JPWO2012121194A1 - 光電気素子 - Google Patents
光電気素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JPWO2012121194A1 JPWO2012121194A1 JP2013503531A JP2013503531A JPWO2012121194A1 JP WO2012121194 A1 JPWO2012121194 A1 JP WO2012121194A1 JP 2013503531 A JP2013503531 A JP 2013503531A JP 2013503531 A JP2013503531 A JP 2013503531A JP WO2012121194 A1 JPWO2012121194 A1 JP WO2012121194A1
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- transport layer
- electrode
- electron transport
- sensitizing dye
- polymer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- -1 radical compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 125
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 79
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- KHUXNRRPPZOJPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenoxy radical Chemical class O=C1C=C[CH]C=C1 KHUXNRRPPZOJPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004059 quinone derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- LMHOKHGESLIZAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)(CCC1)C(C)(C)N1OOC(C(C)=C)=O Chemical compound CC(C)(CCC1)C(C)(C)N1OOC(C(C)=C)=O LMHOKHGESLIZAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 59
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 abstract 1
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 82
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 79
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 28
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- 101000738322 Homo sapiens Prothymosin alpha Proteins 0.000 description 14
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- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 14
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
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- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 6
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
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- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 5
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- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000002597 Solanum melongena Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
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- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 4
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- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006163 transport media Substances 0.000 description 4
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NHQDETIJWKXCTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloroperbenzoic acid Chemical compound OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1 NHQDETIJWKXCTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
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Abstract
Description
ゲル乾燥体とは、ゲル層2を乾燥させたものを指す。ゲル層2を乾燥させるとは、ゲル層2に内包される溶液の除去すること、特には溶媒を除去することを指す。ゲル層2を乾燥させる方法としては、加熱による方法、真空環境中で溶液または溶媒を除去する方法、別の溶媒を利用してゲル層2に内包される溶液又は溶媒を除去する方法などが挙げられる。
(Xi)nはゲル部位を示し、Xiはゲル部位を構成する化合物のモノマーを示す。ゲル部位はポリマー骨格から形成され得る。モノマーの重合度nは、n=1〜10万の範囲が好ましい。Yは(Xi)nに結合している酸化還元部を示す。j,kはそれぞれ1分子中に含まれる(Xi)n、Yの数を表す任意の整数であり、いずれも1〜10万の範囲が好ましい。酸化還元部Yはゲル部位(Xi)nを形成するポリマー骨格のいかなる部位に結合していてもよい。酸化還元部Yは種類の異なる部位を含んでいてもよく、この場合は電子交換反応の観点から酸化還元電位が近い部位が好ましい。
下記スキーム1に示す反応の手順で、ガルビ(Galvi)化合物を合成した。
まず、4−ブロモ−2,6−ジ−tert−ブチルフェノール(135.8g;0.476mol)にアセトニトリル(270ml)を加え、さらに不活性雰囲気下、N,O−ビス(トリメチルシリル)アセトアミド(BSA)(106.3g;129.6ml)を加え、70℃で終夜撹拌し、完全に結晶が析出するまで反応した。そして析出した白色結晶を濾過し、真空乾燥した後、エタノールで再結晶して精製することによって、[スキーム1]において符号1で示す、(4−ブロモ−2,6−ジ−tert−ブチルフェノキシ)トリメチルシラン(150.0g;0.420mol)を白色板状結晶として得た。
