JP7452829B2 - アミロイドベータのエピトープおよびそれに対する抗体 - Google Patents
アミロイドベータのエピトープおよびそれに対する抗体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7452829B2 JP7452829B2 JP2018522803A JP2018522803A JP7452829B2 JP 7452829 B2 JP7452829 B2 JP 7452829B2 JP 2018522803 A JP2018522803 A JP 2018522803A JP 2018522803 A JP2018522803 A JP 2018522803A JP 7452829 B2 JP7452829 B2 JP 7452829B2
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Description
これは2015年11月9日に出願された米国特許出願第62/253044号、2016年2月1日に出願された米国特許出願第62/289,893号、2016年7月22日に出願された米国特許出願第62/365,634号および2016年9月12日に出願された米国特許出願第62/393,615号の優先権の利益を主張するPCT出願であり、上記の出願はそれぞれ参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本開示は、アミロイドベータ(AベータまたはAβ)エピトープおよびそれに対する抗体、より具体的には、Aベータオリゴマー内で選択的に接触可能であると予測されている立体配座Aベータエピトープ、関連する抗体組成物、およびそれらの用途に関する。
36~43アミノ酸のペプチドとして存在するアミロイドベータ(Aベータ)は、酵素であるβセクレターゼおよびγセクレターゼによってアミロイド前駆体タンパク質(APP)から放出される産物である。AD患者では、Aベータは可溶性モノマー、不溶性線維および可溶性オリゴマーの形で存在し得る。モノマー型のAベータは、主として不定形のポリペプチド鎖として存在する。線維型のAベータは、よく株と呼ばれる様々な形態に凝集することができる。これらの構造のうちのいくつかは固体NMRにより決定されている。
a.生体試料と、本明細書に記載される抗体または本明細書に記載されるイムノコンジュゲートとを接触させること;および
b.何らかの抗体複合体の存在を検出すること
を含む、方法を含む。
a.抗体:Aベータオリゴマー複合体の形成が可能な条件下で、試料と、Aベータオリゴマーに特異的かつ/または選択的な本明細書に記載される抗体または本明細書に記載されるイムノコンジュゲートとを接触させること;および
b.何らかの複合体の存在を検出すること
を含み、
検出可能な複合体の存在により、試料がAベータオリゴマーを含有し得ることが示される。
オリゴマー特異的抗体の作製のための必要条件は、モノマーまたは線維上に存在しない、または非常に少ない度合で存在するAベータペプチド上の標的を特定することである。これらのオリゴマー特異的エピトープは、モノマーまたは線維の対応するセグメントと一次配列が異なっていなくてもよいが、オリゴマーにおいて立体配座的に際立ったものであり得る。つまり、これらは、オリゴマー内で、主鎖および/または側鎖立体配座の点でモノマーおよび/または線維にはみられないと考えられる際立った立体配座を示す。
本明細書で使用される「Aベータ(A-beta)」という用語は、代替的に「アミロイドベータ」、「アミロイドβ」、Aベータ(Abeta)、Aベータ(A-beta)または「Aβ」と呼ばれ得る。アミロイドベータは、36~43個のアミノ酸よりなるペプチドであり、本明細書中使用されるように、あらゆる種のあらゆる野生型および変異型、特にヒトAベータを包含する。Aベータ40は40アミノ酸型を指し、Aベータ42は42アミノ酸型を指すなど。ヒト野生型Aベータ42のアミノ酸配列は配列番号31で示されるものである。
本発明者らは、Aベータのアミノ酸15~18でAベータの「エピトープ」QKLV(配列番号1)を特定した。本発明者らはさらに、そのエピトープまたはその一部が立体配座エピトープであり得ることおよびQKLV(配列番号1)がAベータのオリゴマー種での抗体結合に選択的に接触可能であり得ることを明らかにした。
したがって、本開示は、アミノ酸QKLV(配列番号1)またはその一部よりなるAベータの立体配座エピトープを特定するものであり、これはAベータのアミノ酸残基15~18に対応する。
少なくともQが、環状化合物内で、モノマーおよび/または線維内でQによって占められるものとは別の立体配座にある。
環状ペプチド:1.248 1.566 1.422 1.46
直鎖状ペプチド:0.870 1.355 0.931 1.303
線維:0.740 1.159 0.796 1.188
であった。これらの平均は、
環状ペプチド:1.42
直鎖状ペプチド:1.11
線維:0.97
である。
