NO331172B1 - Fremgangsmate for a fremstille en koboltbasert Fischer-Tropsch syntesekatalysator - Google Patents
Fremgangsmate for a fremstille en koboltbasert Fischer-Tropsch syntesekatalysatorInfo
- Publication number
- NO331172B1 NO331172B1 NO20052027A NO20052027A NO331172B1 NO 331172 B1 NO331172 B1 NO 331172B1 NO 20052027 A NO20052027 A NO 20052027A NO 20052027 A NO20052027 A NO 20052027A NO 331172 B1 NO331172 B1 NO 331172B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- cobalt
- tropsch synthesis
- synthesis catalyst
- preparing
- fischer
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title abstract 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 title abstract 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0272—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255
- B01J31/0274—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255 containing silicon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/75—Cobalt
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8913—Cobalt and noble metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
- B01J37/0209—Impregnation involving a reaction between the support and a fluid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
- C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G2/331—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
- C10G2/332—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/12—Silica and alumina
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
- B01J2231/64—Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations
- B01J2231/641—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
- B01J2231/64—Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations
- B01J2231/641—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes
- B01J2231/648—Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J33/00—Protection of catalysts, e.g. by coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
- B01J37/0203—Impregnation the impregnation liquid containing organic compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
- B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Abstract
Fremgangsmåte for å fremstille en koboltbasert Fischer-Tropsch syntesekatalysator som inkluderer å introdusere en løselig modifiserende komponentforløper med formelen Mc(OR)x, der Mc er en modifiserende komponent valgt fra gruppen omfattende Si, Ti, Cu, Zn, Zr, Mn, Ba, Ni, Na, K, Ca, Sn, Cr, Fe, Li, Tl, Sr, Ga, Sb, V, Hf, Th, Ce, Ge, U, Nb, Ta, W eller La, R er en alkyl- eller acylgruppe, og x er et heltall med en verdi fra 1 til 5, på og/eller i en koboltbasert Fischer-Tropsch syntesekatalysatorforløper, som omfatter en porøs forhåndformet katalysatorbærer som bærer kobolt i en oksidert form. Den resulterende modifiserte Fischer-Tropsch syntesekatalysatorforløperen reduseres for å oppnå en kobolt Fischer-Tropsch syntesekatalysator.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US56546804P | 2004-04-26 | 2004-04-26 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO20052027D0 NO20052027D0 (no) | 2005-04-26 |
NO20052027L NO20052027L (no) | 2005-10-27 |
NO331172B1 true NO331172B1 (no) | 2011-10-24 |
Family
ID=34652530
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO20052027A NO331172B1 (no) | 2004-04-26 | 2005-04-26 | Fremgangsmate for a fremstille en koboltbasert Fischer-Tropsch syntesekatalysator |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7365040B2 (no) |
JP (1) | JP4989038B2 (no) |
AU (1) | AU2005201728B2 (no) |
BR (1) | BRPI0501434B1 (no) |
DE (1) | DE102005019103B4 (no) |
FR (1) | FR2871075B1 (no) |
GB (1) | GB2415396B (no) |
IT (1) | ITUD20050070A1 (no) |
NL (1) | NL1028877C2 (no) |
NO (1) | NO331172B1 (no) |
ZA (1) | ZA200503384B (no) |
Families Citing this family (37)
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GB2410449B (en) * | 2004-01-28 | 2008-05-21 | Statoil Asa | Fischer-Tropsch catalysts |
RU2389548C2 (ru) * | 2004-09-23 | 2010-05-20 | Статоил Аса | Промотированный катализатор синтеза фишера-тропша, способ его получения и способ синтеза углеводородов фишера-тропша |
US7348463B2 (en) * | 2006-03-27 | 2008-03-25 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Hydrogenation of aromatic compounds |
JP4952045B2 (ja) * | 2006-04-28 | 2012-06-13 | Jsr株式会社 | エネルギー線硬化型インクジェット印刷用インク |
JP2007307436A (ja) * | 2006-05-16 | 2007-11-29 | Ihi Corp | フィッシャー・トロプシュ合成触媒とその製造方法 |
GB2446127A (en) * | 2007-01-30 | 2008-08-06 | Gtl F1 Ag | Preparation of Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts |
US20090023822A1 (en) * | 2007-07-19 | 2009-01-22 | Tijm Peter J | Method for activating and regenerating catalyst for a fischer-tropsch synthesis reaction |
WO2009034046A1 (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2009-03-19 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Process for stabilising a fischer tropsch catalyst |
GB2473071B (en) | 2009-09-01 | 2013-09-11 | Gtl F1 Ag | Fischer-tropsch catalysts |
GB2475492B (en) | 2009-11-18 | 2014-12-31 | Gtl F1 Ag | Fischer-Tropsch synthesis |
AU2011265492B2 (en) * | 2010-07-02 | 2013-01-31 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Modified Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and method for conversion of syngas |
CN103249481B (zh) | 2010-08-09 | 2015-11-25 | Gtl.F1公司 | 费托催化剂 |
