JP6791902B2 - 異なる磁気特性の領域を有する磁石およびそのような磁石の形成方法 - Google Patents
異なる磁気特性の領域を有する磁石およびそのような磁石の形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6791902B2 JP6791902B2 JP2018080546A JP2018080546A JP6791902B2 JP 6791902 B2 JP6791902 B2 JP 6791902B2 JP 2018080546 A JP2018080546 A JP 2018080546A JP 2018080546 A JP2018080546 A JP 2018080546A JP 6791902 B2 JP6791902 B2 JP 6791902B2
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Classifications
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- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/08—Metallic powder characterised by particles having an amorphous microstructure
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/09—Mixtures of metallic powders
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K15/0093—Welding characterised by the properties of the materials to be welded
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/0006—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring taking account of the properties of the material involved
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/26—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on ferrites
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/62218—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining ceramic films, e.g. by using temporary supports
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Description
ことができないことにある。したがって、3Dコンポーネントの構築プロセス中に、3D設計された多成分微細構造を構築することは不可能である。
プされるか、または接着剤によって有用な方法で接着されなければならない。薄いシートから積層コアを製造する全工程は、手間、時間、コストがかかる。さらに、電気シートのスタンピングプロセスまたは変形は磁気特性を低下させる。したがって、発生した内部応力の解放によって初期特性を部分的に回復させるために、追加のアニール処理を実施しなければならない。一般的には、シートの厚みを典型的には0.1mmの最小限に減じることによって、コア損失を低減させることができることが知られている。しかし、これは、積層磁性コアの製造における追加のコストおよび複雑さという欠点を有する。急速に凝固したアモルファスおよびナノ結晶質SM材料は、最も低いコア損失を与え、最高のエネルギ効率を提供する。これらの材料の主な欠点は、材料および製造コストが高いことである。アモルファス状態またはナノ結晶状態を達成するために、溶融材料は、非常に高い冷却速度(典型的には104〜106K/s)で液体状態から急速に凝固される。これは、回転する銅製のホイールに非常に薄いリボン(典型的には20〜50μm)をキャストすることによってのみ達成できる。欠点として、この非常に薄いリボンに基づいて磁性コアを製造することは手間と費用がかかる。アモルファスおよびナノ結晶性の軟磁性材料の別の欠点は、典型的には腐食に対する高い感受性にある。リボンを腐食から保護し、渦電流損を低減するために、個々のリボンのセラミックまたはポリマーコーティングを塗布しなければならない。