上記の化合物および特に環状化合物を用いて、Aベータ内のQKLV(配列番号1)と特異的に結合する抗体および/またはAベータのQKLV(配列番号1)の特定の立体配座を認識する抗体を生じさせることができる。実施例で例証されているように、環状化合物(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)は免疫原性であり、対応する直鎖状ペプチドと比較して環状化合物を特異的かつ/または選択的に結合する多くの抗体を産生した。さらに、(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)に対して生じさせられた抗体は、Aベータオリゴマーと特異的かつ/または選択的に結合し、斑と結合しない、もしくはほとんど結合せず、Aベータ凝集伝播を阻害し、in vitroでのAベータオリゴマー誘導型の神経毒性を阻害した。
さらなる態様は、本明細書に記載される化合物、免疫原、核酸、ベクターまたは抗体を含む組成物である。
さらなる態様は、無菌バイアルなどのバイアルあるいはその他の筐体に入った本明細書に記載されるi)抗体および/またはその結合フラグメント、ii)核酸、iii)組成物あるいはiv)組換え細胞と、任意選択で参照物質および/またはキットの使用のための説明書とを含む、キットに関する。
本明細書に記載される化合物、免疫原および抗体を作製する方法が含まれる。
a.抗体:Aベータオリゴマー複合体の形成が可能な条件下で、生体試料と、本明細書のAベータオリゴマーに特異的かつ/または選択的な本明細書に記載される抗体とを接触させること;および
b.何らかの複合体の存在を検出すること
を含み、
検出可能な複合体の存在により、試料がAベータオリゴマーを含有し得ることが示される。
(a)抗体-抗原複合体の生成が可能な条件下で、前記対象の生体試料と本明細書に記載される抗体とを接触させること;
(b)被験試料中の抗体-抗原複合体の量を測定すること;および
(c)被験試料中の抗体-抗原複合体の量と対照とを比較すること
を含み、
対照と比較して生体試料中に抗体-抗原複合体が検出されることにより、試料がAベータを含むことが示される。
実施例1
I.Aベータオリゴマー特異的エピトープを予測するためのG-oモデルの方法
1つのエピトープ予測モデルは、天然の状態からの部分的なタンパク質のアンフォールディングの自由エネルギー地形に基づくものである。この天然の状態は、実験に由来する線維構造に引き継がれている。タンパク質が、所定の量の一次配列だけ、天然の状態から部分的にアンフォールディングされている場合、エピトープ候補は、不規則に対する最小の自由エネルギーを消費する連続した配列のセグメントである。所定のタンパク質の立体配座の自由エネルギーは、立体配座のエントロピーおよび折りたたまれていない状態を好む極性官能基の溶媒和、ならびに天然の状態をエンタルピー的に安定させる、静電作用およびファンデルワールスのタンパク質内相互作用の損失を含む、いくつかの寄与から生じる。
アンフォールディング中に行われる自由エネルギーの変化を考慮する近似モデルは、固定したエネルギーを天然の状態におけるすべての接触に割り当て、ここでの接触は、固定したカットオフ距離rcutoffの中の1対の重(非水素)原子として定義されている。G-o様モデルは、以前のタンパク質のフォールディングの試験でうまく行われた。G-o様モデルは、天然のタンパク質の相互作用のトポロジーから生じる効果を分離しており、実際にアンフォールディングされている自由エネルギー地形は、単一の天然の状態の構造から容易に計算することができる。
アンフォールディングされた状態のタンパク質と接触可能なマイクロ状態の数は、天然の状態で接触可能な数よりもかなり多いため、アンフォールディングに関する立体配座のエントロピーの好都合な増分が存在する。アンフォールディングされた領域の残基Kすべてを合計することによりアンフォールディングセグメントUの総エントロピーが計算される。
タンパク質を部分的にアンフォールディングする自由エネルギー地形を得た後、可変エネルギーの閾値Ethを適用し、閾値より小さな自由エネルギーの消費を伴い、3つ未満のアミノ酸を含むセグメントを、エピトープの候補として予測する。この予測は、閾値Ethの変動に関して安定している。
2M4Jの天然の構造から、IAに記載されるG-o様モデルを使用して、アンフォールディングの自由エネルギー地形を計算した。この結果を図1に示す。エピトープQKLV(配列番号1)は、この解析で候補エピトープとして浮上する。
集団座標予測
ミスフォールドされたエピトープを予測する第2の方法は、2015年11月9日に出願され参照により本明細書に組み込まれる米国特許出願第62/253044号、「Systems and methods for predicting misfolded protein epitopes by collective coordinate biasing」に記載されている「集団座標バイアス」によって得られる。そこに記載されているように、この方法は、あるタンパク質(またはペプチド凝集体)にグローバル座標のバイアスをかけて、そのタンパク質(またはペプチド凝集体)をミスフォールドさせた後、部分的に構造化されていないタンパク質(またはペプチド凝集体)のフォールドされない可能性が最も高いアンフォールド領域を予測する、分子動力学に基づくシミュレーションを用いるものである。バイアスシミュレーションを実施し、各残基インデックスに対応する(検討するタンパク質の初期構造のものと比較した)溶媒接触表面積(SASA)。SASAはH2Oが接触可能な表面積を表す。SASAの(検討するタンパク質の初期構造のものと比較した)正の変化は、関連する残基インデックスの領域における案フォールドを示すと考え得る。この方法をそれぞれが独自の形態を有する3種類のAベータ株、すなわち、3回対称性構造(またはモノマー)(PDBエントリー2M4J)のAβ-40ペプチド、2回対称性構造(PDBエントリー2LMN)のAβ-40モノマーおよび一本鎖平行in-register(例えば、一本の鎖の残基が近接する鎖の同じ残基と相互作用するベータシートが反復したもの)構造(PDBエントリー2MXU)のAβ-42モノマーに適用した。
