TW200403323A - Hole transport polymers and devices made with such polymers - Google Patents
Hole transport polymers and devices made with such polymers Download PDFInfo
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- TW200403323A TW200403323A TW92107503A TW92107503A TW200403323A TW 200403323 A TW200403323 A TW 200403323A TW 92107503 A TW92107503 A TW 92107503A TW 92107503 A TW92107503 A TW 92107503A TW 200403323 A TW200403323 A TW 200403323A
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- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 title abstract description 20
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- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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Classifications
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- C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
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Description
200403323 玖、發明說明: 【技術領域】 本發明係關於一種聚合物物質,其具有效之電洞傳輸性 質。該聚合物亦可為電致發光性。本發明另外關於一種電 子裝置,其中該活性層係包括該聚合物物質。 【先前技術】 發光之有機電子裝置’諸如構成顯示器之發光二柄體, 存在於許多種類之電子設備中。於此類裝置中,有機活性 層係夾置於兩電觸層之間。該電觸層中至少一層係透光 性,使光線可穿透該電觸層。該有機活性層在施加跨接該 電觸層之電力時發光,穿透該透光性電觸層。 使用有機電致發光化合物作為發光二極體中之活性成 份係眾所周知。已知單純有機分子諸如蒽、嘧二唑衍生物、 及香旦素衍生物皆顯示電致發光性。亦已使用半導體性共 軛聚合物作為電致發光成份。具有均二苯乙缔基或噁二唑 側鏈之聚合物物質已由Holmes等人記載於美國專利第 5,653,914號中。 許多電致發光物質具有較差之電荷傳輸性質。為改善此 等性質,可添加附加之電荷傳輸物質於該發光層中,或於 該發光層與電極之間作為一個別層。經常採用電洞傳輸物 貝。已知之電洞傳輸物質係包括單純分子諸如N,N,_二苯基 N,N又(3 -甲基苯基)七,;[’_聯苯基]_4,4,_二胺(TpD)及雙 [4-(N,N- 一乙胺基)甲基苯基](4-甲基苯基)甲烷 (MPMP)、及聚合物物質諸如聚乙缔基咔唑(pVK)、(苯基甲 84569 200403323 基)米碎纟元、聚(3,4-伸乙·一氧基ρ塞吩)(PED〇T)、及聚苯胺 (PANI)。亦已知使用電子及電洞傳輸物質諸如4,4,_n,n,_二 叶峻聯苯(BCP);或具有良好電子及電洞傳輸性質之發光物 質’諸如經钳合之類喔星(oxinoid)化合物,諸如三(8_幾基 4琳基)鋁(Alq3)。已知稠合芳族環化合物,諸如戊省,係 為電子傳輸物質。具有兩種不同侧鏈芳族基團之共聚物已 於美國專利第6,007,928號中揭示係為發光物質。 仍需要一種新穎之電洞傳輸物質。 【發明内容】 本發明係關於一種電洞傳輸聚合物,其包含一聚合物主 鏈,鏈上鍵結有包括至少一稠合芳族環基之多個取代基, 其先決條件為該聚合物不含選自三芳基胺及咔唑基之其 15 ° 土土 ,〜爲 穴叼從畀I客極之g 具有-活性層,其中該裝置係進一步具有至少—種第 洞傳輸聚合物,此聚合物包含—聚合物主鏈,鏈上鍵η 許多取代基’包括至少一稠合芳族環基,其先決條件:言 聚合物不含選自三芳基胺及咔唑基之基團。 …〃 本發明所使用之"電洞傳輸物質"係意指該㈣ 收正電荷,且相對高效率且低損失地使其移動通❸ ?厚度方向。”電洞傳輸聚合物"意指聚合物電洞傳輸; 貝。”聚合物”係包括均聚物及具有兩種或多種重現= 共聚物。”經官能化之聚合物"意指該聚合物具有至少 e能基’可進行反應以將稠合芳族環基連接於該聚合物
84569 200403323 鏈上。”經官能化之稠合芳族環化合物”意指該稠合芳族環 化合物具有至少一官能基,可進行反應以連接於該聚合物 主鏈上。π感光性’,意指具有電致發光性及/或光敏性之任何 物質。π(甲基)丙烯酸”一辭係意指丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸或組 合物。”(甲基)丙烯酸酯”一辭係意指丙晞酸酯、甲基丙烯酸 酯、或組合物。此外,全文使用IUPAC編碼系統,其中週 期表之族數編號由左而右為1至18(CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics第 81 版,2000) 〇 【實施方式】 連接於該聚合物主鏈之取代基的至少一稠合芳族環基通 常具有10至50個碳原子,且含有2至8個稠合芳族環,以2 至4個為佳。該稠合芳族環可視情況經具有1至2〇個碳原子 之烷基或芳基所取代。適當之稠合芳族環基的實例係包括 奈基、蒽基、菲基、吩拿琳基(phenalenyl)、第基、芘基及 其他丁省及戊省基團。根據本發明,電洞傳輸性質係於不 存有一般用於提供電洞傳輸性質之基團諸如三芳基胺基團 及咔唑基團的情沉下達成。 該電洞傳輸聚合物可藉由具有第一種反應性基團之聚 合物(”經官能化聚合物”)與具有第二種反應性基團之稠合 芳族環化合物(”經官能化稠合芳族環化合物”)進行反應而 製得。此係出示於以下反應(1)中。 ^Λ(ΐ)
