RU2415531C2 - Method of vegetative reclamation of degraded lands in rice bays - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention refers to agriculture, in particular, to land reclamation. Method includes main treatment of soil for depth of 27-30 cm, surface treatment of soil, levelling of relief, preparation of planting stock in the form of hefts from licorice roots with length of 20-25 cm of four-five years of age with 4-6 auxiliary renewal buds, formation of holes with depth of up to 0.3 m, planting and care. Hole is shaped as a truncated cone, wide base of which matches surface of the rice bay soil. Hole is arranged with depth of 25-30 cm with small base diametre of 0.5-0.6 m and large base diametre of 1.2-1.5 m. Holes are arranged in staggered order on surface of rice bay with distance from each other of 2.4-3.2 m. In bottom part of hole in radial directions 6-10 hefts of licorice roots are laid, hole is filled with substrate, at the depth of 12-14 cm from upper base of hole, above hefts of licorice roots, coated with substrate, 12-24 girasol tubers are laid. Large base of hole is coated with 12-24 arc sectors from soddy layer saturated with roots and rhizomes of solonchak wheat grass with sod cover thickness of 6-8 cm, surface of sod layer with rhizomes of solonchak wheat grass is coated with a layer of substrate with thickness of 2-6 cm.

EFFECT: method provides for reduced level of ground waters, extent of their mineralisation and carry-over of salts with vegetative mass of common licorice, solonchak wheat-grass and girasol beyond the borders of rice bay.

2 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to technologies for accelerated return to economic circulation of irrigated land with a high standing highly mineralized groundwater.

There is a method of creating forest strips on saline soils by planting large seedlings with a lump of land, which includes preparing the soil and planting, in which, in order to accelerate the agrotechnical and protective effect, one-year soil preparation to the depth of the fertile layer is given, sowing of green manure, followed by sowing, and planting made by large seedlings with a lump of earth into open pits packed by metal shovels (RU, application No. 94039309/13. IPC ⁶ A01G 23/00. Method of creating forest strips on saline soils planting large seedlings with a clod of land // A.Ya. Samartsev. - claimed on 09.26.1994; published on 02.27.1998, Bull. No. 6 // Inventions. - 1998. - No. 6 - H I. - C.8).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem we are solving - restoration of soil fertility in waste rice bins with secondary salinization and a high level of groundwater standing - include the fact that despite the large material and labor costs, this problem is not solved. One type of halophyte cannot reduce the level of groundwater and reduce its mineralization.

A known method of creating licorice plantations, including the preparation of planting material, planting in pre-prepared wells and care, in which planting material is placed in individual capsules filled with fertile soil without a bottom, is rooted using a nutrient solution by immersing 1 / 5-1 / 10 of the capsule height to creating a powerful network of sucking roots from the axillary buds and the appearance of 3-5 stable leaves, install plastic containers in pre-prepared holes, fill them with fertile soil, moisten the capsules with rooted planting material are planted and planted, when the height of the aboveground shoots reaches 0.2-0.5 m, the capsules are removed from the plastic containers, in the third year, by the end of the active vegetative growth of seedlings, the side walls of the plastic containers are violently cut and the root mass is harvested licorice is carried out for 7-8 years of plant life, together with plastic containers; rooting of planting material in capsules filled with fertile soil is carried out at a temperature of the nutrient solution above 20 ° C; capsules are removed by moving up along the vegetative shoots of licorice; in the bottom of the plastic containers perform annular catchments for accumulating moisture reserves and a round hole for the penetration of the roots of planting material in open ground; holes without preliminary soil preparation are formed with a diameter of 0.5-0.6 m to a depth of 0.4-0.5 m with a step in a row of at least 1.5 m, and the rows are displaced from each other by a width of 2.1-2, 8 m; planting care includes irrigation to maintain soil moisture in a plastic container in the range of 60-70% HB (RU, patent No. 2160982. C1. IPC ⁷ АВВ 79/02, A01G 1/00. Method for creating licorice plantations / А.V. Galda , AM Saldaev. Application No. 99117242/13; Announced August 9, 1999; Publish. December 27, 2000. Bull. No. 36 // Inventions. - 2000. - No. 36).