QKLV(配列番号1)を含む拘束されたペプチド構造は、記載されている予測プログラムを使用して、同定された立体配座エピトープを模倣し得る。図12に示される環状構造を含む環状構造を設計し、評価した。図12に示される環状構造を、実施例4に記載されるように評価した。
Aベータオリゴマーにおける予測された配向を近似する立体配座エピトープQKLV(配列番号1)を含む構造の決定
QKLV(配列番号1)エピトープを含む環状構造(図5Aに示される)を、Aベータの線維およびモノマーにおけるエピトープの配向に対する立体配座の関連性または相違点をエピトープに提供するため、評価した。
図12(a)に示される環状化合物の主鎖の曲率は、線維またはモノマーの曲率と異なる大きなプロファイルを有し、環状ペプチドに対する抗体は、モノマーまたは線維のものと異なる立体配座のアンサンブルを提示する種に選択性を示し得ることが示唆される。曲率のプロファイルは図3に示されている。
この曲率は、主鎖の構成に応じて、0(平行)からπ(逆平行)までの原則で変動し得る、単純なラジアン単位の角度である。
環状ペプチド:1.248 1.566 1.422 1.46
直鎖状ペプチド:0.870 1.355 0.931 1.303
線維:0.740 1.159 0.796 1.188
と、決定された。
環状ペプチド:1.42
直鎖状ペプチド:1.11
線維:0.97
である。
さらなるコンピュータ支援が、同定したエピトープが、Aベータにおけるオリゴマー特異的エピトープを定義することができ、オリゴマーで露出したエピトープの代理であり得る図12a)の環状ペプチドにおける二面角分布が、線維またはモノマーにおける対応する分布と実質的に異なることを、裏付けている。
CamSol prediction scheme[4]によるAベータ42の残基の溶解度が、図9に示されている。図9の残基QKLV(配列番号1)は、それぞれ-0.899、-0.936、-1.46、および-1.51の値を有する。溶解度は、C末端に向かい連続している場合減少する。
として定義することができる。ここでは、単純にプロットする値の尺度を設定するために、残基の範囲は、smax=0.0302およびsmin=-1.51となるように、HQKLVF(配列番号9)と任意に選択されている。
図11に示されている様々な残基の側鎖の原子基への分離は、側鎖の末端に達すると、より大きな溶媒への露出に向かう一般的な傾向が存在することを示す。たとえばQ15は、
立体配座拘束エピトープを含む環状化合物構築
シクロ(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)などのQKLV(配列番号1)を含むペプチドは頭-尾環化することができる。
スペーサーGCGおよびエピトープペプチドQKLV(配列番号1)を含む直鎖状ペプチドを、たとえばFmocベースの固相ペプチド合成を使用して合成する。この固相は、リンクアミド樹脂上または2-クロロトリチルクロリド樹脂上とすることができる。
拘束したエピトープペプチドを含む環状化合物を、任意に、たとえば本明細書中参照として援用されているLateef et al 2007に記載される方法を使用して、キーホールリンペットヘモシアニン(KLH)などの免疫原性増強物質またはウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)などの担体とコンジュゲートさせる。
抗体の作製および選択
立体配座拘束化合物、任意選択で環状化合物、例えばシクロ(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)ペプチドなどのQKLV(配列番号1)を含む環状ペプチドなどとキーホールリンペットヘモシアニン(KLH)とを結合させる。カナダ動物管理協会により承認されたプロトコルに従ったマウスモノクローナル抗体作製(ImmunoPrecise Antibodies社(ビクトリア、ブリティッシュコロンビア州、カナダ))のためにシクロペプチドを送る。BSAと結合した、抗体の作製に使用する立体配座ペプチドまたは関連ペプチド、例えばシクロ(CGQKLV-ペプチド)(配列番号3)を用いて、マウス血清をスクリーニングする。陽性のIgG分泌クローンで、大きな尺度の産生を行わせる。
斑/線維との結合の有無の評価
方法および材料
免疫原
米国カリフォルニア州サニーベールのCPC Scientific社で環状ペプチドおよび直鎖状ペプチドを作製した。トリフルオロ酢酸対イオンプロトコルを用いてペプチドをKLH(免疫感作用)およびBSA(スクリーニング用)とコンジュゲートした。ペプチドを脱塩し、MSおよびHPLCにより確認し、純度95%であると判断された。ペプチドをIPA社に発送し、マウスを用いたモノクローナル抗体の作製に使用した。