Pol-R1 + Ar-R2 = P〇l-R3_Ar + (S) ,R1 及 R2 示由R1及 其中Pol係表示聚合物主鏈,Ar係表示稠合芳族環 係個別表示第一種及第二種反應性基團,R3係表 84569 200403323 R2之反應生成之鍵,且S係表示可能於反應中形成之任何副 產物。 將小分子連接於聚合物上之技術係眾所周知,如生物化 學配位體對膠乳粒子之偶聯。此係例如由L. B. Bangs於 Uniform Latex Particles 中進行討論(Form #1661-84, Seragen Diagnostics,Inc.,Indianapolis,IN,1984) 〇 例如, 具有羧酸官能基之聚合物可與具有胺基官能基之稠合芳族 環化合物進行反應,形成驢胺键。或該叛酸基可位於稠合 芳族環上,且該胺基係位於該聚合物上。相同地,羥基與 醯基氯反應,以形成酯鍵。其他類型之反應配對係包括羥 基與氯甲基;羥基與羧酸基;異氰酸酯基與羥基或胺基; 壤氧基與胺基,驗基氯與胺基,續酸與胺基;續酸氯與罗至 基;醛與胺基;醛與羧基;醛與羥基;及醛與甲基酮基。 提供鍵合之各種反應皆存在於合成有機化學文獻中。 或該電洞傳輸聚合物可藉由至少一種键結有稠合芳族 環基之單體(”經官能化單體”)進行聚合而製得,如以下實施 例(2)所示。
Mon-R4-Ar— Pol-R4-Ar 反應(2) 其中Mon係表示可聚合之化合物,R4係表示鍵合基,且Ar 及Pol係如前述反應(1)中所定義。 I ·經官能化之聚合物 可使用於本發明之經官能化聚合物化合物根據描述通常 具有:(a)—聚合物主鏈;(b)許多第一種官能基;選擇性(c) 一間隔基,介於該聚合物主鏈與該第一種官能基之間;及 84569 200403323 選擇性(d)許多第二種官能基,其係彼此相同或相異。該聚 合物主鏈可為任何具有所需性質及加工性之聚合物或共聚 物,其上可連接有稠合芳族環基。可使用之聚合物主鏈的 部分種類係包括聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚芳醯胺、 聚苯乙烯、聚伸芳基(polyarylene)、聚伸乙晞、聚乙烯醚、 及聚乙烯酯。 可用於連接該稠合芳族環基的第一種官能基係為前述作 為反應配對之一部分的任何一種。 位於聚合物主鏈上之稠合芳族基團的數目一亦可稱為”稠 合芳族基團之密度π—影響該聚合物作為電洞傳輸物質的效 率。然而,在選擇該聚合物時,亦應考慮其他因素,諸如 加工性及薄膜形成能力。就本發明聚合物物質而言,稠合 芳族基團之密度係由聚合物中具有第一種官能基之單體Γ 第一種官能性單體”)相對於不具有第一種官能基之單體的 比例所決定。通常,第一種官能性單體相對於其他單體之 比例可為約5:95至95:5。 該第一種官能基可直接連接於該聚合物主鏈,例如聚丙 烯酸聚合物之羧基。然而,該第一種官能基與該聚合物主 鏈之間亦可具有間隔基。可使用之間隔基係為具有化學安 定性且不損害聚合物傳輸性質者。該間隔基可為飽和或不 飽和脂族基團,或為芳族基團。該間隔基可含有雜原子, 尤其是氧及氮。部分情況下,間隔基存在之原因係為特定 第一種官能基最易於取得之單體即具有該間隔基。該間隔 基通常具有1至50個碳原子;以5至15個碳原子為佳。該間 84569 -10- 200403323 隔基可單純地於該聚合物主鏈與第一種官能基之間提供距 離,或可提供官能性,如下文所討論。 該經官能化聚合物亦可具.有至少一種第二種官能基。該 第二種官能基可用於修飾該最終聚合物的物性。該種基團 之實例係包括增塑基團,諸如氧化烯基團、及反應性且/或 可交聯基團,諸如末端乙烯基及環氧基。該第二種官能基 可存在於該聚合物主鏈中、存在於連接於該第一種官能基 之間隔基中、或存在於與該第一種官能基分隔之側基中。 該經官能化聚合物可使用具有所需官能基之單體使用習 用聚合技術製得。適當之單體的實例係包括(甲基)丙烯酸 (羧基官能性)、4-苯乙晞羧酸(羧基官能性)、丙烯酸及甲基 丙烯酸胺基烷酯(胺基官能性)、(甲基)丙晞酸羥基烷酯(羥 基官能性)、(甲基)丙烯酸縮水甘油酯(環氧基官能性)、及 具有所需官能基之類似單體。 該經官能化聚合物可為均聚物或共聚物。該共聚物可製 備成任意、更迭、嵌段、或梳狀共聚物。形成此等不同結 構共聚物之方法係技術界所熟知,已討論於例如George Odian之 Principles Of Polymerization第 3版(John Wiley & Sons,New York,NY,1991) ; M. Lazar 等人之 Chemical Reactions of Natural and Synthetic Polymers ;及 Benham及 Kinstle之 Chemical Reactions on Polymers (1 988) o II ·經官能化之稠合芳族環化合物 經官能化之稠合芳族環化合物具有反應基,可與位在經 官能化聚合物上之基團反應,如前文所討論。可使用之經 84569 -11 - 200403323 官能化稠合芳族環化合物的種類係包括芳族胺、芳族磺醯 氯、芳族異硫代氰酸酯、芳族琥珀酸酯、芳族醛及芳族醇 或酚。此等化合物部分係市售品,諸如1_(1_莕基)乙胺、1-芘甲基胺、1-芘丙基胺、4’-(胺基甲基)螢光素、若丹明 (rhodamine)B乙二胺、若丹明B續SI氯、及5-二甲胺基萘-1-磺醯氯。其他適當之經官能化稠合芳族環化合物可使用標 準合成化學技術製備。 III ·經官能化單體 經官能化單體通常可藉由將該官能基偶聯於單體上而製 備,使用與前文所述相同之偶聯化學。當該電洞傳輸聚合 物係自經官能化單體製備時,可得到結構上更充分界定之 聚合物物質。該經官能化單體可使用產生不同結構諸如嵌 段共聚物、更迭共聚物、梳狀聚合物、及其他已知聚合物 結構之方法聚合。