The disadvantages of the described method of phytomelioration of degraded lands by licorice plants include the fact that the creation of phytocenoses requires frequent irrigation with fresh water by technical means not provided for this operation.

A known method of creating long-term plantations of licorice Glycyrrhiza globra L. and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Including the main tillage to a depth of 27-30 cm, surface tillage and leveling, preparing planting material in the form of horizontal rhizomes and vertical roots 20-30 cm long in the age of four to five years, planting and care, in which the planting of roots and rhizomes is carried out in a wide-row way with a row spacing of 0.6-0.7 m, while in the rows form holes with a diameter of 0.2-0.3 m and a depth of 0 , 3 m in increments of 0.6-0.7 m, before planting a vege native parts of planting material are connected from one end into bundles with more than three shoots, while the connected end is lowered to the bottom of the hole, sprinkled with soil, and the upper ends of the rhizomes and roots are deflected in radial directions with a vertical angle of not more than 45-60 °, then the holes are covered with soil, compacted and leveled; after the appearance of 3-5 leaves on partial shoots, inter-row cares are performed in two mutually perpendicular directions (RU, patent No. 2111481. C1. IPC ⁶ АВВ 79/02. A method for creating long-term licorice plantations - licorice cuttings Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Glycyrrhiza uralens. / AM Saldaev, A.V. Kolganov, BB Borodychev. - Application No. 97111654/13; Announced July 10, 1997; Publish. September 10, 1998, Bull. No. 25 // Inventions. - 1998. - No. 25).

The disadvantage of the described method, adopted by us as the closest analogue, is the limited scope.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to reduce the time for restoration of soil fertility of degraded lands in waste rice fields with high standing groundwater and secondary salinization of the arable horizon.

The technical result is a decrease in groundwater level, its degree of mineralization and the removal of salts with a vegetative mass of licorice, wheatgrass and Jerusalem artichoke beyond the rice check.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of phytomelioration of degraded lands in rice fields, including basic tillage to a depth of 27-30 cm, surface tillage, leveling the relief, preparing planting material in the form of cuttings from licorice rhizomes 20-25 cm long four -five years with 4-6 axillary kidneys of renewal, the formation of holes with a depth of 0.3 m, planting and care, according to the invention, each hole is shaped like a truncated cone, with a wide base combined with the soil surface of the rice check, each hole is 25-30 cm deep, with diameters of small 0.5-0.6 m and large 1.2-1.5 m bases, the holes on the surface of the rice check are staggered away from each other each other at a distance of 2.4-3.2 m, in this part of the hole in radial directions 6-10 cuttings from licorice rhizomes are laid, the hole is filled with a substrate, at a depth of 12-14 cm from the upper base of the hole above cuttings from licorice rhizomes covered with a substrate stack 12-24 Jerusalem artichoke tubers, a large base of the hole is covered with 12-24 arc sectors of a soddy layer saturated with roots and rhizomes of two to three years old solonchak wheatgrass with a thickness of 6-8 cm, the surface of a soddy layer with rhizomes of a solonchak wheat grass is covered with a layer of substrate 2-6 cm thick.

The invention is illustrated by drawings. Figure 1 schematically shows a rice check with made holes, a plan view.

Figure 2 - section aa in figure 1, a vertical section of the hole in the form of a truncated cone with tiers of licorice rhizome cuttings, Jerusalem artichoke tubers and turf with roots and rhizomes of solonchak wheatgrass. Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The phytomelioration method of degraded lands in rice check 1 (see Fig. 1) includes the main tillage to a depth of 27-30 cm, surface tillage, leveling the relief, preparing planting material in the form of cuttings 2 from licorice rhizomes (Fig. 2) of length 20 -25 cm four to five years of age with 4-6 axillary kidneys of renewal, the formation of holes 3 with a depth of 0.3 m, landing and care.

The main tillage in the waste rice check is carried out by mounted either disk or plow-plow plows. The term of plowing is the end of August-September. It should be preceded by an operation to peel stubble or turf. Thanks to the peeling and plowing with the turnover of the stubble, the crop residues are weed seeds, scavenger from rice seeds, weed vegetation are embedded at the bottom of the furrow. These operations contribute to the quality of subsequent technological operations.

