JP6049633B2 - ガス拡散電極 - Google Patents

ガス拡散電極 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP6049633B2
JP6049633B2 JP2013546683A JP2013546683A JP6049633B2 JP 6049633 B2 JP6049633 B2 JP 6049633B2 JP 2013546683 A JP2013546683 A JP 2013546683A JP 2013546683 A JP2013546683 A JP 2013546683A JP 6049633 B2 JP6049633 B2 JP 6049633B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
layer
electrode
diffusion layer
gas diffusion
diffusion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
JP2013546683A
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP2014502673A5 (enExample
JP2014502673A (ja
Inventor
島宗　孝之
孝之 島宗
ヨハネス シュロス，
ヨハネス シュロス，
Original Assignee
パルマスカンド アクチボラグ
パルマスカンド アクチボラグ
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by パルマスカンド アクチボラグ, パルマスカンド アクチボラグ filed Critical パルマスカンド アクチボラグ
Publication of JP2014502673A publication Critical patent/JP2014502673A/ja
Publication of JP2014502673A5 publication Critical patent/JP2014502673A5/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP6049633B2 publication Critical patent/JP6049633B2/ja
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
    • C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
    • C25B11/095—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one of the compounds being organic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H01M4/8621—Porous electrodes containing only metallic or ceramic material, e.g. made by sintering or sputtering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
    • C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
    • C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
    • C25B11/032—Gas diffusion electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
    • C25B11/069—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of at least one single element and at least one compound; consisting of two or more compounds
    • C25B11/071—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of at least one single element and at least one compound; consisting of two or more compounds comprising metal or alloy powder and non-metallic binders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
    • C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
    • C25B11/081—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound the element being a noble metal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
    • H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/8807—Gas diffusion layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
    • H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
    • H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
    • H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/8668—Binders
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
JP2013546683A 2010-12-29 2011-12-23 ガス拡散電極 Expired - Fee Related JP6049633B2 (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201061427868P 2010-12-29 2010-12-29
EP10197276 2010-12-29
US61/427,868 2010-12-29
EP10197276.8 2010-12-29
PCT/EP2011/073937 WO2012089658A1 (en) 2010-12-29 2011-12-23 Gas diffusion electrode

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2014502673A JP2014502673A (ja) 2014-02-03
JP2014502673A5 JP2014502673A5 (enExample) 2015-02-19
JP6049633B2 true JP6049633B2 (ja) 2016-12-21

Family

ID=43902706

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2013546683A Expired - Fee Related JP6049633B2 (ja) 2010-12-29 2011-12-23 ガス拡散電極

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US9023549B2 (enExample)
EP (1) EP2659536B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP6049633B2 (enExample)
CN (1) CN103299463B (enExample)
WO (1) WO2012089658A1 (enExample)

