RU2457650C1 - Method of soil preparation to rice sowing in fallow of rice crop rotation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and land reclamation. The method includes an autumn tillage by disking, harrowing, sowing of winter crops and wintering intercrops, their harvesting and planting rice. After harvesting of winter crops and wintering intercrops a general planning of checks planes with simultaneous repair of water-inlet and water-outlet irrigation network, restoring check rollers and roads. Then, on the checks surface a maximum layer of water is created and supported until the end of the irrigation season. Thereat the soil is maintained in a condition of maximum water capacity for the entire winter period, after which the density of the plow layer reaches 1.05-1.1 t/m³.

EFFECT: method enables to save energy capacity and reduce the labour intensity of melioration measures carried out; it does not require a spring presowing processing and agro-technical measures; to improve the quality of control of weeds, to increase yields, to reduce the cost of produced grain of rice, to improve the ecological situation in the rice irrigation system.

3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the preparation of soil for sowing rice in a steam field of rice crop rotation.

A known method of dealing with algae on a rice check (US Pat. RU No. 2206969, A01B 79/02, A01G 16/00, 06/27/2003), including autumn finch plowing to a depth of 20-25 cm with a layer revolution, spring tillage, sowing seeds rice, pouring a layer of water 10-12 cm and maintaining it until emergence above the surface of the water.

The disadvantages of this method are its use only for combating the dry type (mesophytes) of weeds in rice crops and only before emergence above the water surface, the inability to completely destroy the weeds in the rice check.

A known method of weed control in a steam field of rice crop rotation (US Pat. RU No. 2330402, A01G 16/00, A01B 79/02, 03/10/2007), including surface treatment of the steam field, spring incorporation of crop residues, the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers in a dose of 20 -30 kg / ha, the creation of a permanent layer of water from May to August to ensure favorable conditions for the active growth of the biomass of algae "water net" (Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.) Lagerh) no the entire water surface.

The disadvantages of this method are the large energy and economic costs of maintaining a layer of water on the check in the period from May to August, the irrational use of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers that are washed out from the arable horizon to the period of rice sowing, and therefore, a decrease in rice yield and environmental safety by rice irrigation system.

There is also known a method of tillage in the link of employed steam (A.P. Dzhulay. Development of flooded lands for rice culture. Krasnodar Book Publishing House. Krasnodar. 1975, pp. 90-93) (prototype), according to which the field left under occupied steam after rice harvesting, seeded with intermediate crops. To do this, dump plowing is carried out to a depth of 14-16 cm, then disking with harrowing and sowing. Intermediate cultures are sown in the period from September 25 to October 5. In the spring after harvesting, they plan the planes of the checks and repair the network, and in the fall they again sow the intermediate crop on green fodder or on green manure. In late April - early May, dump plowing is carried out to a depth of 18-20 cm or milling to a depth of 12-14 cm, followed by fertilizer application and incorporation, rolling and sowing of rice.

The disadvantages of this method are the high energy intensity of the complex technological operations, the decrease in soil fertility and the need for additional doses of mineral and organic fertilizers from re-cultivation of intermediate crops, the decrease in the quality of the surface layout of rice receipts from dump plowing to a depth of 18-20 in late April - early May cm or milling to a depth of 12-14 cm, environmental degradation and lower rice yields due to non-fulfillment of agromeliorate Weed control measures.

The technical result of the invention is to save energy intensity and reduce the complexity of the performed irrigation and drainage measures, it is not necessary to perform spring pre-sowing treatments and agrotechnical measures, improve the quality of weed control, increase yields, reduce the cost of production of rice grain, improve the environmental situation in the rice irrigation system.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of preparing soil for sowing rice in a steam field of rice crop rotation, including autumn tillage by disking, harrowing, sowing winter and wintering crops, harvesting them, overhauling the plane of the checks, repairing the inlet and outlet irrigation networks, restoration of check rollers, roads, rice sowing, according to the invention after harvesting winter and wintering intermediate crops, carry out capital planning of the planes of checks with at the same time repairing the water intake and water outlet irrigation network, restoring the check rollers and roads, then create a maximum layer of water on the surface of the checks, support it until the end of the irrigation season, while the soil is kept in a state of maximum moisture capacity throughout the winter period, after which the density of the arable horizon reaches 1, 05-1.1 t / m ³ .

The novelty of the claimed invention is due to the reduction of technological operations on the irrigation and drainage field due to the maximum water layer created on it, saturation of the soil to the maximum humidity with which the soil is left to winter, while due to negative temperatures in the winter period, the natural loosening of the arable horizon to 1.05 -1.1 t / m ³ and allows you to sow rice without spring seedbed cultivation.

Overhaul of the planes of checks with simultaneous repair of the water inlet and outlet irrigation network, restoration of check rollers and roads will increase the period of flooding of rice checks, which makes it possible to improve the ecological situation on the irrigation and drainage field by reducing weeds.

Creating the maximum water layer on the check after completing the capital planning of the check planes allows you to create conditions for the inhibition of weed vegetation: cereal vegetation does not produce; Higher aquatic vegetation - tuberkamysh, cattail - is inhibited and does not give vegetative shoots, and yearlings of fish that have entered irrigating canals on an irrigation and drainage field destroy seeds and seedlings of cereal and higher aquatic vegetation to a depth of 0.2 m in the soil of the check, which helps to improve the quality combating weeds, increasing yields and the ecological situation in the rice irrigation system.

