JP6567626B2 - モノリシックに集積した量子ドット装置を有する半導体チップキャリア及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
モノリシックに集積した量子ドット装置を有する半導体チップキャリア及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6567626B2 JP6567626B2 JP2017198534A JP2017198534A JP6567626B2 JP 6567626 B2 JP6567626 B2 JP 6567626B2 JP 2017198534 A JP2017198534 A JP 2017198534A JP 2017198534 A JP2017198534 A JP 2017198534A JP 6567626 B2 JP6567626 B2 JP 6567626B2
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Images
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
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- H01L21/02532—Silicon, silicon germanium, germanium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L21/02535—Group 14 semiconducting materials including tin
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L21/02612—Formation types
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L21/02656—Special treatments
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- H01L21/02667—Crystallisation or recrystallisation of non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials, e.g. regrowth
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/04—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their crystalline structure, e.g. polycrystalline, cubic or particular orientation of crystalline planes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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Description
本出願は、2010年11月3日に出願された「完全集積型シリコンキャリアにおける量子ドット電界効果トランジスタ及びその製造方法」と題する米国仮特許出願第61/409,846号の優先権を主張するものである。
T.J.Phillips等(US7173292)、(以後、Phillips‘292)は、逃走電流(アバランシェ降伏)を教示する。量子井戸電界効果トランジスタ(QWFET)を形成することによって、軽減されるか又は実質的に排除される狭いバンドギャップ半導体物質に適用される変調ドープ電界効果トランジスタ(MODFET)又は高電子モビリティ(HEMT)トランジスタ内の衝突イオン化によって当該逃走電流が引き起こされる。量子井戸FETは、1又は複数の広いバンドギャップの半導体を備える多層構造からなる(図1及び2参照)。図1は、QWFET1の垂直断面を示し、当該QWFET1は、2つの広いバンドギャップ半導体層3、4の間に組み込まれた量子井戸領域2を備える。量子井戸領域2は、複数の異なる半導体層5、6、7からなる。中央層6は、半導体物質5、6によって境界される第1伝導チャネルを形成する。該半導体物質5、6は、広いバンドギャップ半導体層3、4のバンドギャップ24、25よりも小さいが、第1伝導チャネル6を形成する層内に使用される半導体物質のバンドギャップ23よりも大きい半導体バンドギャップ21、22を有する第2伝導チャネルを形成する。図2は、図1のX−X’で定められる断面視で示された積層半導体構造の代表的なエネルギーバン
ドギャップダイアグラム20を示す。
本明細書において、「能動コンポーネント(active component)」という用語は、動作するための電力を必要としかつ電力利得を生み出すことができる電気回路の一素子としてのその従来の定義を指すものと理解される。
任意の装置を指すものとして理解される。
(Si)、ゲルマニウム(Ge)、スズ(Sn)又は鉛(Pb)からなる周期表のIV族の少なくとも1つの元素、及び、硫黄(S)、セレニウム(Se)又はテルリウム(Te)からなる周期表のVI族の少なくとも1つの元素を含む化合物半導体を表す従来の意味を指すものとして理解される。
を含む三次元多結晶半導体物質を提供する。
ア基板内に組み込まれた能動回路を有してもよい。
