KR100638798B1 - 반도체 웨이퍼 표면의 화학기계적 폴리싱 장치 및 방법 - Google Patents

반도체 웨이퍼 표면의 화학기계적 폴리싱 장치 및 방법 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
KR100638798B1
KR100638798B1 KR1020017006843A KR20017006843A KR100638798B1 KR 100638798 B1 KR100638798 B1 KR 100638798B1 KR 1020017006843 A KR1020017006843 A KR 1020017006843A KR 20017006843 A KR20017006843 A KR 20017006843A KR 100638798 B1 KR100638798 B1 KR 100638798B1
Authority
KR
South Korea
Prior art keywords
wafer
polishing
housing
pad
pin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
KR1020017006843A
Other languages
English (en)
Korean (ko)
Other versions
KR20010089531A (ko
Inventor
텔리에호메이욘
Original Assignee
에이에스엠 누툴, 인코포레이티드
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 에이에스엠 누툴, 인코포레이티드 filed Critical 에이에스엠 누툴, 인코포레이티드
Publication of KR20010089531A publication Critical patent/KR20010089531A/ko
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of KR100638798B1 publication Critical patent/KR100638798B1/ko
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/04Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
    • H01L21/18Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
    • H01L21/30Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
    • H01L21/302Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
    • H01L21/304Mechanical treatment, e.g. grinding, polishing, cutting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B21/00Machines or devices using grinding or polishing belts; Accessories therefor
    • B24B21/04Machines or devices using grinding or polishing belts; Accessories therefor for grinding plane surfaces
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B37/00Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
    • B24B37/04Lapping machines or devices; Accessories designed for working plane surfaces
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B47/00Drives or gearings; Equipment therefor
    • B24B47/02Drives or gearings; Equipment therefor for performing a reciprocating movement of carriages or work- tables
    • B24B47/04Drives or gearings; Equipment therefor for performing a reciprocating movement of carriages or work- tables by mechanical gearing only

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
KR1020017006843A 1998-12-01 1999-11-19 반도체 웨이퍼 표면의 화학기계적 폴리싱 장치 및 방법 Expired - Fee Related KR100638798B1 (ko)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/201,928 US6103628A (en) 1998-12-01 1998-12-01 Reverse linear polisher with loadable housing
US09/201,928 1998-12-01

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
KR20010089531A KR20010089531A (ko) 2001-10-06
KR100638798B1 true KR100638798B1 (ko) 2006-10-25

Family

ID=22747860

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
KR1020017006843A Expired - Fee Related KR100638798B1 (ko) 1998-12-01 1999-11-19 반도체 웨이퍼 표면의 화학기계적 폴리싱 장치 및 방법

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (2) US6103628A (enExample)
EP (1) EP1135236B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP2002531933A (enExample)
KR (1) KR100638798B1 (enExample)
CN (1) CN1131765C (enExample)
AT (1) ATE280014T1 (enExample)
AU (1) AU1629900A (enExample)
DE (1) DE69921354T2 (enExample)
TW (1) TW425332B (enExample)
WO (1) WO2000032356A1 (enExample)

