯示,藉由酸處理可由含鐵顆粒(實施例4)中除去鐵,而不會影響石墨含量(見第13圖,位於26 2-theta scale的波峰)。元素分析亦確認,藉由酸處理可除去>90wt.%的鐵(見表4和4a)。和實施例2a類似地,與含鐵顆粒(實施例4)的孔洞構造相比,經酸處理之顆粒(實施例4a)的孔洞構造並沒有顯著變化。與含鐵顆粒(實施例4)相比,發現到經酸處理之顆粒(實施例4a)的BET表面積有顯著地增加。
實施例5:檸檬酸鐵(III)銨/浸漬/800℃/3h
本發明之鐵磁碳體之製備如下,將5.1ml之檸檬酸鐵(III)銨溶液(300.3克檸檬酸鐵(III)銨溶於250克去礦物質水(demiwater)中),以噴瓶噴在25.1克之活性碳擠出物(JEC carbon 1.8mm SHIRASAGI C2x8/12 coconut-shell based pelletized activated carbon)之上。將樣品在爐中於大氣狀況下(壓力為760mm Hg)於110℃乾燥45分鐘。接著,將5.5mL之檸檬酸鐵(III)銨溶液噴在碳擠出物之上。將樣品在爐中於大氣狀況下於110℃隔夜乾燥。接著,濾除鬆散的粒子。接著,在石英管反應器(Thermolyne 21100 furnace)中在惰性氮氣氣氛下,將經浸漬的球體以熱處理進行熱分解。加熱速率為5℃/min,且球體係於800℃下維持3小時。
第14圖顯示製得之一鐵磁碳體剖面圖之背面分散(back-scattered)SEM影像,係使用Philips XL30 SFEG SEM以20kV電子束而得。第15圖顯示沿著第14圖中所示箭頭而作
的EDX元素分析,可確認鐵粒子只存在於鐵磁碳體的外緣。
實施例6:檸檬酸鐵(III)銨/浸漬/800℃/3h
將25克之活性碳擠出物(JEC carbon 1.8mm SHIRASAGI C2x8/12 coconut-shell based pelletized activated carbon)浸漬在200mL之檸檬酸鐵(III)銨溶液(300.3克檸檬酸鐵(III)銨溶於250克去礦物質水)中1分鐘。將樣品排出且放乾。將樣品在環境狀況下(壓力約為760mm Hg)於110℃下在爐中隔夜乾燥。接著,濾除鬆散的粒子。接著,在石英管反應器(Thermolyne 21100 furnace)中在惰性氮氣氣氛下,將經浸漬的球體以熱處理進行熱分解。加熱速率為5℃/min,且球體係於800℃下維持3小時。
第16圖顯示製得之一鐵磁碳體剖面圖之背面分散(back-scattered)SEM影像,係使用Philips XL30 SFEG SEM以20kV電子束而得。第17圖顯示沿著第16圖中所示箭頭而作的EDX元素分析,可確認鐵粒子只存在於鐵磁碳體的外緣。
Claims (17)
- 一種鐵磁碳體,包括部分石墨化之活性碳以及至少一鐵磁金屬的金屬粒子,其中該體之BET表面積為介於200和1000m2/g之間,總孔洞體積介於0.1和1ml/g之間,平均孔洞直徑介於2和10nm之間。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之鐵磁碳體,其中該鐵磁金屬係擇自由鐵、鎳、鈷金屬及/或合金、及其組合所組成之族群中,且其中該鐵磁碳體包括10-90wt.%之石墨碳,較佳為20-80wt.%石墨碳、更佳為25-70wt.%石墨碳,且甚至更佳為30-60wt.%石墨碳。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項所述之鐵磁碳體,其中該金屬粒子係完全被石墨碳所包覆。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項所述之鐵磁碳體,其中該鐵磁碳體更包括一金屬和/或金屬氧化物之另外粒子。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項所述之鐵磁碳體,其中該鐵磁碳體更包括一聚合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項所述之鐵磁碳體,其中該鐵磁碳體具有奈米碳管和/或奈米碳纖維。
- 一種製造鐵磁碳體的方法,製造如申請專利範圍第1至6項中任一項所述之鐵磁碳體,其中該方法包括:將活性碳以一非揮發性金屬化合物之一水溶液浸漬,乾燥該經浸漬之活性碳,以及在一惰性氣氛下熱分解該乾燥之經浸漬之活性碳,藉以將該金屬化合物還原為該對應金屬。
- 一種製造鐵磁碳體的方法,該方法包括:將活性碳粉末與 一非揮發性金屬化合物粉末混合,將所得之混合粉末成形為一體,在一惰性氣氛下熱分解該成形之體,藉此將該金屬化合物還原為該對應金屬。
- 如申請專利範圍第7或8項所述之方法,其中該金屬化合物為一鐵磁金屬和/或合金之一前驅物,且該金屬化合物較佳為硝酸鐵(III)或檸檬酸鐵(III)銨。
- 如申請專利範圍第7至9項中任一項所述之方法,其中該鐵磁碳體係在溫度大於800℃之下與一氣體流接觸,該氣體流包括氫和一含碳化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第7至10項中任一項所述之方法,其中一聚合物係吸附在該鐵磁碳體之石墨表面上。
- 如申請專利範圍第7至11項中任一項所述之方法,其中該鐵磁碳體係以一金屬和/或金屬氧化物所承載,且較佳者該鐵磁碳體包括完全被石墨碳層包覆的鐵磁金屬粒子。
- 一種鐵磁碳體,包括部分石墨化之活性碳和由申請專利範圍第7-12項所述之方法所得到之至少一鐵磁金屬之金屬粒子。
- 一種製造碳體的方法,該碳體包括部分石墨化的活性碳,其中該方法包括:將一鐵磁碳體與一酸接觸,該鐵磁碳體包括部分石墨化的活性碳和至少一鐵磁金屬之金屬粒子,藉此溶解該金屬粒子;以及然後以一液體清洗該經酸處理之鐵磁碳體,藉此除去該經溶解的金屬粒子。
- 一種碳體,由如申請專利範圍第14項所述之方法所得,該碳體包括部分石墨化之活性碳。
- 一種使用方法,使用如申請專利範圍第1至6項中任一項之一鐵磁碳體或使用如申請專利範圍第15項之一碳體,在水淨化或在電化學應用上,作為一吸附劑、作為一觸媒載體、作為一觸媒。
- 一種觸媒,適合於藉由氫化一氧化碳而製造烯烴類(olefins),其中該觸媒包括如申請專利範圍第1或2項所述之一鐵磁碳體。
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