當該電洞傳輸聚合物係自經官能化聚合 物及經官能化稠合芳族環化合物製備時,該反應係於較任 意、統計上受控之方式進行。 IV ·裝置 本發明亦關於一種電子裝置,其包括一有機活性層--夾 置於兩電觸層之間、一陽極及一陰極,其中該裝置係進一 步包含本發明電洞傳輸聚合物。典型結構係出示於圖1中。 裝置100具有陽極層110及陰極層150。與該陽極相鄰的是選 擇層120,其包含一電洞傳輸物質。與該陰極相鄰的是一選 擇層140,包含一電子傳輸物質。該陽極與該陰極(或該選 擇性電荷傳輸層)之間係為有機活性層130。本發明電洞傳 84569 -12- 200403323 輸聚合物係存在於該有機活性層130中,及/或該電洞傳輸 層120中。已知各官能層分可由一層以上構成。 該裝置通常亦包括一載體,其可與該陽極或該陰極相 鄰。該載體最常與該陽極相鄰。該載體可為可撓性或為剛 性、有機或無機。通常,使用玻璃或可撓性有機薄膜作為 載體。 該陽極110係為特別可用於注射或收集正電荷載流子之 電極。其可由例如含有金屬、混合金屬、合金、金屬氧化 物或混合金屬氧化物之材料,或其可為導電性聚合物。適 當之金屬係包括第11族金屬、第4、5、6族中之金屬、及第 8至ίο族之過渡金屬,如元素週期表所示(現在iupAc版 本)。若該陽極欲透光,則為第2、3、4、13及14族金屬之 混合-金屬混合物,諸如氧化銦錫。當導電性大於1〇_28^瓜 時,可使用導電性聚合物諸如聚(3,4_伸乙二氧基噻 吩KPEDOT)及聚苯胺(PANI)。該陽極與陰極中至少一者應 至少部分透明,以使光線進入該裝置之活性層或自該處: 開。 無機陽極層ϋ常係藉物理氣相沉積方法施加。”物理氣相 沉積”一辭係意指各種於真空中進行之沉積方式。因此,例 如’物理氣相沉積係包括所有形式之錢射,包括離子束賤 射,及所有形式之氣相沉積諸如電子束蒸發。可使用之特 定物理氣相沉積係為rf磁控管濺射。該導電性聚合物陽極 層可使用習用方式施加’包括旋塗法、鑄造法、及印刷法, 諸如照相凹版印刷、噴墨印刷或熱圖案化。 ί;24 84569 -13- 200403323 本發明電洞傳輸聚合物可為個別層12〇,或與發光物質处 合於料層13〇中。該聚合物層可使用任何習用施加方式施 加,如前文所述。該聚合物通常係以於有機溶劑諸如二甲 基亞砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲醯胺、乙腈、碳酸丙 一醇酉曰、丙二醇單甲醚、二甲基乙醯胺、及四氫呋喃中之 落液或分散液形式施加。該聚合物於該溶劑中之濃度不特 別嚴格,其先決條件為該溶液或分散液可塗覆形成連續薄 膜。通常,可使用含有1至5重量%聚合物之溶液或分散液。 部分情況下,可能期望有自其他電洞傳輸物質製得之附 加電洞傳輸層(未示)。其他適用於料層中之電洞傳輸物質 的貝例已列示於例如Y· Wang.之Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,1996年第四版第 18冊第 837至 860 頁中。電洞傳輸分子及聚合物皆可使用。一般使用之電洞 傳輸分子有:N,N’-二苯基-N,N,-雙(3-甲基苯基)-[1,Γ-聯苯 基]-4,4’-二胺(TPD) ; 1,1-雙[(二-4-甲苯胺基)苯基]環己烷 (TAPC) ; N,Nf-雙(4·甲基苯基)-NW-雙(4-乙基苯 基)-[l,l、(3,3f-二甲基)聯苯基]二胺(ETPD);四 _(3-甲 基苯基)-1^,^[,^^,>1’-2,5-伸苯二胺(?〇八);0:-甲基-4-队1二 苯基胺基苯乙烯(TPS);對-(二乙胺基)苯甲醛二苯腙 (DEH);三苯基胺(ΤΡΑ);雙[4-(Ν,Ν-二乙胺基)-2-甲基苯 基](4-甲基苯基)甲烷(MPMP) ; 1-苯基-3-[對-(二乙胺基)苯 乙烯基]-5-[對·(二乙胺基)苯基]吡唑啉(PPR或DEASP); 1,2-反-雙(9H-咔唑-9-基)環丁烷(DCZB) ; N,N,N’,N,-四(4-甲基 苯基聯苯基)-4,4’-二胺(TTB);及樸啉化合物,諸如 84569 -14- 200403323 献化青酮。-般使用之電洞傳輸聚合物係為聚乙晞基啤咬 (pvk)及(苯基甲基)聚錢。導電性低於心^時可使 用導電性聚合物諸如聚(3,4•伸乙二氧基嗓吩)(ped〇t)、及 物。此等物質可藉習用塗覆或氣相沉積技術施加。 許多情況下,該陽極及電洞傳輸層係經圖案化。已知該 圖案可視需要變化。該層可藉例如在施加第一電觸層材料 聚苯胺(PANI)°亦可藉著將電洞傳輸分子諸如前述者摻雜 於聚合物諸如聚苯乙烯及聚碳酸酯中而得到電洞傳輸聚合 之蓟,先將經圖案化之罩幕或光阻放置於第一可撓性複合 障壁結構上,而依圖案施加。或該層可以整體層形式施加, 之後使用例如光阻及濕式化學蝕刻法進行圖案化而施加。 如前文所討論’該導電性聚合物層亦可藉喷墨印刷法、微 影術、網版印刷法、或熱轉移圖案化方法而依圖案施加。 亦可使用其他技術界熟知之圖案化方法。 視該裝置100之應用而言,活性層130可為發光層,藉由 施加電壓而活化(諸如發光二極體或發光裝置),可為對輻 射能量有反應之材料層,在施加或不施加偏壓下產生信號 (諸如光電探測器),或可為將輻射能量轉換成電能之料 層,諸如光電伏打電池或太陽能電池。電氣裝置之實例係 包括光導電池、感光性電阻、感光性開關、感光性電晶體、 及光電管,及光電伏打電池,如Markus,John,Electronics and Nucleonics Dictionary,470及 476 (McGraw-Hill,Inc. 1966)所述。 當該活性層發光時,該層係於該電觸層上施加充分偏壓 ^ lb 84569 -15- 200403323 時發光。該發光活性層可含有任何有機電致發光或其他有 機發光物質。該物質可為小分子物質,諸如例如Tang之美 國專利第4,356,429號、Van Slyke等人之美國專利第 4,5 39,507號所述,其相關部分係以提及方式併入本文中。 该發光物質可為有機-金屬錯合物,如例如公開美國申請案
