TW200815405A - Novel compounds - Google Patents

Novel compounds Download PDF

Info

Publication number
TW200815405A
TW200815405A TW096119136A TW96119136A TW200815405A TW 200815405 A TW200815405 A TW 200815405A TW 096119136 A TW096119136 A TW 096119136A TW 96119136 A TW96119136 A TW 96119136A TW 200815405 A TW200815405 A TW 200815405A
Authority
TW
Taiwan
Prior art keywords
group
alkyl
alkoxy
aryl
heterocycloalkyl
Prior art date
Application number
TW096119136A
Other languages
English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
Yun-Xing Cheng
Shujuan Jin
Miroslaw J Tomaszewski
Mehrnaz Pourashraf
Original Assignee
Astrazeneca Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=38801729&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=TW200815405(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Astrazeneca Ab filed Critical Astrazeneca Ab
Publication of TW200815405A publication Critical patent/TW200815405A/zh

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/439Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom the ring forming part of a bridged ring system, e.g. quinuclidine
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/10Laxatives
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/06Antimigraine agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A61P25/16Anti-Parkinson drugs
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/18Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/22Anxiolytics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24Antidepressants
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
    • A61P25/32Alcohol-abuse
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
    • A61P25/34Tobacco-abuse
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
    • A61P25/36Opioid-abuse
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12Antivirals
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00Antineoplastic agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08Antiallergic agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D451/00Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof
    • C07D451/02Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof
    • C07D451/04Heterocyclic compounds containing 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, 9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane, or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane or granatane alkaloids, scopolamine; Cyclic acetals thereof containing not further condensed 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring systems, e.g. tropane; Cyclic acetals thereof with hetero atoms directly attached in position 3 of the 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane or in position 7 of the 3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0<2,4>] nonane ring system
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/08Bridged systems

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Addiction (AREA)
  • Psychiatry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Psychology (AREA)
  • Rheumatology (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Child & Adolescent Psychology (AREA)
  • Diabetes (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Obesity (AREA)
  • Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
TW096119136A 2006-06-09 2007-05-29 Novel compounds TW200815405A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US81220806P 2006-06-09 2006-06-09

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
TW200815405A true TW200815405A (en) 2008-04-01

Family

ID=38801729

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
TW096119136A TW200815405A (en) 2006-06-09 2007-05-29 Novel compounds

Country Status (18)

Country Link
US (1) US20100173935A1 (https=)
EP (1) EP2035412A4 (https=)
JP (1) JP2009539833A (https=)
KR (1) KR20090016636A (https=)
CN (1) CN101501024A (https=)
AR (1) AR061306A1 (https=)
AU (1) AU2007256014B2 (https=)
BR (1) BRPI0712415A2 (https=)
CA (1) CA2654147A1 (https=)
EC (1) ECSP088967A (https=)
IL (1) IL195427A0 (https=)
MX (1) MX2008015155A (https=)
NO (1) NO20085271L (https=)
RU (1) RU2008147543A (https=)
TW (1) TW200815405A (https=)
UY (1) UY30393A1 (https=)
WO (1) WO2007142585A1 (https=)
ZA (1) ZA200809976B (https=)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TW200813018A (en) * 2006-06-09 2008-03-16 Astrazeneca Ab Novel compounds
TW201322983A (zh) * 2007-08-31 2013-06-16 Purdue Pharma Lp 經取代之喹□啉型哌啶化合物及其用途
UY31672A1 (es) * 2008-02-28 2009-09-30 "agonistas de receptores muscarínicos composiciones farmacéuticas métodos de tratamiento de los mismos, y procedimientos para su preparación"
US20090221642A1 (en) * 2008-03-03 2009-09-03 Astrazeneca Ab Muscarinic receptor agonists, compositions, methods of treatment thereof, and processes for preparation thereof-176
CN102105465B (zh) 2008-07-21 2015-03-11 普渡制药公司 取代的喹喔啉型桥连哌啶化合物及其用途
GB0817982D0 (en) * 2008-10-01 2008-11-05 Glaxo Group Ltd Compounds
WO2012020813A1 (ja) * 2010-08-10 2012-02-16 大日本住友製薬株式会社 縮環ピロリジン誘導体
CN103764641B (zh) 2011-05-06 2016-10-26 扎夫根股份有限公司 部分饱和的三环化合物及其制备和使用方法
JP2015083543A (ja) * 2012-02-14 2015-04-30 大日本住友製薬株式会社 新規縮環ピロリジン誘導体
US20140171466A1 (en) * 2012-08-14 2014-06-19 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Pain management in sickle cell anemia
BR112015006029B1 (pt) 2012-09-18 2022-01-25 Heptares Therapeutics Limited Compostos aza bicíclicos como agonistas de receptor m1 muscarínicos, composição farmacêutica compreendendo ditos compostos e uso dos mesmos para tratar um distúrbio cognitivo ou distúrbio psicótico ou para tratar ou reduzir a gravidade de dores agudas, crônicas, neuropáticas ou inflamatórias
NZ707773A (en) 2012-11-05 2019-05-31 Zafgen Inc Methods of treating liver diseases