本発明の目的は、第1の領域および第2の領域の設計の自由度を増すことができ、従来の磁石よりも磁石本体のより複雑な形状を実現する磁石を提供することにある。
の領域に第2の領域を割り当て、中央領域に第1の領域を割り当てることができる。第2の領域がこの例において第1の領域より高い保磁力を有する場合、遠位領域は、電気装置の長い寿命の後でも、必要とされる最小の磁気性能を保証するために、そのように大幅に犠牲にされる必要はない。その結果、磁石本体の全体寸法を上記従来の磁石本体に比べて小さくすることができ、上記従来の磁石本体の同じ外形寸法が電気装置において利用可能である場合に、全体的な磁気性能を向上させることが可能となる。このように、本発明の磁石本体は、本質的に電気装置の小型化に寄与することができる。
意図された特性に応じて、絶縁層は、絶縁性の合成材料、金属酸化物、金属炭化物、金属窒化物、セラミック、ガラスまたはそれら混合物も含む。2つの異なる絶縁層を有する磁石を構築することも可能である。これらの層が互いの上に直接施されるかどうか、または2つの同一もしくは同様の絶縁層間に位置する磁性粒子のいくつかの層があるかどうかは、磁石についての要件に左右される。
る。
第1の領域が第1のグループの要素に基づいて硬質磁石を含む場合、有利な磁石が達成可能であり、第1のグループは組成a)〜g)の1つ含み、上記組成は、
a)アルミニウム、ニッケルおよびコバルト(AlNiCo)を含有し、
b)サマリウムおよびコバルト(SmCo)を含有し、
c)サマリウムおよび鉄(SmFe)を含有し、
d)サマリウム、鉄および窒素(SmFeN)を含有し、
e)鉄および窒素(FeN)を含有し、
f)マンガン、アルミニウムおよび炭素(MnAlC)を含有し、
g)マンガン、錫およびコバルト(MnSnCo)を含有し、
h)マンガンおよびビスマス(MnBi)を含有し、
g)硬質フェライトを含有し、
h)RE、鉄およびホウ素(REFeB)を含有し、
i)REおよび鉄および炭素(REFeC)を含有している。
REFeB)の第1の要素を伴う組成を含み、REの第1の要素は、ランタニド系列の1つまたはいくつかの希土類元素である。第1の要素は、ランタニド系列のすべての元素を含んでいない。第2の領域は、RE、鉄およびホウ素(REFeB)の第2の要素を伴う組成を含み、REの第2の要素は、第1の要素において存在しないランタニド系列の少なくとも1つの希土類元素を含む。
は、保護皮膜が形成されていることにおいて磁石本体の腐食保護を確保するために、プラスチックまたはセラミック材料で形成することができる。さらに別の代替物では、磁性本体は、磁石本体への減磁場の負の影響を低減するための導電層、およびさらに磁石本体の腐食防止を確実にするために頂部にプラスチックまたはセラミックの囲いを形成して形成されたさらなる端子層の両方を備えてもよい。
i)は鉄およびシリコン(Fe−Si)を含有し、
ii)はニッケルおよび鉄(Ni−Fe)を含有し、
iii)はコバルトおよび鉄(共同Fe)を含有し、
iv)は鉄およびアルミニウム(Fe−Al)を含有し、
v)は鉄、アルミニウムおよびシリコン(Fe−Al−Si)を含有している。
vi)は鉄、ホウ素およびシリコン(Fe−B−Si)を含有し、
vii)は鉄、ニッケル、ホウ素およびシリコン(Fe−Ni−B−Si)を含有し、
viii)は鉄、シリコン、ホウ素、リンおよびニオビウム(Fe−Si−B−P−Nb)を含有し、
ix)は、第3のグループが元素コバルト、鉄およびニッケルを含有している場合、および第4のグループが元素ホウ素、シリコンおよび炭素を含有している場合には、第3のグループおよび第4のグループの元素の任意の1つの第1の元素組合せを含有し、
x)第5のグループが元素コバルトおよび鉄を含有している場合、および第6のグループが元素ジルコニウム、ハフニウムおよびニオビウムを含有している場合には、第5のグループおよび第6のグループの元素の任意の1つの第2の元素組合せを含有している。
製造プロセスは、多結晶微細構造、アモルファス微細構造およびナノ結晶質微細構造の少なくとも1つである構造を有する磁石本体を有する、より高度な軟磁石を構築することを可能にする。
、10kA/m超の保磁力を有する。
第1の磁気特性を有する第1の領域と、第1の特性とは異なる第2の磁気特性を有する第2の領域とを含む磁石本体を有する磁石の製造方法の最も基本的な実施形態において、方法は以下の工程を含む。