(‘159号出願)、2007年1月6日に出願されたde Rochemontの「電力管理モジュール」と題する米国特許出願第11/620,042号明細書(‘042号出願、2010年7月26日に出願されたde RochemontおよびKovacsの「液体化学堆積プロセス装置および実施形態」と題する米国特許出願第12/843,112号明細書(‘112号出願)、2011年6月2日に出願されたde Rochemontの「表面FETを有するモノリシックDC/DC電力管理モジュール」と題する米国特許出願第13/152,222号明細書(‘222号出願)、及び、2011年7月13日に出願されたde Rochemontの「切断ツール及び製造方法」と題する米国特許出願第13/182,405号明細書(‘405号出願)に含まれる全ての内容を組み入れるものである。‘159号出願は、LCD法が、厳密公差の受動ネットワークを備えるモノリシック集積回路をどのように製造するかを開示している。‘042号出願は、液体化学堆積(「LCD」)法が、調整可能なインダクタコイルを備えるモノリシック集積電力管理モジュールをどのように製造するかを開示している。‘112号出願は、LCD法の適用において使用される好適な装置を開示している。‘222号出願は、表面FETを含む低損失電力管理回路のモノリシックな集積化を教示している。‘405号出願は、ケイ素及び炭素元素を組み込む炭化ケイ素又は複雑な化合物のような、炭化物、窒化物及び最大相(MAX−phase)物質を製造するLCD法を開示する。
法は、原子スケールの化学均一性及び化学量論の精度で異種の「不整合(mismatched)」物質を、堆積物質の引張強度よりも強い表面付着で、半導体基板表面上の選択された領域に集積することを可能とする。従来の物質堆積技術と異なり、LCDは、高い組成精度で堆積物質内に組み込み可能である元素(化学)コンポーネントの数に制限を課さない。これは、高い化学的複雑性を有する物質をモノリシック構造に集積することを可能とする。LCDで使用される低いプロセス温度(≦400℃)は、半導体基板内に埋め込まれた能動コンポーネントのドーパントプロファイル(形態)を変化させない。これら低い堆積温度は、LCD堆積物が均一な固溶体を初期形成することを可能とする。すなわち、これは、続く高速熱アニーリングプロセスの適用によってナノスケール寸法に制限されるLCD堆積物にマイクロ構造を形成する手段を提供する。均一な化学分布及びナノスケールのマイクロ構造(結晶粒サイズ)が、変化する温度で安定したままの機能特性を有する電磁受動コンポーネントを集積するために必要な条件であり、これは、経済的に実行可能なシステムインパッケージ(SiP)又はシステムオンチップ(SoC)内の受動回路のモノリシックな集積を形成するのに必要とされる臨界性能公差を満足する。また、これらユニークな特性は、3D電子量子ガスを形成するために必要な粒状の量子井戸の均一なアセンブリを含む多結晶半導体物質のナノスケールの修飾をも可能とする。
度及び平均自由行程を最大化する結晶半導体を作製するためにエピタキシャル法を使用して形成された超高速FET内の第1及び第2伝導チャネルにおいて使用された半導体物質を教示する。
る。半導体領域内の強力な空乏場が、伝導バンド136A、136B、136Cを屈曲させて、これにより、3D電子ガスを形成するように、伝導バンド内の電子エネルギー準位138を量子化するエネルギー井戸137A、137B、137Cを形成する。金属半導体接合における量子エネルギー井戸137A、137B、137C間の接合バリア(φB)132A、132B、132C、132Dの高さ139は一般的に以下の式で与えられる。
qφB=q(φm−χ) 式(1)
qは電子電荷であり、φmは金属仕事関数であり、且つ、χは半導体電子親和力である。量子化エネルギー準位138内に注入され、且つ含有された伝導電子は、フェムト秒の通過速度で接合バリア(φB)をトンネル(tunnel)する。これにより、これら物質が電界効果トランジスタ構造内に構成されたとき、非常に速い半導体スイッチング速度を可能とする。薄型金属粒界物質124は、ほとんどの応用で望ましくない漏れ電流を引き起こすので、FETスイッチ装置には制限的である。したがって、図5Bに示すとおり、半導体粒122を包囲する電気的に絶縁又は半絶縁/半導体粒界物質126を有する多結晶半導体121を形成することが好ましい。絶縁粒界物質126及び半導体粒122の間の階段接合(abrupt junction)は、特徴的に異なる量子井戸構造を形成する。図6Bは、D−D’、E−E’、F−F’(図5B)の断面のいずれかに沿って観察される3D電子ガスのエネルギーバンドダイアグラム140を示している。これは、1nmから10nmの範囲、好ましくは2〜5nmの範囲の厚みを有する絶縁粒界物質126によって20〜50nmの多結晶半導体粒122が包囲されるときに、形成された接合によって構成される。あるいは、代替的に、粒122及び粒界物質126間のヘテロ接合を形成するように、絶縁体はより広いバンドギャップの半導体であってもよい。絶縁体−半導体界面141A、141B、141C、141Dは、絶縁粒界144A、144B及び半導体粒145A、145B、145C内のフェルミ準位143の平衡を通して接合バリア142A、142Bを形成する。半導体及び絶縁体領域の間の伝導バンド端146A及び価電子バンド(価電子帯)端146Bのオフセットが、3D電子ガスを形成するように、伝導バンド149内の電子エネルギー準位148を量子化する半導体粒145A、145B、145C内にエネルギー井戸147A、147B、147Cを形成する。同様の量子化が、半導体粒147A、147B、147Cの価電子バンド151内の正孔エネルギー準位において起こる。半導体物質が多結晶であるので、電荷キャリアは、非常に短い平均自由行程(20〜50nm)を有し、且つ、弾道導電電流が衝突イオン化を発生させるのに必要な高速度に達しない。さらに、フェムト秒の通過(transit)時間を有するトンネル電流が、多結晶半導体物質内の量子井戸間の導電メカニズムを支配する。これら運搬工程は、速いスイッチング速度を可能にすると共にアバランシェ降伏のリスクを軽減して、弾道電子が生じることなく、且つ、固定全体に分配された量子エネルギー井戸が結晶格子内の原子を伝導電子から有効に遮断する。粒がほぼ球状であると共に、電子が全方位にトンネル可能な三次元量子エネルギー井戸内に電子をトラップ(捕捉)することにより、3D電子(正孔)ガスが形成される。