Families Citing this family (61)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7531079B1 (en) 1998-10-26 2009-05-12 Novellus Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus for uniform electropolishing of damascene IC structures by selective agitation
US7449098B1 (en) 1999-10-05 2008-11-11 Novellus Systems, Inc. Method for planar electroplating
US7425250B2 (en) * 1998-12-01 2008-09-16 Novellus Systems, Inc. Electrochemical mechanical processing apparatus
US6464571B2 (en) 1998-12-01 2002-10-15 Nutool, Inc. Polishing apparatus and method with belt drive system adapted to extend the lifetime of a refreshing polishing belt provided therein
US6589105B2 (en) 1998-12-01 2003-07-08 Nutool, Inc. Pad tensioning method and system in a bi-directional linear polisher
US6468139B1 (en) * 1998-12-01 2002-10-22 Nutool, Inc. Polishing apparatus and method with a refreshing polishing belt and loadable housing
US6475070B1 (en) 1999-02-04 2002-11-05 Applied Materials, Inc. Chemical mechanical polishing with a moving polishing sheet
US6244935B1 (en) * 1999-02-04 2001-06-12 Applied Materials, Inc. Apparatus and methods for chemical mechanical polishing with an advanceable polishing sheet
US6491570B1 (en) * 1999-02-25 2002-12-10 Applied Materials, Inc. Polishing media stabilizer
US6626744B1 (en) 1999-12-17 2003-09-30 Applied Materials, Inc. Planarization system with multiple polishing pads
US7048607B1 (en) 2000-05-31 2006-05-23 Applied Materials System and method for chemical mechanical planarization
US6520833B1 (en) * 2000-06-30 2003-02-18 Lam Research Corporation Oscillating fixed abrasive CMP system and methods for implementing the same
US6561884B1 (en) * 2000-08-29 2003-05-13 Applied Materials, Inc. Web lift system for chemical mechanical planarization
US7074113B1 (en) 2000-08-30 2006-07-11 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate
US7078308B2 (en) * 2002-08-29 2006-07-18 Micron Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for removing adjacent conductive and nonconductive materials of a microelectronic substrate
US7094131B2 (en) 2000-08-30 2006-08-22 Micron Technology, Inc. Microelectronic substrate having conductive material with blunt cornered apertures, and associated methods for removing conductive material
US7160176B2 (en) * 2000-08-30 2007-01-09 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatus for electrically and/or chemically-mechanically removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate
US7153195B2 (en) 2000-08-30 2006-12-26 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatus for selectively removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate
US7153410B2 (en) 2000-08-30 2006-12-26 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatus for electrochemical-mechanical processing of microelectronic workpieces
US7220166B2 (en) * 2000-08-30 2007-05-22 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatus for electromechanically and/or electrochemically-mechanically removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate
US7129160B2 (en) * 2002-08-29 2006-10-31 Micron Technology, Inc. Method for simultaneously removing multiple conductive materials from microelectronic substrates
US7192335B2 (en) 2002-08-29 2007-03-20 Micron Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for chemically, mechanically, and/or electrolytically removing material from microelectronic substrates
US7112121B2 (en) 2000-08-30 2006-09-26 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatus for electrical, mechanical and/or chemical removal of conductive material from a microelectronic substrate
US7134934B2 (en) * 2000-08-30 2006-11-14 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatus for electrically detecting characteristics of a microelectronic substrate and/or polishing medium
US6867448B1 (en) 2000-08-31 2005-03-15 Micron Technology, Inc. Electro-mechanically polished structure
US6592439B1 (en) 2000-11-10 2003-07-15 Applied Materials, Inc. Platen for retaining polishing material
US6607425B1 (en) 2000-12-21 2003-08-19 Lam Research Corporation Pressurized membrane platen design for improving performance in CMP applications
US6776695B2 (en) * 2000-12-21 2004-08-17 Lam Research Corporation Platen design for improving edge performance in CMP applications
AU2002316240A1 (en) * 2001-06-12 2002-12-23 Nutool, Inc. Improved method and apparatus for bi-directionally polishing a workpiece
US6503131B1 (en) * 2001-08-16 2003-01-07 Applied Materials, Inc. Integrated platen assembly for a chemical mechanical planarization system
US7121919B2 (en) * 2001-08-30 2006-10-17 Micron Technology, Inc. Chemical mechanical polishing system and process
US6838149B2 (en) * 2001-12-13 2005-01-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive article for the deposition and polishing of a conductive material
US6776693B2 (en) 2001-12-19 2004-08-17 Applied Materials Inc. Method and apparatus for face-up substrate polishing
US6722946B2 (en) * 2002-01-17 2004-04-20 Nutool, Inc. Advanced chemical mechanical polishing system with smart endpoint detection
US20030146102A1 (en) * 2002-02-05 2003-08-07 Applied Materials, Inc. Method for forming copper interconnects
CN1653600A (zh) * 2002-03-13 2005-08-10 Asm努突尔股份有限公司 铜和阻障层之整合化学机械抛光的方法和设备
US6939203B2 (en) 2002-04-18 2005-09-06 Asm Nutool, Inc. Fluid bearing slide assembly for workpiece polishing
US7799200B1 (en) 2002-07-29 2010-09-21 Novellus Systems, Inc. Selective electrochemical accelerator removal
US7138039B2 (en) * 2003-01-21 2006-11-21 Applied Materials, Inc. Liquid isolation of contact rings
US7087144B2 (en) * 2003-01-31 2006-08-08 Applied Materials, Inc. Contact ring with embedded flexible contacts
US7025861B2 (en) * 2003-02-06 2006-04-11 Applied Materials Contact plating apparatus
US7018273B1 (en) 2003-06-27 2006-03-28 Lam Research Corporation Platen with diaphragm and method for optimizing wafer polishing
US7100954B2 (en) 2003-07-11 2006-09-05 Nexx Systems, Inc. Ultra-thin wafer handling system
US20050016861A1 (en) * 2003-07-24 2005-01-27 Thomas Laursen Method for planarizing a work piece
US7112122B2 (en) * 2003-09-17 2006-09-26 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate
US8530359B2 (en) 2003-10-20 2013-09-10 Novellus Systems, Inc. Modulated metal removal using localized wet etching
US8158532B2 (en) 2003-10-20 2012-04-17 Novellus Systems, Inc. Topography reduction and control by selective accelerator removal
US7153777B2 (en) 2004-02-20 2006-12-26 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and apparatuses for electrochemical-mechanical polishing
US7648622B2 (en) 2004-02-27 2010-01-19 Novellus Systems, Inc. System and method for electrochemical mechanical polishing
US7195544B2 (en) * 2004-03-23 2007-03-27 Cabot Microelectronics Corporation CMP porous pad with component-filled pores
US6955588B1 (en) 2004-03-31 2005-10-18 Lam Research Corporation Method of and platen for controlling removal rate characteristics in chemical mechanical planarization
US20050218000A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2005-10-06 Applied Materials, Inc. Conditioning of contact leads for metal plating systems
US7285195B2 (en) * 2004-06-24 2007-10-23 Applied Materials, Inc. Electric field reducing thrust plate
US7566391B2 (en) 2004-09-01 2009-07-28 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods and systems for removing materials from microfeature workpieces with organic and/or non-aqueous electrolytic media
US20070014958A1 (en) * 2005-07-08 2007-01-18 Chaplin Ernest R Hanger labels, label assemblies and methods for forming the same
US8168540B1 (en) 2009-12-29 2012-05-01 Novellus Systems, Inc. Methods and apparatus for depositing copper on tungsten
JP2017148931A (ja) * 2016-02-19 2017-08-31 株式会社荏原製作所 研磨装置および研磨方法
KR102339948B1 (ko) * 2019-07-02 2021-12-17 (주)미래컴퍼니 연마 시스템 및 연마 방법
CN111955945A (zh) * 2020-08-27 2020-11-20 代永金 一种中医药柜的驱动装置
CN116833900B (zh) * 2023-07-31 2024-01-26 广东工业大学 一种用于半导体晶片化学机械抛光的磁流变弹性抛光垫、制备方法及其应用
CN117340689A (zh) * 2023-11-03 2024-01-05 湖南普照信息材料有限公司 一种玻璃基板的抛光方法