US 2001/0019782 及公開 PCT 申請案 WO 00/70655 及 WO 01/41512所述。或該物質可為聚合物,諸wFriend等人(美 國專利第5,247,190號)、Heeger等人(美國專利第5,408,109 號)、Nakan0等人(美國專利第 5,3 1 75169號)所述,其相關部 分係以提及方式併入本文中。較佳電致發光物質係為半導 體性共軛聚合物。該聚合物之實例係為聚(對-伸苯基伸乙 烯基),稱為PPV。 该發光物質可單獨形成層,或其可分散於另一種材料基 質中,或可與本發明電洞傳輸聚合物結合。該電荷傳輸物 質之濃度需高於約15體積%之穿流臨限值,以建立傳輸路 徑。當該物質之密度接近一時,1 5重量%係可接受,其先 決條件為達到穿泥臨限值。本發明電洞傳輸聚合物之含量 以發光層總重計通常係約15至99重量%,以25至80重量〇/〇為 佳。 該活性有機層通常具有介於5〇至500奈米範圍内之厚度。 當活性層收納於光電探測器中時,該層對輻射能有反 應,且於偏壓或無偏壓下產生信號。對輻射能量有反應且 可使用偏壓產生信號(諸如光導電池、感光性電阻、感:性 開關、感光性電晶體、光電管)之物質係包括例如許多共軛 84569 -16- 200403323 聚合物及電致發光物質。有輻射能量有反應且在不施加偏 壓下產生信號(諸如光導電池或光電伏打電池)之物質係包 括對光產生化學反應,而生成信號之物質。該感光性化學 反應性物質係包括例如許多共辆聚合物及電致·•及光致-發 光物質。特例係包括(但不限於)MEH-PPV(”自半導體性聚 合物製得之光電摘合器(Optocoupler made from semiconducting polymers)’’,G· Yu,K. Pakbaz,及 A· J. Heeger, Journal of Electronic Materials,第 23 冊第 925 至 928 頁 (1994);及具有CN_PPV之MEH-PPV複合物互穿聚合物網 絡所得之有效光電二極體(Efficient Photodiodes from Interpenetrating Polymer Networks)",J.J.M· Halls等(Cambridge group) Nature 第 376 冊第 498 至 500 頁,1995)。 含有活性有機物質之活性層130可藉任何習用方式自溶 液施加,包括旋塗法、鑄造法、及印刷法。該活性有機物 質可藉氣相沉積方法直接施加,視該物質性質而定。亦可 施加活性聚合物前驅物,之後轉化成聚合物’一般係藉由 加熱。 該陰極150係為特別可注射或收集電子或負電荷載流子 之電極。該陰極可為任何金屬或非金屬’具有低於第_電 觸層(此時為陽極)的功函數。用於弟一廷觸層之物質可選 自第1族鹼金屬(例如Li、Cs)、第2族(鹼土金屬)金屬、第12 族金屬(稀土金屬)、鑭系及婀系。可使用物質諸如鋁、銦、 I弓、鋇及鎂,及組合物。含有Li之有機金屬化合物亦可沉 積於該有機層與該陰極層之間,以降低操作電壓。 •17- §2〇 84569 200403323 摄陰極層通常係藉由物理氣相沉積方法施加。通常,該 陰極層可經圖案化,如前文針對陽極層110及導電性聚合物 層120所描述。相同加工技術可用於將該陰極層圖案化。 選擇層140可同時幫助電子傳輸,亦可作為緩衝層或限制 層,以防止料層界面產生驟冷反應。此層以促層電子移動 且減少騾冷反應為佳。用於選擇層14〇之電洞傳輸物質的實 例係包括金屬鉗合喔星類化合物,諸如三(8_羥基喹啉基) 鋁(Alqs);具有苯基-吡啶配位體之環金屬化銥錯合物,其 具有含氟取代基,諸如共待審申請案序號〇9/879〇14所揭 示,以菲繞琳為主之化合物,諸如2,9_二甲基_4,7_二苯基 -1,10_菲繞琳(DDPA)或4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲繞啉(DpA);及唑 化合物諸如2-(4-聯苯基)-5-(4_第三丁基苯基卜^,‘呤二唑 (PBD)及3-(4-聯苯基)-4·苯基-5_(4-第三丁基苯基)_1,2,4_三 唑(TAZ)。 ’ ’ 選擇層140亦可使用聚合物物質製得。實例包括聚(蔡-噚 二唑),如共待審申請案序號09/546512所揭示,及部分聚 伸苯基伸乙稀基聚合物(PPV),諸如經氰基取代之ppv。 已知有機電子裝置中有其他料層。例如,該導電性聚合 物層120與該活性層130之間有一料層(未示),用以幫:: 料層之正電荷傳輸及/或能帶隙配合,或作為保護層。相同Λ 地,該活性層130與該陰極層150之間可有附加層(未示), 以幫助該料層間之負電荷傳輸及/或能帶隙配合,或作為保 護層。可使用技術界已知之料層。此外,前述料層中之任 何-層皆可由兩種或多層製得。或部分或所有無機陽極層 84569 -18 - 200403323 U〇、導電性聚合物層丨20、活性層13〇、及陰極層i5〇可經 表面處理,以增加電荷載流子傳輸效率。針對各成份層2 材料的選擇較佳係藉由於裝置上提供高裝置效率的目^上 加以平衡而決定。 Λ 該裝置可藉由依序沉積個別層於適當之基材上而製備。 可使用基材諸如玻璃及聚合物薄膜。大部分情況下,該陽 極係施加於基材,而自該處構建該料層。然而,可先施加 陰極於基材’反序添加該料層。通常,不同層具有下列厚 度範圍:無機陽極110, 500-5000埃,以1〇〇〇_2〇〇〇埃為佳; 選擇性電洞傳輸層120, 50-2500埃,以2〇〇_2〇〇〇埃為佳;光 活性層為130,10-1000埃’以100-800埃為佳;選擇性電子 傳輸層140,50-1000埃,以200_800埃為佳;陰極15〇, 200-10000埃,以 300-5000埃為佳。 實施例 以下實施例係說明本發明特性及優點。其係說明本發 明,而非限制。所有百分比皆以重量計,除非另有陳述。 實施例1-2 此等實施例係說明經官能化聚合物的形成。 材料 CN-PΡ V係為聚(伸冬基-伸乙基)的氣基-衍生物。與Gang
Yu及 Alan J. Heeger,J· Applied Physics 78,4510 (1995)所述 者相同。