キーホールリンペットヘモシアニン(KLH)と結合したシクロ(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)に対するハイブリドーマおよびモノクローナル抗体をいくつか作製した。
リンパ球を単離し、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG1500)の存在下でマウスSP2/0ミエローマ細胞と融合させた。融合した細胞をHAT選択を用いて培養した。この方法では、半固形メチルセルロース系HAT選択培地を用いてハイブリドーマ選択とクローン化とを1つの段階に組み合わせる。半固形培地上で単一細胞由来のハイブリドーマが増殖してモノクローナルコロニーを形成した。融合事象から10日後、得られたハイブリドーマクローンを96ウェル組織培養プレートに移し、中期対数増殖期に達するまで(5日)HT含有培地で増殖させた。
ハイブリドーマの組織培養上清を間接ELISAによりスクリーニング抗原(環状ペプチド-BSA)(一次スクリーニング)で試験し、ヤギ抗IgG/IgM(H&L)-HRP二次抗体を用いてIgG抗体およびIgM抗体の両方について探索し、TMB基質で発色させた。このアッセイで0.2OD超であったクローンを次の試験ラウンドに進めた。陽性培養物をスクリーニング抗原で再試験して分泌を確認し、無関係の抗原(ヒトトランスフェリン)で再試験して非特異的mAbを除去し、偽陽性を除外した。抗体捕捉ELISAにより目的とする全クローンにアイソタイピングを実施して、それらがIgGアイソタイプであるのか、またはIgMアイソタイプであるのかを判定した。また、目的とする全クローンを間接ELISAにより他の環状ペプチド-BSAコンジュゲートおよび直鎖状ペプチド-BSAコンジュゲートで試験して、交差反応性を評価した。
簡潔に述べれば、ELISAプレートを4℃の炭酸塩コーティング緩衝液(pH9.6)O/N中0.1ug/ウェルのシクロ(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)コンジュゲートBSA 100uL/ウェルでコートし、脱脂粉乳の3%PBS溶液を用いて室温で1時間ブロックした。一次抗体:37℃で振盪しながら1時間インキュベートした100uL/ウェルのハイブリドーマ上清。二次抗体:37℃で1時間振盪したPBS-Tween中1:10,000の100uL/ウェルのヤギ抗マウスIgG/IgM(H+L)-HRP。全洗浄段階をPBS-Tweenで30分間実施した。基質3,3’,5,5’-テトラメチルベンジジン(TMB)を50uL/ウェルで加え、暗所で発色させ、等体積の1M HClで停止させた。
ELISAプレートを1)4℃の炭酸塩コーティング緩衝液(pH9.6)O/N中0.1ug/ウェルのシクロ(CGQKLVG)コンジュゲートBSA(配列番号3)100uL/ウェル;2))4℃の炭酸塩コーティング緩衝液(pH9.6)O/N中0.1ug/ウェルの直鎖状CGQKLVGGコンジュゲートBSA(配列番号3)100uL/ウェル;または3)4℃の炭酸塩コーティング緩衝液(pH9.6)O/N中0.1ug/ウェルの陰性ペプチド100uL/ウェルでコートした。一次抗体:37℃で振盪しながら1時間インキュベートした100uL/ウェルのハイブリドーマ上清。二次抗体:37℃で1時間振盪したPBS-Tween中100uL/ウェルの1:10,000ヤギ抗マウスIgG/IgM(H+L)-HRP。全洗浄段階をPBS-Tweenで30分間実施した。基質TMBを50uL/ウェルで加え、暗所で発色させ、等体積の1M HClで停止させた。
抗体捕捉実験を用いてハイブリドーマ抗体にアイソタイピングを実施した。捕捉プレートをpH9.6の炭酸塩コーティング緩衝液中、4℃で一晩、100uL/ウェルの1:10,000ヤギ抗マウスIgG/IgM(H&L)抗体でコートした。ブロッキング段階は用いなかった。一次抗体(ハイブリドーマ上清)を加えた(100ug/mL)。二次抗体:37℃で1時間振盪したPBS-Tween中100uL/ウェルの1:5,000ヤギ抗マウスIgGγ-HRPまたは1:10,000ヤギ抗マウスIgMμ-HRP。全洗浄段階をPBS-Tweenで30分間実施した。基質TMBを50uL/ウェルで加え、暗所で発色させ、等体積の1M HClで停止させた。
抗体とAベータモノマーおよびAベータオリゴマーとの結合に関するSPR解析
氷冷ヘキサフルオロイソプロパノール(HFIP)にAベータモノマーおよびAベータオリゴマーの調製組換えAベータ40およびAベータ42ペプチド(California Peptide社、ソルトレイクシティ、ユタ州、米国)を溶かした。一晩蒸発させることによりHFIPを除去し、SpeedVac遠心機で乾燥させた。モノマーの調製には、ペプチド薄膜をDMSOで戻して5mMとし、dH2Oでさらに100μMに希釈し、直ちに使用した。5mMのDMSOペプチド溶液を無フェノールレッドF12培地(Life Technologies社、バーリントン、オンタリオ州、カナダ)で希釈して最終濃度100μMとすることによりオリゴマーを調製し、4℃で24時間~7日間インキュベートした。
可溶性脳抽出物およびCSFの調製UBC Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders Clinicで評価した患者からヒトの脳組織およびCSFを採取した。推定ADの臨床診断はNINCDS-ADRDA基準[5]に基づくものである。腰椎穿刺後1時間以内にCSFをポリプロピレンチューブに収集し、処理し、100μLポリプロピレンバイアルに等分し、-80℃で保管する。