粒122を伝導粒界物質124で包囲するとき、族順位(column ranking)に関する同様の関係を適用する。明確に理解されるべきであるが、LCD製造方法が高い化学的複雑性を有する物質の化学的融合を可能とするので、III−V及びII−VI半導体化合物が、二元化合物に制限されることを必要とせず、簡単に3又はそれ以上の元素化合物を含むことができる。
解温度を有する液体前駆体化合物を熱分解する温度まで加熱される必要がある。(基板172(図8A)として機能する適切にドープされた半導体層又はウエハに液体有機金属のエアロゾルスプレーを適用することを用いて)不活性又は還元ガス雰囲気は、窒素又は希ガス、水素及び/又は一酸化炭素及び二酸化炭素の還元分圧比を含んでもよい。アモルファス層は、電気的及び他のドーパントを有する元素半導体を含んでもよく、あるいは、電気的及び他のドーパントを有する化合物半導体であってもよい。LCDプロセスは、アモルファス層が、原子スケールで組成的に均一である化学成分の正確な比率を有することを可能とする。スプレー堆積の後にベークアウト(焼成)ステップが続く。このベークアウトステップは、基板を加熱し、2〜20分間、400℃及び600℃の間の温度に置いて、エアロゾルスプレー堆積ステップの間に熱分解しない全ての残渣有機金属を除去する。堆積物中のいずれかの液体種の存在が、続くアニーリングステップの間に、原子スケールの化学的均一性の低下を加速する。
ことによって、アモルファス堆積物171に炭化ケイ素又は窒化アルミニウム物質相を導入可能である。プラズマアニーリングの間、これらナノ粒子炭化物及び窒化物相は、その分子濃度が0.0001mol%から0.75mol%の間に維持されるときに粒界に移動する。
常に薄いアモルファス層206の挿入を可能とし、それにより、半導体3D電子ガス層を備える単結晶p+−型半導体ドレイン層208をドレイン電極204(3D電子ガス層を含んでもよい)上に堆積することが可能である。p−n接合210は、3D電子ガス多結晶物質から選択的に構成可能なp+−型半導体ドレイン層208及びn−−型半導体層212の間で形成される。n−−型半導体層は、ソース電極218と電通したp型サブチャネル214A、214B、214C及びn型ドーパントプロファイル216A、216B、216C、216Dで電気的にパターニングされる。絶縁ゲート電極220は、ドレイン208からソース電極218まで電流が流れることを可能とするチャネル222内の反転キャリア集団(inversion carrier population)を調節(変調)する。ゲート電極220は、好ましくはアモルファスシリカ絶縁物質のような低損失高誘電ブレークダウン絶縁物質(low loss high−dielectric breakdown insulating material)224A、224B内に包囲される。任意の又は全ての半導体層は、3D電子ガスを生成するように変調(修正)されたナノスケールでエンジニアリングされた多結晶半導体から構成されてもよい。LCD堆積法が三次元モノリシック物質集積をも可能とするので、垂直伝導チャネルは、3D電子ガス半導体領域226A、226B、228A、228Bからなり、装置構造に選択的に付加され得る。3D電子ガス半導体領域226A、226B、228A、228Bの各々がIGBT装置200内の隣接半導体物質のいずれかの中のエネルギーバンドギャップとは異なるエネルギーバンドギャップを有する多結晶粒を含んでもよい。そして、複数のヘテロ構造を三次元的にパターニングされたモノリシック構造内に形成する
Claims (13)
- その物質本体内の三次元全体に沿って10.6nmよりも大きい距離を超えて機能する量子井戸の自由電子ガス特性を形成し、粒状量子井戸の均一な三次元アセンブリを備える三次元多結晶半導体物質であって、
各粒状量子井戸は、
50nm以下の公称最大粒径を有するとともに前記粒状量子井戸内全体に亘って原子スケールの化学均一性を有する個々の結晶粒を形成する、シリコン、炭化ケイ素、ゲルマニウム、スズ又はそれらの混合である半導体主要成分と、
前記粒状量子井戸内の前記主要成分を包囲し、隣接する結晶粒内の前記半導体主要成分間にエネルギーの粒界を形成する副成分と、
を含み、
前記粒界を形成する副成分は、周期表の第1(I)族からのアルカリ元素金属若しくは第2(II)族のアルカリ土類元素を含み、
前記粒状量子井戸の均一な三次元アセンブリは、前記三次元多結晶半導体物質を形成し、均一なナノスケールの微細構造及び粒サイズを有することを特徴とする三次元多結晶半導体物質。 - 前記副成分のモル濃度が、前記三次元多結晶半導体物質の0.0001mol%から0.75mol%の間であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の物質。
- 前記三次元多結晶半導体物質によって形成された自由電子ガスは、全ての方向において50nmよりも大きい距離に及ぶことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の物質。
- 前記三次元多結晶半導体物質は、能動装置にモノリシックに集積されていることを特徴とすることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の物質。
- 前記能動装置は、電界効果トランジスタ、光電装置又は光子装置であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の物質。
- 半導体キャリアであって、