b)各構築されるべき磁石の第2の所定の領域に複数の第2の粉末部分を堆積させ、磁性粒子が形成されるように複数の第2の粉末部分を互いに溶融することにより、第2の領域に属する第2の層を形成する工程と、
c)各構築されるべき磁石の第3の所定の領域に複数の第1の粉末部分を堆積させ、磁性粒子が形成されるように複数の第1の粉末部分を互いに溶融することにより、磁石の構築方向において第1の層の上に第1の領域に属する第3の層を形成する工程と、
d)各構築されるべき磁石の第4の所定の領域に複数の第2の粉末部分を堆積させ、磁性粒子が形成されるように複数の第2の粉末部分を互いに溶融することにより、磁石の構築方向において第2の層の上に第2の領域に属する第4の層を形成する工程。
堆積ヘッドを介して行われる場合、磁石の経済的に実現可能な製造が実現可能である。「3Dプリンタ」という用語は時には三次元構築装置を指定するために使用される。
よび/または間および/または後に存在することができる。
a)第1の層と第3の層との間に、または
b)第2の層と第4の層との間に、または
c)第1層と第3の層との間に、および第2の層と第4の層との間に、または
d)第1の層と第2の層との間に、または
e)第3の層と第4の層との間に、または
f)a)〜e)のいずれかの組合わせ、において構築されるべき磁石の所定のさらなる領域に絶縁層を配置するステップを含むことができる。
この発明を働かせる態様
図1において、自由形態に形状化された磁石本体10を有する磁石1は、複数個の層2を互いの上に層状に適用することにより製造され、最上部層は、構築方向Zにおいてエネルギビームによって局所的に、近隣の、下にある隣接層に、少なくともある程度まで接合される。粉末状の物質3は製造プロセス中に磁石体10を支持するために用いられる。粉末状の物質は製造プロセス中に磁石1に接合されない。
。結晶の磁化容易軸は、構築プロセスの原則Z方向またはX−Y方向のいずれかと関連する。したがって、得られた異方性のテクスチャは、磁石の改善された性能に至る。
、一次的な構築ステップの微細構造内に異なる材料を局所的に導入することができるという利点を有する。この開示の方法は複数成分材料の微細構造の3D設計および構築において非常に高い自由度を開く。これによって、物体のCADモデルから直接微細構造のレベルで所望の物体の機能特性を局所的に調整することが可能である。さらに例示的な実施の形態では、合金元素を導入することができ、それらはそれはレーザー融解および再凝固中において一次的な構築作業の粒子と新たな相に反応し、または合金元素は粒界で拡散し偏析することができる。レーザーエネルギーおよび焦点サイズは、固体基板表面領域に堆積された緻密層を構築するため、または粉末基板での材料の堆積からの結果として生じる新たな合金相を形成するために、調整される。一般に、冶金学のすべての概念は、微細構造のレベルで局所的に適用することができる。特に、(溶融物プールが合焦されたレーザービームによって形成されるときの)溶融物形成、(レーザーが別のスポットに移動されたときの)制御された急冷凝固、および構築プロセスの後の熱処理の可能性が、この開示の例示的な方法を完全に利用するために考慮されなければならない。これによって、機能特性、たとえば導電率、熱伝導率、硬度、強度、耐食性、屈折率、磁気飽和極性化、保磁力、キュリー温度などを、所望の物体のCADモデルから直接微細構造のレベルで局所的に調整することができる。
がかからず、かつより安価な技術である。最終的に、この開示は装置のより高い効率、改善された磁気性能、低減された製造費用などを可能にする。
53および本体幅54を伴う矩形断面(X−Y面における)を有する、実質的に角柱の全体形状のものである。第2の領域24は、本体厚み55が延在する方向から見られたとき、リング形状の断面を有して、実質的に管状であり、リング形状の断面の外側輪郭は、矩形断面の外側輪郭と一致する(両方ともX−Y方向に延在している)。最も小さなリング厚み56は、磁石本体10の本体厚み55に対して20%を超えない。
次に、この発明に従う磁石の第6の実施の形態を製造する方法の概略的な図示が、図12に関して説明される。図1および図2に説明された実施の形態とは対照的に、この方法は、X−YおよびZ方向を有する一般的なデカルト座標系ではなく、方向Wにおいて軸(図示せず)のまわりを段階的に回転する湾曲したシェル表面を有するドラム状またはより任意の構築構造に基づく構築構造を用いる。それにもかかわらず、構築方向Zは、微細構造のテクスチャを有する粒子配向17と並んで下から上に、つまり径方向に内側の領域から径方向に外側の領域に延在する。