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5524326A (en) * 1993-01-21 1996-06-11 Markowitz; Eli Interactive game between pet and owner
JP2002515008A (ja) * 1994-10-27 2002-05-21 メルク エンド カンパニー インコーポレーテッド ムスカリン・アンタゴニスト
US5756508A (en) * 1995-10-31 1998-05-26 Merck & Co., Inc. Muscarine antagonists
AU2307999A (en) * 1997-12-23 1999-07-12 Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Muscarinic agents and use thereof to treat glaucoma, myopia and various other conditions
ATE275141T1 (de) * 1999-10-13 2004-09-15 Banyu Pharma Co Ltd Substituierte imidazolin-derivate
JPWO2002085890A1 (ja) * 2001-04-20 2004-08-12 萬有製薬株式会社 ベンズイミダゾロン誘導体
WO2004089942A2 (en) * 2001-10-02 2004-10-21 Acadia Pharmaceuticals Inc. Benzimidazolidinone derivatives as muscarinic agents
JP2005532361A (ja) * 2002-06-17 2005-10-27 メルク エンド カムパニー インコーポレーテッド 高眼圧症の治療用の眼科用組成物
WO2004069828A1 (ja) * 2003-02-04 2004-08-19 Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation ピペリジン化合物およびその医薬用途
KR100869616B1 (ko) * 2004-05-12 2008-11-21 화이자 프로덕츠 인코포레이티드 프롤린 유도체 및 그의 다이펩티딜 펩티다제-iv저해제로서의 용도
AU2005249494A1 (en) * 2004-05-28 2005-12-15 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Modulators of muscarinic receptors
TW200815351A (en) * 2006-05-02 2008-04-01 Astrazeneca Ab Novel compounds
TW200813018A (en) * 2006-06-09 2008-03-16 Astrazeneca Ab Novel compounds
US8119661B2 (en) * 2007-09-11 2012-02-21 Astrazeneca Ab Piperidine derivatives and their use as muscarinic receptor modulators
UY31672A1 (es) * 2008-02-28 2009-09-30 "agonistas de receptores muscarínicos composiciones farmacéuticas métodos de tratamiento de los mismos, y procedimientos para su preparación"
US20090221642A1 (en) * 2008-03-03 2009-09-03 Astrazeneca Ab Muscarinic receptor agonists, compositions, methods of treatment thereof, and processes for preparation thereof-176
US20090275574A1 (en) * 2008-05-05 2009-11-05 Astrazeneca Ab Novel compounds-300

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2035412A1 (en) 2009-03-18
KR20090016636A (ko) 2009-02-16
RU2008147543A (ru) 2010-07-20
WO2007142585A1 (en) 2007-12-13
NO20085271L (no) 2009-01-06
AR061306A1 (es) 2008-08-20
CA2654147A1 (en) 2007-12-13
AU2007256014A1 (en) 2007-12-13
ZA200809976B (en) 2011-04-28
UY30393A1 (es) 2009-04-30
MX2008015155A (es) 2008-12-12
US20100173935A1 (en) 2010-07-08
AU2007256014B2 (en) 2011-06-30
JP2009539833A (ja) 2009-11-19
CN101501024A (zh) 2009-08-05
IL195427A0 (en) 2009-08-03
ECSP088967A (es) 2009-01-30
BRPI0712415A2 (pt) 2012-09-04
EP2035412A4 (en) 2011-02-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
TW200815405A (en) Novel compounds
CN101874020B (zh) 作为毒蕈碱受体激动剂的哌啶衍生物
TW200813018A (en) Novel compounds
TW200815351A (en) Novel compounds
US20090221567A1 (en) Muscarinic receptor agonists, compositions, methods of treatment thereof, and processes for preparation thereof 177
TW200940056A (en) Muscarinic receptor agonists, compositions, methods of treatment thereof, and processes for preparation thereof
AU2016315720A1 (en) 6-membered AZA-heterocyclic containing delta-opioid receptor modulating compounds, methods of using and making the same
JP2002513015A (ja) セロトニン作動薬としてのインドリル誘導体
TW200951119A (en) Novel compounds-300
US20100173941A1 (en) Muscarinic Receptor Agonists that are Effective in the Treatment of Pain, Alzheimer&#39;s Disease and Schizophrenia