Green PPV及其他PPV係為聚(伸苯基伸乙基)之衍生物, 類似 D.M. Johansson,G· Srdanov,G. Yu,M. Theander,0· • 19 - 84569 200403323
Inganas and M.R. Andersson,’’Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Soluble Phenyl-Substituted Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)f?? Macromolecules 33,2525 (2000) 〇 C60 係為弗樂錦·(fullerene)分子,購自 BuckyUSA Inc·, Florida。PCBM[6,6]係為具有官能性側鏈之弗樂稀衍生物, 根據文獻所公佈之方法合成[J.C. Hummelen,B.W. Knight, F· Lepec,and F· Wudl,J. Org· Chem· 60,532 (1995)]。其物 性之細節可參照N.S. Sariciftci and A.J. Heeger,Intern. J. Mod. Phys. B 8,237 (1994) o ££〇_係為聚(苐-噚二唑),其係自f -二羧酸如下製備: 9,9-二-(2-乙基己某V薷-2,7-二藉酸之合成 7克鎂放置於500毫升燒瓶中,於乾燥氮下預熱至l〇〇°C。 添加5毫克碘,之後為第一份50克2,7-二溴-9,9-二-(2-乙基 己基)-蔡於100毫升無水THF中之溶液(20毫升)。起始反應 之後(如溶液之顏色消失所示),使用注射器逐滴添加其餘 溶液。添加之後,該反應混合物回流1小時,添加另外100 毫升無水THF。反應混合物冷卻至室溫。添加500克乾冰於 該反應混合物,搖動該燒瓶直至乾冰充分混合。蒸發過量 之乾冰之後,添加800毫升18%鹽酸於該殘留物。經酸化之 殘留物使用乙酸乙酯(3x200毫升)萃取三次。結合有機層, 以400毫升水洗滌,之後使用MgS〇4乾燥。蒸發溶劑之後, 添加200毫升己烷。過濾單離沉澱析出之白色固狀。再自甲 醇結晶純化,產生25克白色固狀之產物。產物之產率係為 57% 〇 84569 -20- 200403323 質子NMR確認下列結構:
h-NMR (500 MHz,THF-d8) 5 ppm : 8.17 (t,J = 6.5Hz,2H, 第環),8·06 (d,2H,J = 8Hz,苐環),7.89 (d,J=8Hz,2H,苐), 2.13 (d,J=5Hz,4H,H-烷基),0.65-0.95 (m,22H,H-烷基), 0.45-0.54 (m,8H,H-烷基)。 聚(9,9-二2-乙基己基V蒸-噚二唑之 3.0克五氧化二磷於攪拌下於ll〇°C加熱油浴中於氮保護 下溶解於50毫升甲基硫酸中。將2.0克9,9-二-(2-乙基己基)_ 藥-2,7 -二瘦酸及2 8 6亳克鹽酸肼之混合物添加於該溶液。懸 浮液攪拌5小時,形成均勾黏稠之溶液。溶液冷卻至室溫之 後,溶液倒入500毫升水中。過濾單離沉澱析出之白色纖維 狀聚合物。粗製聚合物以碳酸鈉水溶液、後續之水、後續 甲醇洗滌’於真空中於室溫下乾燥。粗製聚合物溶解於25 笔升THF中。該溶液經5微米濾器過濾,聚合物自水沉澱析 出。單離該聚合物且以水、後續甲醇洗滌,於室溫下真空 乾燥。此純化方法重複三次,產生白色纖維狀聚合物。產 物之產量係為1.5克(78%)。 質子NMR確認下列結構: 84569 -21 - 200403323
h-NMR (5 00 MHz,THF-d8) 3 ppm ·· 8·42 (s,2H,第環),8·26 (d,2H,葬環),8.13 (d,J = 8Hz,2H,第),2.2-2.5 (br,4H,H-烷 基),0.8-1.1 (br,16H,H-烷基),0,59-0·65 (br,14H,H-烷 基)。 實施例1 使用下列方法製備經胺官能化之丙晞酸共聚物,其後續 使用於連接稠合芳族化合物,以進行電洞傳輸: 於清潔反應器中添加。 - 用量(克)
步騾I 21.81 18.94 250.25 甲基丙烯酸異丁酯(ΙΒΜΑ) 甲基丙烯酸2-(第三丁基胺基)乙酯(ΙΒΑΕΜΑ) 丙酬 形成之溶液於攪拌下加熱至回流溫度,保持該溫度。 之後同時添加以下兩溶液(預先於氮下混合1 5分鐘): 步騾II 一溶液(Α) 用量(克) 丙酮 176.63
Vazo® 52觸媒 2,2’-偶氮基雙(2,4-二甲基戊烷腈) 14.78 84569 -22- 200403323 步驟III-_(溶液B) 甲基丙烯酸異丁酯(IBMA) 196.24 甲基丙烯酸2-(第三丁基胺基)乙酯(ffiAEMA) 170.46 送入溶液(A),使用90分鐘時間添加54.8%,且以330分鐘 時間添加45.2%;送入溶液(B),使用120分鐘時間添加67%, 而使用120分鐘時間添加33%。進料完成之後,反應物於攪 拌下於回流溫度下保持120分鐘。使用氮吹拂蒸發大部分溶 劑之後,部分聚合物溶液(250克)於真空爐中乾燥隔夜。 IBMA/IBAEMA之聚合物產率係為100%。 實施例2 使用下列方法製備經羥基官能化之丙烯酸共聚物,其後 續使用於連接稠合芳族化合物,以進行電洞傳輸: 於清潔反應器中添加。 步騾I 用量(克) 丙酮 600.00 形成之溶液於攪拌下加熱至回流溫度,保持該溫度。 之後同時添加以下兩溶液(預先於氮下混合1 5分鐘): 步驟II—溶液(A) 用量(克) 丙酮 176.63