上記ガルビモノマーの合成で得られたガルビモノマー(p−ヒドロガルビノキシルスチレン)1gと、テトラエチレングリコールジアクリレート57.7mgと、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル15.1mgを、テトラヒドロフラン2mlに溶解した後、窒素置換し、一晩還流することで、ガルビモノマーを重合させ、[スキーム1]において符号4で示すガルビポリマーを得た。このガルビポリマーの数平均分子量は10000であった。
基材として、厚み1mmのガラス基板の表面にフッ素ドープSnO2の透明導電性酸化物で電極を形成したものを用いた(旭硝子(株)製、10Ω/□)。
下記スキーム2に示す反応の手順で、PTMAを合成した。
電極の周囲に付いた半導体の材料を削り取り、この半導体を囲むように、熱溶融性接着剤(三井デュポンポリケミカル製「バイネル」)の封止材を配置した。次に、ダイヤモンドドリルで電極の中央付近に孔をあけ注入孔を形成した。この電極に、Pt対電極を対向させて張り合わせた。
重合条件を変えて数平均分子量が20000のPTMAを合成した。実施例1で用いたPTMAの代わりに、このPTMA(分子量:20000)を電荷輸送媒体として用い、それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、光電気素子を得た。
重合条件を変えて数平均分子量が30000のPTMAを合成した。実施例1で用いたPTMAの代わりに、このPTMA(分子量:30000)を電荷輸送媒体として用い、それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、光電気素子を得た。
実施例1で用いたPTMAの代わりに、2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−1−オキシル(TEMPO)を用い、それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、光電気素子を得た。
各光電気素子について、光を照射し、開放電圧及び最大出力により、光電変換特性を評価した。なお、光照射の条件は200lxである。
下記スキーム3に示す反応の手順で、ビオロゲン(Viologen)化合物を合成した。
まず、4−シアノピリジンおよび1,3,5−(ブロモメチル)−ベンゼンをアセトニトリルに溶解し、不活性雰囲気下で終夜沸点還流を行った。反応終了後、再結晶精製(メタノール)を経て、[スキーム3]において符号1で示す、ビオロゲンポリマー前駆体を淡黄色針状結晶として得た。
上記ビオロゲンポリマー前駆体の合成で得られたビオロゲンポリマー前駆体を用いて電解重合を行い、ビオロゲンポリマーを合成した。まず、0.02Mのビオロゲンポリマー前駆体を0.1Mの塩化ナトリウム水溶液中に溶解し、フッ素ドープSnO2(FTO)基板を作用極、白金ワイヤ電極を対電極、銀/塩化銀電極(Ag/AgCl)を参照電極とし、電気化学測定槽にセットした。電圧掃印範囲−1.0V〜0V(vs. Ag/AgCl)で電解掃印した。サイクリックボルタモグラムでは掃印回数の増加にともない、4−シアノピリジニウム基由来の−0.58Vの酸化還元波は次第に減衰し、−0.48V、−0.86Vにビオロゲン部位の形成を示す二段階の酸化還元波が増大した。重合の進行に伴い淡黄色の膜の成長が見られ、電解重合により[スキーム3]において符号2で示す、ビオロゲンポリマーを得た。得られた電解重合膜のIR測定において、シアノ基由来のピーク(IR:2224cm−1)の減衰が見られ、重合の進行が確認された。
上記のようにビオロゲンポリマーを成膜したFTO電極を作用極、白金ワイヤ電極を対電極、銀/塩化銀電極を参照電極とし、支持電解質溶液として塩化ナトリウムを用いて電気化学測定槽にセットした。そして、サイクリックボルタンメトリーで測定を行なったところ、参照電極に対して−0.48V、−0.86Vにビオロゲン由来の安定かつ可逆な酸化還元波が観測され、n型としての動作が確認された。また、繰り返して電圧を印加(40サイクル)しても酸化還元波は安定に観測され、安定した作動が確認された。
下記スキーム4に示す反応の手順で、PTAM−PSSを合成した。なお、PTAM−PSS(ポリ(テトラメチルピペリジノキシ)アクリルアミド−ポリ(スチレンスルホン酸ナトリウム))は、有機酸塩あるいは有機塩基塩を有するニトロキシドラジカル化合物の水溶性高分子の好ましい一例である。
電極の周囲に付いた半導体の材料を削り取り、この半導体を囲むように、熱溶融性接着剤(三井デュポンポリケミカル製「バイネル」)の封止材を配置した。次に、ダイヤモンドドリルで電極の中央付近に孔をあけ注入孔を形成した。この電極に、Pt対電極を対向させて張り合わせた。
重合条件を変えて数平均分子量が20000のPTAM−PSSを合成した。実施例1で用いたPTAM−PSSの代わりに、このPTAM−PSS(分子量:20000)を電荷輸送媒体として用い、それ以外は実施例4と同様にして、光電気素子を得た。
重合条件を変えて数平均分子量が60000のPTAM−PSSを合成した。実施例1で用いたPTAM−PSSの代わりに、このPTAM−PSS(分子量:60000)を電荷輸送媒体として用い、それ以外は実施例4と同様にして、光電気素子を得た。
実施例4で用いたPTAM−PSSの代わりに、2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジン−1−オキシル(TEMPO)を用い、それ以外は実施例4と同様にして、光電気素子を得た。
各光電気素子について、光を照射し、開放電圧及び最大出力により、光電変換特性を評価した。なお、光照射の条件は200lxである。
2 ゲル層
3 第一の電極
4 第二の電極
5 正孔輸送層
6 第一の基材
7 第二の基材
Claims (6)
- 第一の電極と、第二の電極と、前記第一の電極と前記第二の電極との間に挟まれている電子輸送層及び正孔輸送層と、電解質溶液と、増感色素とを備え、
前記電子輸送層が、繰り返し酸化還元が可能な酸化還元部を有する有機化合物を備え、
前記電解質溶液が前記酸化還元部の還元状態を安定化させる機能を有し、
前記有機化合物と前記電解質溶液とがゲル層を形成し、
前記増感色素は前記電子輸送層に接して設けられ、
前記正孔輸送層は、前記増感色素の酸化体を還元する機能を有する数平均分子量が2000以上100000以下の電荷輸送体を含有することを特徴とする光電気素子。 - 前記電荷輸送体は、安定ラジカル化合物の高分子であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光電気素子。
- 前記電荷輸送体は、ニトロキシドラジカル化合物の高分子であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の光電気素子。
- 前記電荷輸送体は、ポリ(テトラメチルピペリジノキシ)メタクリレートであることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の光電気素子。
- 前記電解質溶液は水溶液であり、
前記電荷輸送体は、有機酸塩あるいは有機塩基塩を有するニトロキシドラジカル化合物の水溶性高分子であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の光電気素子。 - 前記電子輸送層は、イミド誘導体、キノン誘導体、ビオロゲン誘導体、フェノキシル誘導体の少なくとも1つを含んで構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の光電気素子。
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