組織培養上清の一次スクリーニングでは、Aベータ42モノマーおよびAベータ42オリゴマーを直接結合アッセイに用いた。二次スクリーニングでは、Aベータ40モノマーおよびAベータ42オリゴマー、可溶性脳抽出物およびCSF試料を間接(捕捉)結合アッセイに用いた。
コグネイト環状ペプチドに対する抗体の結合の有無について組織培養上清をスクリーニングした。各試料を希釈し、固定化したペプチドおよびBSA参照の表面に120秒間、二重反復で注入し、次いで、300秒間の解離相にのみランニング緩衝液を注入した。解析サイクル毎に、センサーチップ表面を再生した。BSA参照表面およびブランクランニング緩衝液注入から結合を減算することによりセンサグラムを二重参照し、解離相の結合応答報告点を収集した。
次の合成Aベータ42オリゴマーを上記の通りに作製および固定化し、抗体結合応答を解析した。Aベータ42オリゴマーに対する抗体結合応答を環状に対する結合応答と比較した。
Aベータ42オリゴマー結合をさらに検証および確認するため、抗体を共有結合で固定化し、次いで、市販の調製済みの安定なAベータ42オリゴマー(SynAging社、ヴァンドゥーヴル=レ=ナンシー、フランス)を表面に注入した。
ELISA試験では、ハイブリドーマクローンの大部分がシクロペプチドと結合することがわかった。
ハイブリドーマ上清のELISAプレスクリーニングにより、直鎖状ペプチドと比較して環状ペプチドとの結合の増大を示すクローンを特定した。そのクローンの一部はKLH-エピトープリンカーペプチドに対して反応性であった。これらはさらなる検討から除外した。本明細書に記載されるアイソタイピング法を用いて、クローンの大部分がIgGアイソタイプであることが明らかになった。
表面プラズモン共鳴を用いて組織培養上清を含む抗体のクローンを環状ペプチド、直鎖状ペプチド、AベータオリゴマーおよびAベータモノマーとの直接結合について試験した。
二次スクリーニング
免疫組織化学
固定も抗原回復も実施していない凍結ヒト脳切片に免疫組織化学を実施した。加湿チャンバ内で無血清タンパク質ブロッキング試薬(Dako Canada社、ミシサガ、オンタリオ州、カナダ)と1時間インキュベートすることにより非特異的結合をブロックした。免疫染色には以下の一次抗体を使用した:マウスモノクローナルアイソタイプ対照IgG1、IgG2aおよびIgG2bならびに抗アミロイドβ6E10(以上、Biolegend社から購入)ならびにシクロペプチドに対して反応性を示す選択した精製クローン。いずれの抗体も1μg/mLで使用した。切片を室温で1時間インキュベートし、TBS-Tで3×5分間洗浄した。西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼとコンジュゲートした抗マウスIgG(1:1000、ECL社)を切片に添加し、45分間インキュベートし、次いでTBS-Tで3×5分間洗浄した。DAB発色試薬(Vector Laboratories社、バーリントン、オンタリオ州、カナダ)を加え、バックグランド染色に対して所望の標的レベルに達したとき、切片を蒸留水でリンスした。切片をマイヤーのヘマトキシリンで対比染色し、脱水し、カバーガラスをかけた。スライドを光学顕微鏡(Zeiss Axiovert 200M、Carl Zeiss Canada社、トロント、オンタリオ州、カナダ)下で検査し、Leica社のDC300デジタルカメラおよびソフトウェア(Leica Microsystems Canada社、リッチモンドヒル、オンタリオ州)を用いて代表的な画像を20倍および40倍の倍率で記録した。Adobe PhotoshopでLevels Auto Correctionを用いて画像を最適化した。
UBCのClinical Research Ethics Board(C04-0595)から承認を受け、メリーランド大学のBrain and Tissue Bankからヒト脳組織を入手した。UBC Hospital Clinic for Alzheimer’s and Related Disordersで評価した患者からCSFを採取した。この試験はUBCのClinical Research Ethics Boardにより承認を受けたものであり、CSF試料を収集する前に参加者または法律上の近親者から書面による同意を得た。推定ADの臨床診断はNINCDS-ADRDA基準に基づくものとした。腰椎穿刺後1時間以内にCSFをポリプロピレンチューブに収集し、処理し、100μLポリプロピレンバイアルに等分し、-80で保管した。
CSF脳抽出物および免疫組織化学
いくつかのクローンをCSF、可溶性脳抽出物中でのAベータとの結合能について試験し、死体AD脳の組織試料を表2に示す。表2では陽性度がプラス印の数により示されている。
合成オリゴマー結合
共有結合で固定化した抗体との結合について市販の調製済み合成アミロイドベータオリゴマー(SynAging社、ヴァンドゥーヴル=レ=ナンシー)の連続2倍希釈物(7.8nM~2000nM)を試験した。対照抗体mAb6E10の結果を図20Aに示し、マウス対照IgGの対照の結果を図20Bに示す。シクロ(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)に対して生じさせた抗体を用いた結果を図20Cに示す。