Vazo® 52觸媒 2,2,-偶氮基雙(2,4-二甲基戊烷腈) 4.5 -23 §54 84569 200403323 步騾in—(溶液B) 甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA) 540.0 甲基丙烯酸2-羥基乙酯(HEMA) 180.0 均勻送入溶液(A)及溶液(B),個別使用330分鐘及240分 鐘。進料完成之後,反應物於攪拌下於回流溫度下保持60 分鐘。使用氮吹拂蒸發大邵分溶劑之後,邵分聚合物溶液 (250克)於真空爐中乾燥隔夜。HEMA/MMA之聚合物產率係 為100%。分子量係藉GPC測量。數量平均(Μη)及重量平均 分子量個別係為30,308及93,195,產生3.07之聚合分散度 (Pd)。 實施例3-4 此等實施例係說明稠合芳族環對經官能化聚合物之連 接。 實施例3 此實施例係說明莕環對實施例2之經官能化聚合物的連 接。 於清潔、烘乾反應器中添加: 步騾1 用量(克) 實施例2之HEMA/MMA共聚物 20.0 四氫呋喃(THF),無水 444.5 形成之溶液於室溫下於氬下攪拌,直至該聚合物完全溶 解。 隨之單次添加下列試劑: -24- 84569 200403323 步驟2 用量(克) U’-羰基二咪唑(CDI) 7.50 形成之溶液於室溫下於氬下攪拌一小時。 使用20分鐘逐滴添加下列溶液: 步驟3 用量(克) 1-(1-奈基)乙月安 7.90 四氫呋喃(THF),無水 66.7 形成之溶液於室溫下於氬下攪拌48小時。溶液於真空中 濃縮至原來體積之1/3。經濃縮之溶液倒入大量體積之水 (200毫升)中,過濾收集形成之沉澱物。粗製聚合物產物於 摻合器中使用水(200毫升)萃取五次,於50°C下於真空中烘 乾48小時。聚合物產率係為84重量%。 該聚合物經特性分析具有下式I : 任意共聚物:a=25莫耳% ; 3 = 75莫耳%
84569 -25- 200403323 iH-NMR (DMSO-d6): 5 =6·7_8·1(側向萘基之芳族部分);芳 族 Η··脂族 Η之比例=0.20(理論值=0.19);UV-vis (DMSO): λ max=305 nm 聚合物分子量未測量,因其應極接近未經修飾之聚合物。 實施例4 此實施例係說明芘基對實施例1之經官能化聚合物的連 於清潔、烘乾反應器中添加: 步騾1 用量(克) 1-花羧酸 2.25 亞磺醯氯 90.2 形成之溶液加熱回流兩小時。蒸館移除殘留之亞磺酸 氣,產生粗製黃色固體。該固體重複以無水己烷洗滌,之 後於50°C下於真空中乾燥12小時。1-芘羰基氯之產率係為 95%。 於第二個清潔、烘乾反應器中添加·· 步驟2 用量(克) 實施例1之IBMA/IBAEMA共聚物 1〇.〇 四氫呋喃(THF),無水 147.8 聚合物溶液於室溫下於氬下攪拌至聚合物完全溶解。添 加步騾1所製備之產物。 形成之溶液於氬下於室溫下攪拌1 2小時。溶液進一步修 84569 -26- 200403323 飾: 步騾3 用量(克) 三乙胺 2.93 形成之溶液於氬下攪拌5分鐘。該溶液係進一步經修飾: 步驟4 用量(克) 環己醯氯 2.26 形成之溶液於室溫下於氬下攪拌12小時。溶液於真空中 濃縮至原來體積之1/2。經濃縮之溶液倒入大量體積之水 (300毫升)中,過濾收集形成之沉澱物。粗製聚合物產物於 摻合器中使用水(200毫升)萃取五次,於50°C下於真空中烘 乾48小時。聚合物產率係為79重量%。 UV-vis (DMSO): λ max = 340 nm 聚合物分子量未測量,因其應極接近未經修飾之聚合物。 實施例5 此實施例係說明自經官能化之單體製備本發明電洞傳輸 物質之方法。 作為電洞傳輸物質而具有側向芘基之聚芳醯胺係依多步 驟方式如下製備: 於清潔、烘乾反應器中添加 用量(克) 4.07 163.1 步驟1 1-芘羧酸 亞續醯氯 84569 - 27 200403323 形成之溶液加熱回流兩小時。蒸餾移除殘留之亞磺醯 氯,產生粗製黃色固體。該固體重複以無水己烷洗滌,之 後於50°C下於真空中乾燥12小時。1-芘羰基氯之產率係為 95%。 該1-芘基羰基氯進一步經修飾。於第二個清潔、烘乾反 應器中添加: 步驟2 用量(克) 5-胺基異苯二甲酸 3.03 N,N-二甲基乙醯胺(DMAC) 93.7 形成之溶液於氬下於室溫下攪拌。使用1 5分鐘逐滴添加 下列溶液(其預先於氬下混合5分鐘): 步騾3 用量(克) 1-芘羰基氯 4.16 N,N-二甲基乙醯胺(DMAC) 46.9 形成之溶液於氬下於室溫下攪拌8小時。真空蒸餾移除 DMAC溶劑,產生粗製褐色固體。該固體於甲醇中洗滌兩 次,隨之於真空中於50°C下乾燥24小時。產物產率係為 92% 〇 自步騾3單離之產物使用具有下式II之芘二酸進一步修 飾0 84569 -28- (II)200403323
COOH
COOH 於清潔、烘乾反應器中添加: 步騾4 用量(克) 通式I化合物 4.50 亞磺醯氯 326.2 形成之溶液加熱至回流歷經12小時。形成之亞續酸氯藉 蒸餾移除,產生具有下式III之粗製黃綠色固體。
該固體重複以無水己烷洗滌,之後於真空中於50°C下乾 燥1 2小時。 使用通式II之芘-二醯氯製造該電洞傳輸聚合物。於清潔- 科 84569 -29- 200403323 烘乾之反應器中添加: 2.0 0.47 37.5 步驟5 通式II化合物 1,3-伸苯二胺 N,N-二甲基乙醯胺(DMAC) 形成之溶液於室溫下於氬下攪拌12小時。該溶液倒人^ 中,產生黃褐色沉澱物。收集該沉澱物,使用甲醇萃取。 形成之聚芳醯胺於50°C下於真空中乾燥48小時。聚合物產 率係為8 1重量%。 該聚合物經特性分析確認具有下式IV :
H NMR (DMSO-d6): (5 -11.1.113 (m? 1H>); ι〇β6.ι〇β7 (s? 2H); 7.9-8.7 (m,16H)。υν-vis (DMSO):久 max=:345 nm。特 性黏度(〇·5 wt%,H2S〇4, 251: ) = 0.61 dL/g。 t施例6-1} 此等實施例係說明本發明聚合物於雙接頭薄膜裝置中之 S41 84569 200403323 應用。 實施例6 聚合物層夾置於兩層由無機金屬或有機導電性聚合物製 得之導電性電極之間。一組裝置係如下製得。1000埃金層 係熱蒸發於玻璃基材上。於頂層塗覆聚(3,4-伸乙二氧基噻 吩)(PEDOT)之導電層。該Au/PEDOT層形成該裝置之陽極 110。實施例5之聚合物自於二甲基乙醯胺(DMAC)中且經 0.45微升pp濾器過濾之2%溶液塗覆。形成之薄膜厚度係〜 500埃,使用 TENCOR 500 表面輪廓機(Surface Profiler)測 量。