The proposed method of phytomelioration of junk rice checks can be implemented both in the late autumn and early spring.

For the formation of stable agrophytocenoses, naked malodniks, wheatgrass, salt marsh and Jerusalem artichoke on degraded saline solonetzic soils of waste rice systems require careful surface tillage. Following plowing in the autumn period, disc ridges crumble over disc ridges and level out furrow ridges at adjacent passages of the arable unit. Cultivators KSO-5 (KPS-4) in conjunction with the tooth harrows BZSS-1,0 loosen the top layer of soil and level it. Thus, a soil layer of 0-10 cm with agronomically valuable soil fractions is created. The need for a thorough implementation of this operation will be explained below.

The converted pit digger in the aggregate with the MT3-100 tractor performs the wells 3. When making recesses in the arable layer, each hole 3 is shaped like a truncated cone with a height of H = 0.25-0.30 m and base diameters d = 0.5-0.6 m and D = 1.2-1.5 m. At the indicated sizes, soil with a volume of V = Hπ (d ² + D ² ) / 8 = 1,0386 m ^{3 is} removed from hole ³ . This volume of soil is distributed around the hole 3 with a thickness of h ₁ layer of 6 cm (figure 2) in the form of a ring with diameters D = 1.5 m and D ₁ = 4.93 m (figure 1).

With a wide base, hole 3 is aligned with the surface of rice check 1, thereby forming a catchment both in the autumn-winter period and during natural precipitation in the warm season. Each hole 3 is made with a depth of H = 0.25-0.30 m. The diameter in the lower part of the hole 3 is d = 0.5-0.6 m, and the largest diameter of the base of the hole 3 is D = 1.2-1.5 m. The holes 3 on the surface of the rice check 1 are placed in a checkerboard pattern with the holes 3 removed from each other at a distance of 2.4-3.2 m. This allows the volume of soil removed from the hole 3 more than 1 m ^{3 to} distribute between them an even layer of 6 cm thick (figure 1).

In the bottom of the hole 3 in the radial directions 6-10 cuttings 2 from the rhizomes of licorice are laid. Well 3 is filled with substrate 4 with a thickness of 16 ... 18 cm. At a depth of a = 12-14 cm from the surface, 12-24 tubers of Jerusalem artichoke are laid on substrate 4. Tubers 5 with a diameter of 2.5 ... 6.5 cm are covered with a substrate 4 with a thickness of 4-6 cm. The hole 3 from the side of the large base with a diameter D is covered with 12-24 arc sectors 6 of a turf layer saturated with roots and rhizomes of a two to three-year-old solonchak wheatgrass . The thickness t of each sector 6 is 6-8 cm. The surface of sectors 6 of the turf layer with roots and rhizomes of the solonchak wheat grass is covered with a layer of substrate 4 with a thickness of h = 2-6 cm. Thus, 400 holes with aisles are created on the area of rice check 1 with an area of 1 ha 5 m and a distance of 5 m in each row from each other.

One of the most promising types of halophytes-phytomeliorants for effective and accelerated development of salted irrigated lands includes the joint development of waste degraded lands by plants of licorice, barren grass and Jerusalem artichoke. Each of these mesogalophyte plants is a multi-purpose crop.

Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a perennial multi-purpose plant. In agriculture, vegetative mass is used for fodder, and seeds are used for reproduction of hayfields and plantations of licorice culture. The root mass of licorice (licorice) is a valuable technical raw material for a number of industries - pharmaceutical, perfumery, confectionery, canning, tobacco, non-ferrous metallurgy, etc. Licorice is a mesogalophyte. It can grow in saline soils (salt content up to 0.5%) and at a high level of standing mineralized groundwater. Licorice in culture is very demanding on moisture and provides high productivity when fertilizing with mineral fertilizers (N, P, K) and irrigation. Under irrigation conditions on the 3rd and 4th years of life, the projective cover is 80 ... 90%. For irrigation of crops with seeds and planting with cuttings from licorice rhizomes, waste and drainage-collector waters can be used. The volume of the latter on rice checks is very large and leaves 25 ... 30% of the total water supply. The uniqueness of licorice as a phytomeliorant also lies in longevity (over 40 years), high potency of vegetative propagation, significant seed productivity and valuable grass feed with good eatability, unpretentiousness to soils and mineral nutrition, a wide range of adaptability to water regimes of soil, and the possibility of transferring moderate soil and flooding in floodplains and estuaries. Due to its biological characteristics, this culture makes it possible to reclaim degraded irrigated lands both by sowing seeds and by planting cuttings from rhizomes of 4-5 years of age, depending on the reclamation state of the reclaimed site and other conditions. Licorice gives from each hectare up to 6 ... 8 tons of raw root as a planting material.

Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus L. is a tuberous plant of the aster family, or Asteraceae, Compositae, a perennial plant that can propagate both by seeds and tubers at the ends of stolons. Jerusalem artichoke is grown as a technical, food, feed, and recently as a medicinal crop for pharmaceutical purposes. Jerusalem artichoke has high environmental sustainability, heat tolerance, drought resistance, cold resistance (at subzero temperatures in the winter), resistance to pathogens and agricultural crops. pests. In the spring, Jerusalem artichoke sprouts take out frosts to -4 ... -5 ° C, and in autumn the plants vegetate to frosts (-7 ... -8C) and can withstand short-term cooling (up to -15C). Its tubers can withstand freezing up to -20 ° C, without losing planting qualities for reproduction. In the conditions of the semi-desert zone of the Northern Caspian on light chestnut and brown, medium and heavy loamy secondly saline soils, it withstands chloride-sulfate and sulfate salinization (the content of water-soluble salts in the layer 0 ... 1.0 m 0.671 ... 1.019%) and a high level of groundwater occurrence ( 0.8 ... 1.2 m).

The drought tolerance of Jerusalem artichoke is combined with its ability to withstand increased soil moisture during the growing season, even with complete short-term flooding. At the same time, excessive moisture or close standing of groundwater has a negative effect on plants and on the safety of tubers in the autumn-winter period (soaking).

Jerusalem artichoke has a high breeding rate. On one plant, up to 40 tubers of various sizes are formed. The yield of green mass is 35 ... 60 t / ha and tubers 20 ... 60 t / ha.

Jerusalem artichoke is characterized by branching and high stems, reaching a height of 2.5 ... 2.8 m in an arid climate. The leaves are large, their number on one plant reaches up to 200 pieces. The tubers are white with a purple hue, pear-shaped, often with small tubers 2-3 cm in diameter.

Jerusalem artichoke has several breeding local varieties: Nakhodka, Skorospelka, White Yield, Vadim, Kiev White, Volzhskaya 2, Leningradskaya, etc.

Solonchak wheat grass - highly winter-resistant, cold-resistant, drought-resistant, satisfactorily growing after mowing and grazing. It withstands sulfate and chloride salinization up to 2%, flooding with mineralized waters up to 0.8 ... 0.9 m and flooding up to 3 months. The projective coverage of culture in the 1st year of life is 60 ... 70%; 2nd and 3rd years of life 80 ... 100%; 4th and 5th years up to 80-90%, in the sixth year - 80 ... 90%; for the seventh year, no more than 70 ... 90%. This allows wheat grass and soil under it to withstand various erosion processes. Solonchak wheatgrass exhibits peculiar salinity-resistant properties characteristic of some halophytes. Wheatgrass is characterized by high productivity of green mass and seeds in comparison with boneless rump and wheatgrass. The yield of solonchak wheatgrass reaches 33.0 ... 38.5 t / ha, hay 6.5 ... 12.0 t / ha and seeds up to 0.3 ... 0.8 t / ha. The solonchak grassland is distinguished by longevity and, even with intensive grazing of cattle and small cattle, it is resistant to trampling (knocking out) of animal hooves due to dense turf. Wheat grass persists in a grass stand for up to 10 years or more. Resistant to disease (Septoria, powdery mildew, brown rust, etc.) and agricultural pests. To remove air from the voids between the cuttings 2 licorice and substrate 4, between the tubers 5, substrate 4 and segment 6 of the turf layer of solonchak wheat grass and segments 6 and substrate 4 in the upper part of the hole 3 into the annular cavity with a diameter D and a height h ₁ fill with water. With completely absorbed water in the extract 4, the surface of the hole 3 is loosened. The first to the surface of the hole 3 are the stalks of wheat grass creeping. The height of the plants reaches 60-120 cm. The stem is smooth. Leaves are green. Spikelet 5-10 flowering. Grain - linear-oblong up to 4 mm long. From the rhizomes and segments of sod in sectors 6, new stems appear that obscure the surface of the hole 3. At the same time, stems and roots develop from tubers 5 of Jerusalem artichoke. Jerusalem artichoke stalks penetrate the thickness of the turf and cuts between segments 6. The Jerusalem artichoke stalks rush up and form the upper tier of vegetation with a diameter in the butt of up to 1 m and a height of 1.5 to 2.3 m. From the axillary buds of cuttings 2 root hairs appear, and only then, one or two vegetative shoots begin to develop slowly, which rush up along the stems of Jerusalem artichoke.