ホルマリン固定組織での免疫組織化学
シクロ(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)に対して生じさせた抗体を用いてヒト脳組織を評価した。患者はそれまでに、(i)老人斑および神経原線維濃縮体を示すビルショウスキー銀法、(ii)アミロイドを示すコンゴーレッドならびに(iii)濃縮体を示し老人斑が「神経突起性」であることを確認するタウ免疫組織化学法の3部よりなる方法でアルツハイマー病であることが特徴付けられ診断されていた。この組織を用いて、選択したモノクローナル抗体クローンの斑反応性を試験した。脳組織を10%緩衝ホルマリンで数日間固定し、Sakura VIP組織処理装置でパラフィン処理した。組織切片にマイクロ波による抗原回復(AR)を実施するか、または実施せずに、1μg/mlの抗体で探索した。陽性対照として、汎アミロイドベータ反応性抗体6E10を選択した抗体クローンと同時にインキュベートした。抗体を抗体希釈剤(Ventana社)で希釈し、OptiView DAB(Ventana社)で発色させた。Ventana Benchmark XT IHC染色装置で染色を実施した。Olympus BX45顕微鏡で画像を取得した。画像は神経病理学の専門知識を有する専門の病理学者が盲検的に解析した。
オリゴマー伝播の阻害
チオフラビンT(ThT)結合アッセイを用いてアミロイドベータ(Aβ)凝集対する抗体の効果を検討することにより、その生物学的機能をin vitroで試験した。Aβ凝集は、予め形成された小さいAβオリゴマーの核によって誘導され、この核を介して伝播し、単量体Aβから可溶性オリゴマー、次いで不溶性線維への全過程には同時に、ベータシート形成の増大が伴う。このことはベンゾチアゾール塩のThTによってモニターすることができ、ThTがベータシートに富む構造に結合すると、その励起および発光の最大値がそれぞれ385nmから450nmおよび445nmから482nmに遷移し、それにより蛍光が増大する。簡潔に述べれば、Aβ1~42(Bachem Americas社、トーランス、カリフォルニア州)を可溶化し、超音波処理し、トリス-EDTA緩衝液(pH7.4)で希釈し、黒色の96ウェルマイクロタイタープレート(Greiner Bio-One社、モンロー、ノースカロライナ州)のウェルに加え、これに等体積のシクロペプチドに対する抗体または無関係のマウスIgG抗体アイソタイプ対照を加え、Aβ1~42ペプチドと抗体のモル比を1:5とした。ThTを加え、プレートを室温で24時間インキュベートし、1時間毎にWallac Victor3v 1420 Multilabel Counter(PerkinElmer社、ウォルサム、マサチューセッツ州)を用いてThT蛍光を測定し記録した。全ウェルからバックグラウンド緩衝液の蛍光読取り値を減算し、さらに、対応するウェルから抗体単独のウェルの読取り値を減算した。図21に示されるように、ThT蛍光によりモニターしたAβ42凝集は、蛍光が最小である最初の遅滞期、蛍光が急激に増大する対数期および最後にAβ分子種が平衡状態にあり蛍光の増大がみられないプラトー期を特徴とするS字形を示した。Aβ42と無関係のマウス抗体との共インキュベーションでは、凝集過程に対する有意な効果が全くみられなかった。これに対し、Aβ42と被験抗体との共インキュベーションでは、凝集過程のいずれの期も阻害された。図21には抗体クローン61、62、および64で得られた結果が示されている。ThT凝集アッセイは、ADの病理発生に極めて重要なAβ伝播およびモノマー、オリゴマー、前原線維および線維からのAβ凝集のin vivoの生物物理学的/生化学的段階を模倣するものであることから、シクロ(CGQKLVG)(配列番号3)に対して生じさせた抗体はこの過程を完全に打ち消す可能性を秘めている。マウスのIgG2の対照を用いて実施したアイソタイプ対照では阻害はみられなかった。
アルツハイマー病の免疫療法に最適なプロファイルの達成:毒性Aベータオリゴマーに特異的な抗体の合理的作製
目的:毒性アミロイドβオリゴマー(AβO)に特異的な抗体を作製すること
背景:現時点での証拠から、AβOの伝播性プリオン様株は、モノマーおよび線維とは対照的に、ニューロンに対して優先的に毒性を示し、アルツハイマー病(AD)のタウ病態を誘発することが示唆される。さらに、臨床試験では、用量制限有害作用がAβ線維認識と関係があることがわかっている。これらの観察結果から、安全性および有効性のためには毒性AβOの特異的中和が望ましいものであり得ることが示唆される。
コグネイト構造化ペプチドおよび合成AβOを認識することが可能であり、非構造化ペプチド、リンカーペプチドまたはAβモノマーとはほとんどまたは全く結合しないことに基づき、5種類の予測エピトープに対するIgGクローンを66種類選択し精製した。さらなるスクリーニングにより、対照と比較してAD患者のCSFおよび脳抽出物中の天然の可溶性AβOと優先的に結合する抗体を特定した。AD脳の免疫組織化学的解析により、斑と反応しない抗体クローンを選択することができた。
毒性阻害アッセイ
シクロペプチドに対して生じさせた抗体によるAベータ42オリゴマーの毒性の阻害をラット一次皮質ニューロンアッセイで試験することができる。