周りに導かれる環状の中空ノズル42とを有する。凝固された磁性粒子は、Z方向において延在する微細構造化されたテクスチャを有する。たとえば予め規定された量の第1の粉末組成物8を、図2の文脈において言及されたものとして含む、アルゴンの好適なガス流43が、レーザービーム7と同軸でノズル42を通って融解プール16または次に形成されるべき融解プールの場所に向けられる。
2 層
3 粉末状の物質
4 ベース
5 冷却/加熱要素
6 第1の表面温度
7 レーザービーム
8 第1の粉末組成物
9 第1の磁性粒子
10、21、27、39、47、50 磁石本体
12 印刷ヘッド
13 粉体床/粉末組成物の層
15 層厚み
16 溶融物プール
17 粒子配向
18 支持構造体層
19 光学的放射放熱器
20 熱流束
22 第2の磁性粒子
23 第1の領域(低い保磁力)
24 第2の領域(高い保磁力)
25 粉末状の物質/インク/ドーパント
26 第2の堆積ヘッド
28 第1の絶縁層
29 第2の絶縁層
30 第3の絶縁層
31 さらなる堆積ヘッド
32 絶縁層の層厚み
33 縁部領域
34 角部領域
35 底部表面
36 頂部表面
37 絶縁層
38 第3の粒子
40 基板
41 組み合わされた印刷ヘッド
42 ノズル
43 ガス流
44 電気コイル
45 電気装置
46 磁性コア要素
47 電気モータの回転子
48 キャリヤセクション
49 スロット
50 永久磁石本体
51 リム領域
52 回転軸
53 本体長さ
54 本体幅
55 本体厚み
56 最も小さなリング厚み
Claims (19)
- 一片の磁石本体(10,21,27,39,47,50)を有する磁石(1)であって、前記磁石本体は、
第1の磁気特性を有する第1の領域(23)と、
前記第1の特性とは異なる第2の磁気特性を有する第2の領域(24)とを含み、前記第1の領域(23)は、前記第2の領域(24)の値とは異なる保磁力および残留磁気値の少なくとも1つを有し、
前記磁石本体(10,21,27,39,47,50)内の前記第1の領域(23)および前記第2の領域(24)の位置は自由に予め定めることができ、
前記第1の領域(23)は前記第2の領域(24)とは異なる微細構造を有し、
前記第1の領域(23)は、前記磁石の所定の第1の領域において第1の層を有し、
前記第2の領域(24)は、前記磁石の所定の第2の領域において第2の層を有し、
前記第1の領域(23)は、前記磁石の所定の第3の領域において前記第1の層の上に第3の層を有し、
前記第2の領域(24)は、前記磁石の所定の第4の領域において前記第2の層の上に第4の層を有し、
前記第1の領域(23)は、RE、鉄およびホウ素の第1の要素を伴う組成を含み、
前記REの第1の要素はランタニド系列の希土類元素であり、
前記第2の領域(24)は、RE、鉄およびホウ素の第2の要素を伴う組成を含み、
前記REの第2の要素は、前記第1の要素に存在しないランタニド系列の少なくとも1つの希土類元素を含む、磁石。 - 前記第1の領域における磁性粒子の平均サイズは、前記第2の領域における磁性粒子の平均サイズより少なくとも20%大きい、請求項1に記載の磁石。
- 前記第1の領域における磁性粒子の平均サイズは、前記第2の領域における磁性粒子の平均サイズより少なくとも50%大きい、請求項1に記載の磁石。
- 前記第2の領域の平均磁性粒子は、その重心に対する最長寸法対最短寸法の比が少なくとも2:1である、請求項3に記載の磁石。
- 前記第1の領域(23)の化学組成は前記第2の領域(24)の化学組成と異なる、請求項1に記載の磁石。
- 前記第2の領域(24)は、前記磁石本体(10)の縁部領域(33)および角部領域(34)の少なくとも1つであり、
前記磁石本体(10)の縁部領域(33)および角部領域(34)の少なくとも1つの表面に垂直に延びる前記第2の領域(24)の領域深さは、少なくとも1mmである、請求項1に記載の磁石。 - 前記第2の領域(24)は、前記磁石本体(10)の縁部領域(33)および角部領域(34)の少なくとも1つであり、
前記磁石本体(10)の縁部領域(33)および角部領域(34)の少なくとも1つの表面に垂直に延びる前記第2の領域(24)の領域深さは、少なくとも3mmである、請求項1に記載の磁石。 - 前記第2の領域(24)は、前記磁石本体(10)の縁部領域(33)および角部領域(34)の少なくとも1つであり、
前記磁石本体(10)の縁部領域(33)および角部領域(34)の少なくとも1つの表面に垂直に延びる前記第2の領域(24)の領域深さは、少なくとも8mmである、請求項1に記載の磁石。 - 前記第2の領域(24)は、前記磁石本体(10)の縁部領域(33)および角部領域(34)の少なくとも1つであり、