当該半導体キャリアにモノリシックに集積される多結晶半導体層を含む能動装置を備え、
前記多結晶半導体層は、粒状量子井戸の均一なアセンブリを備え、
前記粒状量子井戸は、原子スケールの化学的均一性を有し、且つ、エネルギーバリアを形成するとともに2nmから10nm厚である副成分の粒界物質によって包囲される20nmから50nmの範囲の最大物理寸法を有する半導体主要成分の粒をさらに備え、
前記粒状量子井戸内の量子サイズ効果が、前記多結晶半導体層の全空間方向に亘って量子井戸の自由電子ガス特性を誘導し、
前記粒界物質を形成する副成分は、周期表の第1(I)族からのアルカリ金属元素若しくは第2(II)族のアルカリ土類元素を含むことを特徴とする半導体キャリア。 - 前記能動装置は、電界効果トランジスタ、光電装置又は光子装置であることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の半導体キャリア。
- 前記能動装置は、その表面にモノリシックに集積された受動ネットワーク回路を有する出力管理モジュールを備えることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の半導体キャリア。
- 前記能動装置は、当該半導体キャリアの表面に搭載された半導体ダイを備えることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の半導体キャリア。
- 当該半導体キャリアは、半導体基板を備え、前記半導体基板は、当該半導体キャリアの基板内に集積された能動回路、及び、前記半導体キャリアの基板上にモノリシックに集積された受動ネットワーク回路を有することを特徴とする請求項6に記載の半導体キャリア。
- 2nmから10nm厚である粒界物質によって包囲される20nmから50nmの範囲の最大物理寸法を有する半導体多結晶粒を含むナノスケールの多結晶アセンブリから構成された半導体層を製造する製造方法であって、前記半導体多結晶粒内の量子サイズ効果が、量子井戸の自由電子ガス特性を誘導し、
当該製造方法は、
元素半導体又は所望の化合物半導体化学量論からなる主要相の多結晶粒を形成するために適切な化学量論比を有する低揮発性液体有機金属前駆体の溶液を形成するステップと、
前記主要相の多結晶粒の粒界に、絶縁、半絶縁又は半導体第2層物質を形成するために適切な化学量論比を有する、0.0001mol%から0.5mol%の範囲の濃度で前記溶液にドーパントを加えるステップと、
前記半導体多結晶粒内に必要な濃度の前記主要相の多結晶粒の、前記ドーパントの前駆体を前記溶液に加えるステップと、
前記半導体層が形成される基板を250℃から500℃の範囲の温度に加熱するステップと、
原子スケールで化学的に均一である化学量論的精度を有するアモルファス堆積物を形成するように、不活性又は還元ガス雰囲気中で前記基板上で不揮発性有機金属前駆体を同時に分解するステップと、
前記アモルファス堆積物から有機残渣物を除去するように前記アモルファス堆積物をベークするステップと、
最小で5秒間、イオン化アルゴンプラズマ内で、40℃と400℃の間の基板温度、且つ、1500mTorrから5000mTorrの範囲の圧力で、50Wから300Wの適用電力を使用してベークした前記アモルファス堆積物をアニーリングするステップと、
前記イオン化アルゴンプラズマに窒素、及び/又は、二酸化炭素及び一酸化炭素の還元分圧比を選択的に加えるステップと、を含み、
前記粒界を形成する副成分は、周期表の第1(I)族からのアルカリ金属元素若しくは第2(II)族のアルカリ土類元素であることを特徴とする製造方法。 - 前記半導体多結晶粒を含む半導体物質は、シリコン、ゲルマニウム、スズ又はこれらの任意の混合であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の製造方法。
- 前記粒界を形成する副成分は、周期表の第1(I)族からのアルカリ元素若しくは第2(II)族のアルカリ土類元素を含む金属ハロゲン化物からなる金属物質であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の製造方法。
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EP2636069A2 (en) | 2013-09-11 |
CN103415925A (zh) | 2013-11-27 |
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EP2636069B1 (en) | 2021-07-07 |
WO2012061656A3 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
WO2012061656A2 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
JP2014502417A (ja) | 2014-01-30 |
US20120104358A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
US9123768B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 |
US20150372091A1 (en) | 2015-12-24 |
US20170229302A1 (en) | 2017-08-10 |
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US10777409B2 (en) | 2020-09-15 |
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