Family Cites Families (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3113204A1 (de) * 1981-04-02 1982-10-28 Percy 3008 Garbsen Lambelet "vorrichtung zum schleifen, schmirgeln oder polieren von werkstuecken"
DE3643914A1 (de) * 1986-12-22 1988-06-30 Zeiss Carl Fa Verfahren und vorrichtung zum laeppen bzw. polieren optischer flaechen
JPH05177523A (ja) * 1991-06-06 1993-07-20 Commiss Energ Atom 張設された微小研磨剤小板、および改良されたウエハー支持ヘッドを備えた研磨装置
US5245796A (en) * 1992-04-02 1993-09-21 At&T Bell Laboratories Slurry polisher using ultrasonic agitation
JP2894153B2 (ja) * 1993-05-27 1999-05-24 信越半導体株式会社 シリコンウエーハの製造方法、およびその装置
US5650039A (en) * 1994-03-02 1997-07-22 Applied Materials, Inc. Chemical mechanical polishing apparatus with improved slurry distribution
DE69512971T2 (de) * 1994-08-09 2000-05-18 Ontrak Systems Inc., Milpitas Linear Poliergerät und Wafer Planarisierungsverfahren
US5593344A (en) * 1994-10-11 1997-01-14 Ontrak Systems, Inc. Wafer polishing machine with fluid bearings and drive systems
US5908530A (en) 1995-05-18 1999-06-01 Obsidian, Inc. Apparatus for chemical mechanical polishing
US5762751A (en) * 1995-08-17 1998-06-09 Semitool, Inc. Semiconductor processor with wafer face protection
US5951373A (en) * 1995-10-27 1999-09-14 Applied Materials, Inc. Circumferentially oscillating carousel apparatus for sequentially processing substrates for polishing and cleaning
US5961372A (en) 1995-12-05 1999-10-05 Applied Materials, Inc. Substrate belt polisher
JP2830907B2 (ja) 1995-12-06 1998-12-02 日本電気株式会社 半導体基板研磨装置
US5770521A (en) * 1996-05-30 1998-06-23 Cypress Semiconductor Corporation Anti-shear method and system for semiconductor wafer removal
JPH09321001A (ja) * 1996-05-31 1997-12-12 Komatsu Electron Metals Co Ltd 半導体ウェハの研磨方法
US5899801A (en) * 1996-10-31 1999-05-04 Applied Materials, Inc. Method and apparatus for removing a substrate from a polishing pad in a chemical mechanical polishing system
US5807165A (en) * 1997-03-26 1998-09-15 International Business Machines Corporation Method of electrochemical mechanical planarization
US6110025A (en) 1997-05-07 2000-08-29 Obsidian, Inc. Containment ring for substrate carrier apparatus
US6113479A (en) 1997-07-25 2000-09-05 Obsidian, Inc. Wafer carrier for chemical mechanical planarization polishing
US5899798A (en) 1997-07-25 1999-05-04 Obsidian Inc. Low profile, low hysteresis force feedback gimbal system for chemical mechanical polishing
US6196896B1 (en) 1997-10-31 2001-03-06 Obsidian, Inc. Chemical mechanical polisher