該陰極係為Ba(3〇A)/Al(300〇A)雙層結構,其係於約 3x1 (T6托耳真空下氣相沉積於活性層頂上。該裝置之活性區 係藉兩電極界定,此實驗中係〜0.1 5 cm2。裝置性能係於乾 燥箱内使用 Keithley 236 Source-Measure-Unit測量。 電流對電壓(IV)特性係出示於圖2中。此種雙接頭裝置具 有良好之整流效果。曲線(200)繪出在施加逆向偏壓時之電 流,而曲線(2 10)繪出施加前向偏壓時之電流。在15伏特前 向偏壓下,前向電流係為50毫安(330毫安/厘米2),較-5伏 特偏壓下之電流高出5000倍。該裝置可作為電開關。當n 連通π狀態定義於14伏特偏壓,而”斷開”狀態於零偏壓時, 開關比(I連通/1斷開)係大於107。 使用 Au、Pt、Ag、Ni、Cu、Se、聚苯胺(ΡΑΝΙ)、及聚吡 咯作為陽極,製備類似裝置。得到相同結果。使用Ba、Li、 Ce、Cs、Eu、Rb、SmA卜 In、LiF/A卜 BaO/Al及 CsF/AH乍 為陰極製備類似裝置,得到類似之I-V特性。 S42 84569 -31- 200403323 此實施例證明本發明所揭示之聚合物可用於製造具有良 好整流效果之雙接頭薄膜裝置。該裝置可作為固態電開關。
t施例:L 使用與實施例6相同之材料及方法製造裝置。此情況下 該陰極及陽極係使用孔板圖案化。製造1〇χ1〇二極體陣列。 各像素之螺距大小係為0.3毫米,其係由兩接觸電極之寬度 界足。各像素之Ι-V特性經分析,發現如同圖丨所示之性質。 此貪施例係證明本發明所揭示之聚合物可用於製造微開 關陣列。 貴施例8 使用與實施例6相同之方法製造裝置。此情況下,活性聚 合物係為來自實施例3之聚合物。使用THF作為溶劑。該 特性係與實施例6相同。裝置前向電流於〜2〇伏特下達到 330毫安/厘米2。 此實施例及實施例6係證明本發明聚合物可作為供雙接 頭開關裝置使用之活性層。 實施例9 依實施例6所述之方法製造薄膜發光裝置。此等裝置中, 使用透明ITO電極作為陽極(圖}中所明示之層丨1〇)。使用聚 (乙烯基咔唑)層作為電洞傳輸層(圖1中所明示之層12〇)。得 自實施例4之聚合物施加於此層頂上,作為層(圖1所示之 層1 30)。其係自THF溶液旋塗,使用如同實施例8所述之方 法。形成之薄膜厚度約為9 5 0埃。於約3 X 1 〇 -6托耳之真空 下於EL層頂上氣相沉積Ba及A1層。該Ba及A1層之厚度個別 跑 84569 -32- 200403323 係為30埃及3000埃。裝置性能係於乾燥箱内使用經校正之 8土光黾一極骨豆及 Keithley 236 Source-Measure-Unit測試。 圖3出示此裝置之電流對電壓ΓΙ_ν”)(曲線23〇)及亮度對 電壓(’’L-V”)(曲線240)特性。於前向偏壓時發現發藍光。於 40伏特下有〜50 cd/m2之亮度。在寬幅電壓範圍内,外加量 子效率係為0.2 % ph/el。EL發光光譜顯示實施例4所揭示之 聚合物的發光量(與相同材料之光致發光光譜比較)。 製造具有類似結構之裝置,但於ITO與PVK層之間使用 PEDOT層(〜1000A)。此等裝置之性能參數係與圖3所示者 相同。 此實施例係證明本發明所揭示之聚合物可於聚合物發光 裝置中作為發光材料。 實施例1 0 依實施例9所述之方法製造薄膜發光裝置。此等裝置中, 使用ITO作為陽極(層110)。實施例5聚合物之層係作為電洞 傳輸層(120)。於電洞傳輸層上旋塗〜1〇〇〇埃之聚(苐^号二 唑)(PFO)(層 130)。使用 Ca/Al作為陰極(150)。於〜i〇/〇 ph/ei 之外加量子效率下觀察PFO之發藍光特性。該CIE色彩座標 係為χ==0·18且y=0.15,其接近於彩色顯示應用所建議之數 值。此等裝置可於低偏壓下操作。發光性一般係於高於4 伏特下觀察,於〜8伏特下達到〜100 cd/m2,且於1 〇伏特下 超過 ΙΟ3 cd/m2。
使用具有烷基側鏈之聚(伸苯基伸乙烯)衍生物作為層 130,重複該方法。於高於4伏特之電壓下發現發綠光,EL -33- a ^ ^ 84569 200403323 效率係為5-10 Cd/A。 使用具有燒氧基側鏈之聚(伸苯基伸乙缔)衍生物作 13〇’重μ方法。於高於4伏特之電壓下發現發橙紅色光, EL效率係為2-3 cd/A。 此實施例證明本發明所揭示之聚合物可作為用於藍色、 綠色及紅色發光裝置的電洞傳輸物f。該裝置可於全色彩 發光顯示器中作為像素。 y
對照例A 依實施例ίο所述之方法進行實驗,但使用ρνκ (Sigma-Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI)作為電洞傳輸層(η◦。得 到與實施例10(本發明所揭示之電洞傳輸聚合物)類似之牡 果。 _ ° 此實施例與實施例10證明本發明所揭示之聚合物可使用 於供監色、綠色、及紅色發光裝置中作為電洞傳輸物質。 該裝置可作為全色彩發光裝置中之像素。 實施例Π 薄膜裝置係自實施例5(100奈米)/Ba(3奈米)/A1(1〇〇奈米) 製造成ITO/聚合物結構。測量於白色燈照射下的電流電壓 特性。於紫外線UV照射下發現光電伏打效應。該開放電路 電壓係〜2伏特。於3 3 6奈米下之感光性係約i毫安/瓦。 此實施例證明本發明所揭示之聚合物可用於製造供紫外 線偵測使用之光電探測器。 實施你μ 重複實施例11之方法,但使用由實施例3與5之聚合物及 84569 -34- 200403323 具有較小光學能隙之附加聚合物或分子的聚合物摻合物所 製得之活性層。該光電探測器係用於測量此等裝置。下表 提供自該摻合物所得之光譜響應的範圍。 添加劑 光譜範圍 PFO 400奈米 綠色PPV衍生物 500奈米 CN-PPV 600奈米 C60,PCBM[6,6] 710奈米 此實施例證明本發明所揭示之聚合物可作為用以製造具 有不同光譜響應範圍之光電探測器的主要材料。對近紅外 線或紅外線光譜範圍具有響應性之掺合物亦適用於能量轉 換裝置諸如太陽能電池。 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1係為發光裝置(LED)之示意圖。 圖2係為實施例5之裝置的電流對電壓曲線。 圖3係為實施例9之裝置的電流對電壓曲線及發光性對電 壓曲線。 【圖式代表符號說明】 100 裝置 110 陽極層 120 選擇層 130 有機活性層 140 選擇層 150 陰極層 S4S 84569 -35-