The state of the waste rice check by the level of groundwater, its salinity, the humus content in the layer is 0-0.3 m, the supply of N, P, K macronutrients and the addition density are shown in column 3 in the table below. In the same 2001, joint planting of 3 cuttings, 2 licorice, 3 tubers of Jerusalem artichoke and rhizomes of solonchak wheatgrass in the form of sod segments 6 was made in the wells. The implementation of holes 3 and a large open surface led to a rise in the level of ground water during the vegetation period to 0.65 m. Its mineralization amounted to 17.1 g / l. Due to the mechanical preparation of the soil and the implementation of holes 3, the addition density in the layer of 0-0.3 m from 1.52 t / m ³ decreased to 1.26 t / m ³ . By the first year of growth of licorice plants, wheat grass of salt marsh and Jerusalem artichoke, the projective coating of the surface of the rice check did not exceed 12%.

By the end of the third year of growth of solonchak wheatgrass, annually growing licorice and Jerusalem artichoke plants, the groundwater level dropped to 0.72 m with a slight decrease in its mineralization (14.1 g / l). Due to crop residues, dying roots of Jerusalem artichoke and wheatgrass, the humus content in the layer 0-0.3 m changed from 1.1 to 1.16%. Provision of soil nutrients N, P, K remained unchanged. The density of addition from 1.26 increased to 1.41 t / m ³ . Due to the creeping wheatgrass, the projective cover increased to 30.6%. The yield of vegetative mass of licorice was 1.13 t / ha of green mass, wheat grass of salt marsh - 12.6 t / ha, and the green mass of Jerusalem artichoke reached 21.3 t / ha.

In 2004, due to the intensive growth of solonchak grass and licorice wheatgrass, the groundwater level dropped to the level of 0.83 m with a significant decrease in mineralization - from 17.6 to 10.2 g / l. Together with the vegetative mass, up to 218 kg / ha of toxic salts were removed from the root zone. The productivity of the green mass of licorice, Jerusalem artichoke, and solonchak wheatgrass has noticeably increased.

By the fall of 2005, in the observed rice check, due to plants - phytomeliorants, the groundwater level dropped to 1.13, and its mineralization was 8.6 g / l. The removal of toxic salts from the harvested green mass was 432 kg / ha with a green mass yield of licorice 18.42 t / ha, wheatgrass 20.6 t / ha and Jerusalem artichoke 32.6 t / ha. At the same time, the projective coverage of the rice check reached 80.4%.

In 2006, there was a sharp decrease in the level of groundwater (1.47 m) and the salt content in it (7.2 g / l). In the arable layer of 0-0.3 m, the nitrogen content increased to 217.6 mg / kg of soil, phosphorus - 80.3 mg / kg and potassium to 280.6 mg / kg of soil. The removal of salts with a green mass of mesogalophytes amounted to 336 kg / ha with a yield of licorice, wheatgrass and Jerusalem artichoke 20.7; 24.2 and 40.3 t / ha, respectively. The projective coverage by plants - meliorants of waste rice check amounted to 90.6%.

Large water transpiration by leaves and stems of Jerusalem artichoke, annually growing from tubers, stems and leaves of licorice from Karabash, wheat grass creeping from rhizomes, lowered the groundwater level in 2007 to the level of 1.62 m with its mineralization of 6.3 g / l.