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69921354T2 (de) 2005-10-13
TW425332B (en) 2001-03-11
DE69921354D1 (de) 2004-11-25
ATE280014T1 (de) 2004-11-15
WO2000032356A1 (en) 2000-06-08
EP1135236B1 (en) 2004-10-20
CN1329533A (zh) 2002-01-02
US6207572B1 (en) 2001-03-27
AU1629900A (en) 2000-06-19
KR20010089531A (ko) 2001-10-06
US6103628A (en) 2000-08-15
EP1135236A1 (en) 2001-09-26
CN1131765C (zh) 2003-12-24
JP2002531933A (ja) 2002-09-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
KR100638798B1 (ko) 반도체 웨이퍼 표면의 화학기계적 폴리싱 장치 및 방법
US6932679B2 (en) Apparatus and method for loading a wafer in polishing system
US6620032B2 (en) Polishing pads and planarizing machines for mechanical and/or chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic substrate assemblies
KR100315722B1 (ko) 기판표면을평탄화하기위한연마기
US6409580B1 (en) Rigid polishing pad conditioner for chemical mechanical polishing tool
JP5252517B2 (ja) パターン化されたパッドを用いる化学機械研磨用方法及び装置
US8382555B2 (en) Substrate supporting unit, and apparatus and method for polishing substrate using the same
KR100189970B1 (ko) 웨이퍼 연마장치
US6468139B1 (en) Polishing apparatus and method with a refreshing polishing belt and loadable housing
WO1999050022A2 (en) Chemical mechanical polishing conditioner
KR19980081513A (ko) 워크피스의 연마 장치 및 방법
US20020016136A1 (en) Conditioner for polishing pads
KR19990045035A (ko) 모듈형 웨이퍼 연마 장치 및 방법
JP2004528998A (ja) 被加工物を二方向に研磨するための改良された方法及び装置
JP2003225862A (ja) ポリッシング装置
US7175515B2 (en) Static pad conditioner
KR100504116B1 (ko) 집적회로 제조를 위한 화학적 기계적 연마 장치
KR20070077979A (ko) 화학적 기계적 연마 장치 및 이를 이용한 웨이퍼의 연마방법
JPH11156712A (ja) 研磨装置
JP2001244222A (ja) 基板の化学機械研磨装置、半導体デバイス製造方法、および半導体デバイス
KR100494145B1 (ko) 화학기계적 연마장치 및 그를 이용한 웨이퍼 연마방법
KR20040085995A (ko) 패드 컨디셔너 및 이를 사용하는 화학적 기계적 연마 장치
KR20050070646A (ko) 반도체 웨이퍼 폴리싱 장치의 패드 컨디셔너
JP2000254856A (ja) 研磨装置及び研磨方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PA0105 International application