in vivo毒性阻害アッセイ
シクロペプチドに対して生じさせた抗体によるAベータ42オリゴマーの毒性の阻害をマウス行動試験でin vivoで試験することができる。
in vivo伝播阻害アッセイ
Aベータ毒性オリゴマーのin vivoの伝播およびそれに関連する病態を様々なアルツハイマー病(AD)げっ歯類モデルで研究することができる。例えば、ヒトAPPのトランスジェニックマウス(例えば、APP23マウス)またはヒトAPPとPSEN1のトランスジェニックマウス(APPPS1マウス)は高レベルのAベータを発現し、加齢とともに炎症および神経損傷を伴うアミロイド沈着が徐々にみられるようになる。オリゴマー含有脳抽出物の脳内接種によりこの過程を大幅に加速させることができる(過程13、14)。これらのモデルは、脳内または全身に投与した抗体によるAベータオリゴマー伝播の阻害を研究するためのシステムとなる。
CDRシーケンシング―3057E9.1
IgG3重鎖とカッパ軽鎖とを有することが明らかになった3057E9.1を重鎖および軽鎖のCDRおよび可変領域に選択した。
CDRのシークエンシング-305-8H10
IgG1重鎖とカッパ軽鎖とを有することが明らかになった305-8H10を、CDRならびに重鎖および軽鎖の可変領域のシークエンシングに選択した。
QKLV(配列番号1)
HQKLV(配列番号2)
CGQKLVG、シクロCGQKLVG(配列番号3)
GQKLV(配列番号4)
GQKLVG(配列番号5)
GGQKLVG(配列番号6)
GQKLVGG(配列番号7)
CGQKLVGC(配列番号8)
HQKLVF(配列番号9)
QKLVF(配列番号10)
DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA(配列番号31)
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Claims (18)
- QKLV(配列番号1)からなるAベータペプチドと、リンカーとからなる環状化合物であって、前記リンカーが、前記AベータペプチドのN末端残基および前記AベータのC末端残基と共有結合したアミノ酸GCGからなる、環状化合物。
- 請求項1に記載の環状化合物を含む免疫原。
- 前記環状化合物が、担体タンパク質または免疫原性増強物質と結合している、請求項2に記載の免疫原。
- 前記担体タンパク質が、ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)であるか、または前記免疫原性増強物質がキーホールリンペットヘモシアニン(KLH)である、請求項3に記載の免疫原。
- Aベータモノマーおよび/またはAベータ線維よりもAベータオリゴマーのQKLV(配列番号1)と特異的に結合する単離された抗体であって、前記抗体が、
を含む、抗体。 - 前記抗体は、モノクローナル抗体またはポリクローナル抗体である、請求項5に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体は、ヒト化抗体またはFab、Fab’、F(ab’)2、scFv、dsFv、ds-scFv、二量体、ナノボディ、ミニボディ、ダイアボディおよびその多量体から選択される抗体結合フラグメントである、請求項5または6に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体は、I)i)配列番号18で示されるアミノ酸配列;もしくはii)配列番号18と少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列であって、CDRの配列が、配列番号11、12、および13で示される配列である、アミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域を含み、かつ
i)配列番号20で示されるアミノ酸配列;もしくはii)配列番号20と少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列であって、CDRの配列が、配列番号14、15、および16で示される配列である、アミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域を含み、または、
II)i)配列番号28で示されるアミノ酸配列;もしくはii)配列番号28と少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列であって、CDRの配列が、配列番号21、22、および23で示される配列である、アミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域を含み、かつ
i)配列番号30で示されるアミノ酸配列;もしくはii)配列番号30と少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列であって、CDRの配列が、配列番号24、25、および26で示される配列である、アミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域を含む、