EA024093B1 (ru) | 2010-12-22 | 2016-08-31 | Сауди Бейсик Индастриз Корпорейшн | Катализатор, используемый в синтезе фишера-тропша |
CA2826520C (en) | 2011-02-09 | 2019-02-12 | Sasol Technology (Proprietary) Limited | A method of preparing a catalyst precursor |
BR112013028495B1 (pt) * | 2011-05-06 | 2019-12-03 | Sasol Tech Pty Ltd | catalisadores |
EP2790831B1 (en) | 2011-12-14 | 2020-10-28 | Sasol Technology (Proprietary) Limited | Catalysts |
EP2679568A1 (en) | 2012-06-25 | 2014-01-01 | Saudi Basic Industries Corporation | Process for production ethylene and propylene from syngas |
WO2014001697A1 (fr) | 2012-06-26 | 2014-01-03 | Sicat Llc | Supports de catalyseur à base de carbure de silicium recouvert de TiO2 pour la synthèse de Fischer-Tropsch |
US9545620B2 (en) | 2012-06-27 | 2017-01-17 | Saudi Basic Industries Corporation | Catalyst and process for selective production of lower hydrocarbons C1-C5 from syngas with low methane and CO2 production |
US9527782B2 (en) | 2012-08-02 | 2016-12-27 | Sasol Technology (Propietary) Limited | Method of preparing a modified support, a catalyst precursor and a catalyst, and a hydrocarbon synthesis process using the catalyst |
US9289750B2 (en) | 2013-03-09 | 2016-03-22 | Brigham Young University | Method of making highly porous, stable aluminum oxides doped with silicon |
CN105142782A (zh) | 2013-04-24 | 2015-12-09 | 沙特基础工业公司 | 用于由合成气选择性合成低级烃类的催化剂 |
EP3027314A2 (en) | 2013-07-31 | 2016-06-08 | Saudi Basic Industries Corporation | Catalyst for conversion of synthesis gas |
US9486785B2 (en) | 2013-07-31 | 2016-11-08 | Saudi Basic Industries Corporation | Catalyst and process for the production of olefins from syngas |
CN104437532B (zh) * | 2013-09-24 | 2017-03-15 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 固定床制低碳烯烃催化剂、制备方法及其用途 |
WO2015104056A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 | 2015-07-16 | Statoil Petroleum As | Catalyst support and catalyst for fischer-tropsch synthesis |
CN103920496B (zh) * | 2014-04-22 | 2015-11-18 | 武汉凯迪工程技术研究总院有限公司 | 介孔材料包覆式钴基费托合成催化剂及其制备方法 |
US9233358B1 (en) | 2014-09-10 | 2016-01-12 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Stable support for Fischer-Tropsch catalyst |
US9192921B1 (en) | 2014-09-10 | 2015-11-24 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Support for Fischer-Tropsch catalyst having improved activity |
US9687826B2 (en) | 2014-09-10 | 2017-06-27 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Support for fischer-tropsch catalyst having improved activity |
US9233360B1 (en) | 2014-09-10 | 2016-01-12 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Stable support for Fischer-Tropsch catalyst |
US9168512B1 (en) | 2014-09-10 | 2015-10-27 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Stable support for Fischer-Tropsch catalyst |
CN107376922B (zh) * | 2016-05-17 | 2021-02-09 | 神华集团有限责任公司 | 一种铁基费托合成催化剂及其制备方法和应用以及合成气经费托合成制烃化合物的方法 |
CN111774059A (zh) * | 2019-04-03 | 2020-10-16 | 国家能源投资集团有限责任公司 | 费托合成铁基催化剂及其制备方法和应用以及合成气经费托合成制烃化合物的方法 |
CN113164929A (zh) * | 2019-09-30 | 2021-07-23 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 用于丙烯的氨氧化催化剂、该催化剂的制备方法、使用该催化剂的氨氧化方法 |
CN112916007A (zh) * | 2019-12-05 | 2021-06-08 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种费托合成催化剂的制备方法 |
CN113926461B (zh) * | 2020-06-29 | 2024-01-12 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种合成气直接制低碳烯烃的催化剂及其应用 |
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AU2002363102B2 (en) | 2001-10-25 | 2006-11-23 | Basf Nederland B.V. | Process for activating cobalt catalysts |
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2005
- 2005-04-25 DE DE102005019103.7A patent/DE102005019103B4/de active Active
- 2005-04-25 US US11/113,825 patent/US7365040B2/en active Active
- 2005-04-26 ZA ZA200503384A patent/ZA200503384B/xx unknown
- 2005-04-26 GB GB0508424A patent/GB2415396B/en active Active
- 2005-04-26 AU AU2005201728A patent/AU2005201728B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-04-26 JP JP2005127990A patent/JP4989038B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-04-26 IT IT000070A patent/ITUD20050070A1/it unknown
- 2005-04-26 NO NO20052027A patent/NO331172B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-04-26 FR FR0504178A patent/FR2871075B1/fr active Active
- 2005-04-26 BR BRPI0501434-4A patent/BRPI0501434B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-04-26 NL NL1028877A patent/NL1028877C2/nl active Search and Examination
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102005019103A1 (de) | 2005-12-08 |
ITUD20050070A1 (it) | 2005-10-27 |
DE102005019103B4 (de) | 2023-09-21 |
GB2415396B (en) | 2008-12-17 |
JP4989038B2 (ja) | 2012-08-01 |
GB0508424D0 (en) | 2005-06-01 |
BRPI0501434A (pt) | 2005-12-06 |
GB2415396A (en) | 2005-12-28 |
NL1028877A1 (nl) | 2005-10-27 |
US20050245623A1 (en) | 2005-11-03 |
AU2005201728A1 (en) | 2005-11-10 |
JP2005313167A (ja) | 2005-11-10 |
FR2871075B1 (fr) | 2015-09-11 |
ZA200503384B (en) | 2007-02-28 |
BRPI0501434B1 (pt) | 2014-09-02 |
NO20052027D0 (no) | 2005-04-26 |
NL1028877C2 (nl) | 2006-06-20 |
US7365040B2 (en) | 2008-04-29 |
NO20052027L (no) | 2005-10-27 |
FR2871075A1 (fr) | 2005-12-09 |
AU2005201728B2 (en) | 2010-07-29 |
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