Maintaining the water layer until the end of the irrigation season creates conditions for the soil to be saturated with water to the maximum moisture capacity, with which the soil is left to hibernate, and due to negative temperatures, the arable horizon naturally loosens to 1.05-1.1 t / m ³ , which will allow to perform rice sowing on time without spring pre-sowing treatments, and this, in turn, will reduce the cost of production of rice grain, increase environmental safety in the rice irrigation system.

The method is as follows. In the autumn, in the agro-reclamation field, disking and harrowing are carried out. Then sowing of winter and wintering intermediate crops is carried out. After harvesting winter and wintering intermediate crops, they carry out capital planning of the planes of the checks with simultaneous repair of the water inlet and water outlet irrigation network, and the restoration of check rollers and roads. Then on the surface of the checks create the maximum layer of water and maintain it until the end of the irrigation season. In this case, the soil is maintained in a state of maximum moisture capacity throughout the winter period, after which the density of the arable horizon reaches 1.05-1.1 t / m ³ . Then, rice is sown.

An example implementation of the method.

Tests of the method of preparing soil for sowing rice in a steam field of rice crop rotation were carried out in three climatic subzones of rice cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory on the collective farm to them. Lenin of the Krasnoarmeysky district, "Star" of the Abinsky district and CJSC "Chernoerkovskoye" of the Slavic region.

Autumn in the agro-reclamation fields of collective farms to them. Lenin of the Krasnoarmeysky district, Zvezda of the Abinsky district and CJSC Chernoerkovskoye of the Slavic region carried out disking and harrowing, after which winter wheat was sown on the Zvezda collective farm and Chernoerkovskoye CJSC and wintering peas on the collective farm named after Lenin. After harvesting winter and wintering intermediate crops, the capital plan of the check planes was completed with the simultaneous repair of the water inlet and water outlet irrigation network, restoration of the check rollers and roads. Then, until the end of the irrigation season, the surface of the steam field checks was flooded with a water layer of 0.5-0.7 m. Throughout the winter period, the soil was kept in the state of maximum moisture capacity, while the density of the arable horizon of the irrigation and drainage fields reached 1.05-1.1 t / m ³ . As a result of using this method of preparing the soil for sowing rice in a steam field of rice crop rotation, an increase in rice yield of 10 to 13% was obtained. The cost of rice grains produced decreased by 8-10%. Energy-saving and reducing the labor intensity of ongoing land reclamation measures decreased by 15-20%. The proposed method allowed to reduce the contamination of rice crops (tables 1, 2) and increase environmental safety in the rice irrigation system by improving the reclamation state of the rice field soils (table 3).

Table 1. Weed tuberkamysh rice crops of the first year in the checks of the collective farm to them. Lenin of the Krasnoarmeysky district, pieces / m ² Indicators Checks eleven 55 53 302 56 Characteristics of checks AMP with a layer of water AMP with a layer of water AMP without a layer of water AMP without a layer of water AMP without a layer of water Number of plants of tubers 2 four 35 22 38

Table 2. Weediness of rice crops Sleeping box on the farm "Star" of the Abinsky district, units / ha Characteristics of checks Check number Rice Tuberkamysh Chicken millet Red grain forms Crop clogging,% tubers chicken millet red grain forms AMP with a layer of water 114 (1) 205 0 9 eleven 0 four 5 AMP with a layer of water 114 (2) 162 0 6 9 0 four 5 AMP with a layer of water 115 (1) 194 0 7 10 0 3 5 AMP with a layer of water 115 (2) 187 0 9 9 0 four 5 AMP with a layer of water in violation of the water supply regime 115 (3) 162 39 7 36 24 four 22 AMP without a layer of water 116 (1) 147 41 10 32 28 7 22 AMP without a layer of water 116 (2) 151 49 8 41 32 5 27

Table 3. Change in the reclamation state of rice check soils in CJSC Chernerkovskoye, Slavyansk District Number / characteristic of checks Depth of selection, cm N-NO ₃ N-NH ₄ P ₂ O ₅ K ₂ O Humus% 166 (1) / AMS with a layer of water 0-5 1.95 0.54 11.5 7.0 2.60 5-10 1.84 0.51 11.0 7.0 168 (1) / AMP without water 0-5 1.44 0.42 13.0 7.0 2,38 5-10 1.38 0.42 12,2 6.9 166 (2) / AMP with a layer of water 0-5 2.09 1.10 10.5 5.8 2.88 5-10 2.04 1,04 10.5 5,6 168 (2) / AMP without water 0-5 1.21 0.71 10.5 5.8 2.71 5-10 1.24 0.69 10.5 5,6

The invention allows to save energy intensity and reduce the labor intensity of the implemented irrigation and drainage measures, does not require spring pre-sowing treatments and agrotechnical measures, improves the quality of weed control, increases productivity, reduces the cost of rice grain production, improves the ecological situation in the rice irrigation system.

Claims (1)

A method of preparing soil for sowing rice in a steam field of rice crop rotation, including autumn tillage by disking, harrowing, sowing winter and wintering crops, harvesting them, overhauling the plane of the checks, repairing the inlet and outlet irrigation network, restoring the check rollers, roads, rice sowing, characterized in that after harvesting the winter and wintering intermediate crops, capital planning of the check planes is carried out with the simultaneous repair of the water inlet and water outlet oro network, by restoration of check rollers and roads, then on the surface of the checks create the maximum layer of water, maintain it until the end of the irrigation season, while the soil is kept in the state of maximum moisture capacity throughout the winter period, after which the density of the arable horizon reaches 1.05-1.1 t / m ³ .