St.27 status event code: A-0-1-A10-A15-nap-PA0105

P11-X000 Amendment of application requested

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P11-nap-X000

P13-X000 Application amended

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P13-nap-X000

PG1501 Laying open of application

St.27 status event code: A-1-1-Q10-Q12-nap-PG1501

R18-X000 Changes to party contact information recorded

St.27 status event code: A-3-3-R10-R18-oth-X000

A201 Request for examination
P11-X000 Amendment of application requested

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P11-nap-X000

P13-X000 Application amended

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P13-nap-X000

PA0201 Request for examination

St.27 status event code: A-1-2-D10-D11-exm-PA0201

PN2301 Change of applicant

St.27 status event code: A-3-3-R10-R13-asn-PN2301

St.27 status event code: A-3-3-R10-R11-asn-PN2301

R18-X000 Changes to party contact information recorded

St.27 status event code: A-3-3-R10-R18-oth-X000

E902 Notification of reason for refusal
PE0902 Notice of grounds for rejection

St.27 status event code: A-1-2-D10-D21-exm-PE0902

R17-X000 Change to representative recorded

St.27 status event code: A-3-3-R10-R17-oth-X000

T11-X000 Administrative time limit extension requested

St.27 status event code: U-3-3-T10-T11-oth-X000

T11-X000 Administrative time limit extension requested

St.27 status event code: U-3-3-T10-T11-oth-X000

T11-X000 Administrative time limit extension requested

St.27 status event code: U-3-3-T10-T11-oth-X000

P11-X000 Amendment of application requested

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P11-nap-X000

P13-X000 Application amended

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P13-nap-X000

E701 Decision to grant or registration of patent right
PE0701 Decision of registration

St.27 status event code: A-1-2-D10-D22-exm-PE0701

GRNT Written decision to grant
PR0701 Registration of establishment

St.27 status event code: A-2-4-F10-F11-exm-PR0701

PR1002 Payment of registration fee

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-U10-U12-oth-PR1002

Fee payment year number: 1

PG1601 Publication of registration

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-Q10-Q13-nap-PG1601

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 4

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 5

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 6

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20121008

Year of fee payment: 7

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 7

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20131008

Year of fee payment: 8

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 8

LAPS Lapse due to unpaid annual fee
PC1903 Unpaid annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U13-oth-PC1903

Not in force date: 20141020

Payment event data comment text: Termination Category : DEFAULT_OF_REGISTRATION_FEE

PC1903 Unpaid annual fee

St.27 status event code: N-4-6-H10-H13-oth-PC1903

Ip right cessation event data comment text: Termination Category : DEFAULT_OF_REGISTRATION_FEE

Not in force date: 20141020