Claims (1)
- 200403323 拾、申請專利範園: 1 · 一種電洞傳輸聚合物’其包含一聚合物主鏈,鏈上键結 有許多取代基,該取代基係包括至少一稠合芳族環基, 其先決條件為該聚合物不含有選自三芳基胺及咔唑基 之基團。 2·如中請專利範圍第1項之電洞傳輸聚合物,其中該聚合 物主鏈係選自聚丙婦酸酯、聚甲基丙締酸酯、聚芳醯 胺、聚苯乙烯、聚伸芳基(polyarylene)、聚醋、聚伸乙 缔、聚乙缔酸、及聚乙缔g旨。 3 ·如申請專利範圍第1項之電洞傳輸聚合物,其中該稠合 芳族環基係選自萘基、蒽基、菲基、吩拿琳基 (phenalenyl)、苐基、芘基、丁省及戊省基團。 4· 一種有機電子裝置,其陽極與陰極之間具有一活性層, 其中该裝置係進一步具有至少一種電洞傳輸聚合物,此 禾合物包含一聚合物主鏈,鏈上鍵結有許多取代基,包 括稠合芳族環基,其先決條件為該聚合物不含選自三芳 基胺及咔唑基之基團。 5. 如申請專利範圍第4項之裝置,其中該電洞傳輸聚合物 係存在於位在該陽極與該活性層之間的料層中。 6. 如申請專利範圍第4項之裝置,其中該裝置係為發光裝 置。 7. 如申請專利範圍第4項之裝置,其中該裝置係為光電探 測器。 •如申睛專利圍第4项之裝置,其中該裝置係為光電伏 84569 一種雙接頭電開關,其包 物、及第-導恭芦A.罘一·"廷層、電洞傳輸聚合 久罘一導私層,其中該 κ 口 合物i鉍^ L ^ 見洞傳輸聚合物係包含一 口物王鏈,鏈上鍵結有許 氷 I甘+ 取代基’包括稠合芳族戸 基、先決條件為該聚合物 I 之基團。 万基胺及咔唑基 10·如申請專利範圍第9項之電開關,纟中該聚合物主鏈係 選自聚丙婦酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚芳醯胺、聚苯乙 烯、聚伸芳基(polyarylene)、聚酯、聚伸乙締、聚乙烯 醚、及聚乙烯酯。 11 ·如申請專利範圍第9項之電開關,其中該稠合芳族環基 係選自茬基、蒽基、菲基、吩拿琳基(phenalenyl)、棊 基、芘基、丁省及戊省基團。 84569
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-
2003
- 2003-03-25 US US10/396,181 patent/US7205366B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-01 KR KR10-2004-7015072A patent/KR20040104542A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-04-01 AU AU2003222138A patent/AU2003222138A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-04-01 JP JP2003583066A patent/JP2005521783A/ja active Pending
- 2003-04-01 CA CA 2479550 patent/CA2479550A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-04-01 WO PCT/US2003/009851 patent/WO2003086026A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-04-01 EP EP03718127A patent/EP1492855A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-04-01 CN CNA038079437A patent/CN1646660A/zh active Pending
- 2003-04-02 TW TW92107503A patent/TW200403323A/zh unknown
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2005
- 2005-01-14 US US11/035,576 patent/US7410702B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-01-14 US US11/035,577 patent/US7402342B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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AU2003222138A1 (en) | 2003-10-20 |
US20050131185A1 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
US7402342B2 (en) | 2008-07-22 |
CA2479550A1 (en) | 2003-10-16 |
US7205366B2 (en) | 2007-04-17 |
KR20040104542A (ko) | 2004-12-10 |
JP2005521783A (ja) | 2005-07-21 |
EP1492855A2 (en) | 2005-01-05 |
CN1646660A (zh) | 2005-07-27 |
WO2003086026A3 (en) | 2003-12-04 |
US20050124732A1 (en) | 2005-06-09 |
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