前記磁石本体(10)は、本体厚み(55)が延在する構築方向(Z)から見られたときに本体長(53)および本体幅(54)を伴う矩形断面を有する、実質的に角柱の全体形状のものであり、
前記第2の領域(24)は、前記本体厚み(55)が延在する方向から見られたとき、リング形状の断面を有して、実質的に管状であり、前記リング形状の断面の外側輪郭は、前記矩形断面の外側輪郭と一致する、請求項1に記載の磁石。 - 前記第1の領域(23)および前記第2の領域(24)の少なくとも1つは、それぞれ、前記第1の領域(23)および/または前記第2の領域(24)の少なくとも2つの近隣の内部層(2)内に絶縁層(28、29、30)を含む、請求項1に記載の磁石。
- 前記REの第1の要素は、セリウムおよびネオジムの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の磁石。
- 前記第1の領域(23)は、RE、鉄およびホウ素を含む組成によって形成される前記第1のグループの要素に基づく硬質磁石を含み、
前記第2の領域(24)は、前記第1の領域(23)と同じ前記第1グループの要素に基づく硬質磁石を含み、
前記第2の領域(24)におけるREの重量百分率は、前記第1の領域(23)におけるREの重量百分率よりも少なくとも20%高い、請求項1に記載の磁石。 - 前記第2の領域(24)の平均磁性粒子粒径が4μm未満である、請求項1、11、12のいずれか一項に記載の磁石。
- 前記第1の領域(23)の平均磁性粒子粒径が20nm未満であるか、または50μmを超える、請求項1に記載の磁石。
- 前記第1の領域(23)および前記第2の領域(24)の少なくとも1つは、前記磁石本体の周囲に終端層を含む、請求項1に記載の磁石。
- 前記終端層または追加の終端層は絶縁性である、請求項15に記載の磁石。
- 前記磁石本体は、多結晶微細構造、アモルファス微細構造およびナノ結晶質微細構造のうちの少なくとも1つの構造を有する、請求項1に記載の磁石。
- 前記第1の領域は、1kA/m未満の保磁力または1kA/mを超えるが10kA/m未満の保磁力のいずれかを有し、前記第2の領域は10kA/mより大きい保磁力を有する、請求項17に記載の磁石。
- 請求項1〜18のいずれか一項に記載の少なくとも1つの磁石(1)を含む電気装置(45)。
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US12046399B2 (en) | 2022-01-27 | 2024-07-23 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Reduction of cracks in additively manufactured Nd—Fe—B magnet |
RU2822540C1 (ru) * | 2023-08-07 | 2024-07-08 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Центральный научно-исследовательский институт конструкционных материалов "Прометей" имени И.В. Горынина Национального исследовательского центра "Курчатовский институт" (НИЦ "Курчатовский институт" - ЦНИИ КМ "Прометей") | Способ получения магнитных экранов из сплава 80НХС селективным лазерным сплавлением |
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US10269479B2 (en) | 2019-04-23 |
CN106796835B (zh) | 2019-05-21 |
CN106796835A (zh) | 2017-05-31 |
ES2711852T3 (es) | 2019-05-07 |
JP2018139305A (ja) | 2018-09-06 |
CN106796835A8 (zh) | 2017-06-30 |
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