請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載の抗体。 - 前記重鎖可変領域が、配列番号18で示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、もしくはこれよりなり、かつ前記軽鎖可変領域が、配列番号20で示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、もしくはこれよりなり、または
前記重鎖可変領域が、配列番号28で示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、もしくはこれよりなり、かつ前記軽鎖可変領域が、配列番号30で示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、もしくはこれよりなる、
請求項5~8のいずれか1項に記載の抗体。 - 請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抗体と、検出可能な標識または細胞毒性物質とを含む、イムノコンジュゲート。
- 請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抗体、または請求項10に記載のタンパク質性のイムノコンジュゲートをコードする、核酸分子か、または前記核酸分子はベクターに含まれる、核酸分子。
- 請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抗体を発現する細胞。
- 請求項1に記載の環状化合物、請求項2~4のいずれか1項に記載の免疫原、請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抗体、請求項10に記載のイムノコンジュゲート、請求項11に記載の核酸、または請求項12に記載の細胞を含む、組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の環状化合物、請求項2~4のいずれか1項に記載の免疫原、請求項13に記載の組成物、請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抗体、請求項10に記載のイムノコンジュゲート、請求項11に記載の核酸分子、前記核酸分子を含むベクター、または請求項12に記載の細胞を含む、キット。
- 生体試料がAベータを含むかどうかを判定する方法であって、
前記方法は、
a.前記生体試料と、請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抗体または請求項10に記載のイムノコンジュゲートとを接触させることと、及び
b.何らかの抗体複合体の存在を検出すること、を含む、方法。 - Aベータオリゴマーの伝播の阻害に使用するための、またはアルツハイマー病および/または他のAベータアミロイド関連疾患を有する対象を治療するのに使用するための、
1)請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抗体もしくは請求項10に記載のイムノコンジュゲート、または前記抗体もしくはイムノコンジュゲートを含む医薬組成物、
2)請求項2~4のいずれか1項に記載の免疫原または前記免疫原を含む医薬組成物、または
3)1)の抗体をコードする核酸または前記核酸を含むベクター。 - 請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の抗体を用いて、治療される対象由来の生体試料がAベータの有無またはレベルについて評価されている、請求項16に記載の抗体、イムノコンジュゲート、免疫原、医薬組成物、核酸またはベクター。
- 前記抗体、前記イムノコンジュゲート、前記免疫原、前記医薬組成物、前記核酸、または前記ベクターを脳または中枢神経系の他の部分に直接投与する、請求項16または17に記載の抗体、イムノコンジュゲート、免疫原、医薬組成物、核酸またはベクター。
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| US20180346535A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
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| KR20180094876A (ko) | 2018-08-24 |
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| CN108350053A (zh) | 2018-07-31 |
| EP3374383A1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
| AU2016353553B2 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
| AU2022202549A1 (en) | 2022-05-12 |
| EP3374383A4 (en) | 2019-05-15 |
| CA3004498A1 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
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