The soil compaction density did not exceed 1.08 t / m ³ in the 0-0.3 m layer. The projective coverage of the rice check reached 96.2%. Up to 221 kg / ha of toxic salts were removed from the root horizon with green mass.

In 2008, the yield of root mass of licorice was 8.97 t / ha of raw root, and Jerusalem artichoke tubers reached 44.2 t / ha. The salt removal amounted to 106 kg / ha. The groundwater level was 1.83 m with a mineralization of 5.1 g / l.

The presented information about the claimed method of phytomelioration of degraded lands in waste rice fields indicates that at 6, 7 and 8 years of life of mesogalophyte plants it is possible to introduce a rice field into active economic circulation by intensively suppressing the viability of licorice plants and solonchak wheat grass (see table. .one).

Table 1 Efficiency of phytomelioration of degraded lands of rice fields by bare licorice mesogalophytes, creeping wheatgrass and Jerusalem artichoke, made by joint planting in one well of cuttings from licorice rhizomes, Jerusalem artichoke tubers and turf from roots and rhizomes of solonchak wheatgrass No. p / p The name of indicators Observation period, years 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 one The level of groundwater from the surface of the check, m 0.7 0.65 0.72 0.83 1.13 1.47 1,62 1.83 2 Groundwater mineralization, g / l 17.6 17.1 14.1 10,2 8.6 7.2 6.3 5.1 3 Humus content in the layer 0-0.3 m,% 1,1 1,08 1.16 1.21 2.26 1.27 1.26 1.29 four Provision of a layer of 0-0.3 m nitrogen, mg / kg 33.9 34.0 41.2 46.3 211.7 217.6 318.2 340.1 5 Provision of a layer of 0-0.3 m phosphorus, mg / kg 35.6 38,0 40,2 41.7 56.7 80.3 90.6 107.4 6 Provision of a layer of 0-0.3 m potassium, mg / kg 340.8 350.1 340.1 330.2 300,5 280.6 270.1 260,2 7 The removal of salts with a vegetative mass, kg / ha - - - 218.0 432.0 336.0 221.0 106.0 8 The density of the soil layer in the layer 0-1.0 m, t / m ³ 1,52 1.26 1.41 1.48 1.32 1.26 1,08 1.15 9 Projective coverage,% - 12.1 30.6 60,2 80,4 90.6 96.2 88.4 10 Productivity of the vegetative mass of licorice, t / ha - - 1.13 10.26 18,42 20.7 32,7 36.8 eleven Productivity of the root mass of licorice, t / ha - - 0.08 1.21 1.76 2.77 6.98 8.97 12 Yield of wheatgrass solonchak, t / ha - - 12.6 19,2 20.6 24.2 32,0 33.6 13 The yield of green mass of Jerusalem artichoke, t / ha - - 21.3 31.6 32.6 40.3 48.6 44,2 fourteen The yield of Jerusalem artichoke tubers, t / ha - - - 11.6 12.6 20.3 18.6 14.2

Claims (1)

The method of phytomelioration of degraded lands in rice fields, including basic tillage to a depth of 27-30 cm, surface tillage, leveling the relief, preparing planting material in the form of cuttings from licorice rhizomes 20-25 cm long, four to five years old with 4-6 axillary buds renewal, formation of holes up to 0.3 m deep, planting and care, characterized in that each hole is shaped like a truncated cone, with a wide base aligned with the soil surface of the rice check, each hole is filled with depth 25-30 cm, with diameters of the small base of 0.5-0.6 m and the large base of 1.2-1.5 m, the holes on the surface of the rice check are staggered with a distance of 2.4-3 from each other , 2 m, 6-10 cuttings from licorice rhizomes are laid in radial directions in the bottom of the hole, the hole is filled with a substrate, 12-14 cm from the upper base of the hole above the cuttings of licorice rhizomes covered with a substrate, 12-24 Jerusalem artichoke tubers are laid, the large base of the hole is covered with 12-24 arc sectors from the turf layer saturated with roots and roots soup two - three years of age with the wheat grass sod solonchak 6-8 cm thick, with a surface layer of the sod rhizomes wheatgrass solonchak covered substrate layer thickness of 2-6 cm.