Families Citing this family (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011080936A1 (de) * 2011-08-15 2013-02-21 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektrode und Energiespeicher umfassend eine Elektrode
JP6578611B2 (ja) * 2013-11-25 2019-09-25 独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構 空気電池用正極及びこの正極を用いた空気電池
DE102014204372A1 (de) * 2014-03-11 2015-09-17 Bayer Materialscience Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von katalytisch aktiven Pulvern aus metallischem Silber oder aus Mischungen aus von metallischem Silber mit Silberoxid zur Herstellung von Gasdiffusionselektroden
KR102231210B1 (ko) * 2014-04-08 2021-03-22 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 리튬 공기 전지용 양극, 이의 제조 방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 공기 전지
EP3227945B1 (en) 2014-12-03 2022-01-19 Coulombic, Inc. Electrodes and electrochemical devices and methods of making electrodes and electrochemical devices
DE102015215309A1 (de) 2015-08-11 2017-02-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Präparationstechnik von kohlenwasserstoffselektiven Gasdiffusionselektroden basierend auf Cu-haltigen-Katalysatoren
CN105655601A (zh) * 2016-03-28 2016-06-08 北方民族大学 直接硼氢化物燃料电池阳极催化剂的制备方法及应用
CA3026321C (en) 2016-06-02 2023-10-03 Sigma-Aldrich Co. Llc Using programmable dna binding proteins to enhance targeted genome modification
CA3019358A1 (en) 2016-07-22 2018-01-25 Nantenergy, Inc. Mist elimination system for electrochemical cells
JP2019521497A (ja) 2016-07-22 2019-07-25 ナントエナジー，インク． 電気化学セル内の水分及び二酸化炭素管理システム
BR112019004880A2 (pt) 2016-09-15 2019-06-11 Nantenergy, Inc. sistema de bateria híbrida
WO2018075870A1 (en) 2016-10-21 2018-04-26 Fluidic Inc. Corrugated fuel electrode
DE102016224466A1 (de) 2016-12-08 2018-06-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Elektrolysezelle oder Elektrodenplatte mit einer Gasdiffusionselektrode und Verfahren zu deren Betrieb
WO2018187561A1 (en) 2017-04-06 2018-10-11 Jaramillo Mateo Cristian Refuelable battery for the electric grid and method of using thereof
US11611115B2 (en) 2017-12-29 2023-03-21 Form Energy, Inc. Long life sealed alkaline secondary batteries
DE102018210457A1 (de) * 2018-06-27 2020-01-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Gasdiffusionselektrode zur Kohlendioxid-Verwertung, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie Elektrolysezelle mit Gasdiffusionselektrode
US12237548B2 (en) 2018-06-29 2025-02-25 Form Energy, Inc. Stack of electric batteries including series of fluidly connected unit cells
CN112805868A (zh) 2018-06-29 2021-05-14 福恩能源公司 金属空气电化学电池构架
US11973254B2 (en) 2018-06-29 2024-04-30 Form Energy, Inc. Aqueous polysulfide-based electrochemical cell
CN120049075A (zh) 2018-07-27 2025-05-27 福恩能源公司 用于电化学电池的负电极
US12308414B2 (en) 2019-06-28 2025-05-20 Form Energy, Inc. Device architectures for metal-air batteries
US12294086B2 (en) 2019-07-26 2025-05-06 Form Energy, Inc. Low cost metal electrodes
US11949129B2 (en) 2019-10-04 2024-04-02 Form Energy, Inc. Refuelable battery for the electric grid and method of using thereof
US12381244B2 (en) 2020-05-06 2025-08-05 Form Energy, Inc. Decoupled electrode electrochemical energy storage system
JP2023124753A (ja) * 2022-02-25 2023-09-06 株式会社豊田中央研究所 反応触媒及びそれを用いた電気化学リアクタ
US12221685B2 (en) 2022-03-16 2025-02-11 Coulombic, Inc. Diamond-like carbon materials and methods of making diamond-like carbon materials

Family Cites Families (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS609595B2 (ja) * 1978-08-18 1985-03-11 旭硝子株式会社 ガス拡散電極の製造法
US4370284A (en) * 1980-10-31 1983-01-25 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Non-bleeding electrode
JPS5943888A (ja) * 1982-09-03 1984-03-12 Asahi Glass Co Ltd ガス拡散電極用材料
US4578159A (en) 1985-04-25 1986-03-25 Olin Corporation Electrolysis of alkali metal chloride brine in catholyteless membrane cells employing an oxygen consuming cathode
JPS62232861A (ja) * 1986-04-01 1987-10-13 Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Kk ガス拡散電極とその製造方法
DE69012091T2 (de) 1990-02-20 1994-12-22 Atraverda Ltd Elektrochemische Zelle und Verfahren.
US5565073A (en) 1994-07-15 1996-10-15 Fraser; Mark E. Electrochemical peroxide generator
EP1337690B1 (en) 2000-11-13 2011-04-06 Akzo Nobel N.V. Gas diffusion electrode
JP2003109606A (ja) * 2001-09-28 2003-04-11 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 高分子電解質型燃料電池とその製造方法
JP4290454B2 (ja) 2003-03-28 2009-07-08 三井化学株式会社 ガス拡散電極の製造方法、電解槽及び電解方法
CN101326675B (zh) 2005-12-06 2012-06-06 雷沃尔特科技有限公司 双功能空气电极
AU2006323993A1 (en) 2005-12-06 2007-06-14 Revolt Technology Ltd Bifunctional air electrode
CN101106198A (zh) 2006-07-14 2008-01-16 上海清能燃料电池技术有限公司 一种燃料电池的扩散层结构
JP5031336B2 (ja) * 2006-11-21 2012-09-19 ペルメレック電極株式会社 食塩電解用酸素ガス拡散陰極
KR101000429B1 (ko) * 2008-11-25 2010-12-13 기아자동차주식회사 운전 안정성이 우수한 연료전지 자동차용 기체확산층

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2659536A1 (en) 2013-11-06
US20130280625A1 (en) 2013-10-24
US9023549B2 (en) 2015-05-05
EP2659536B1 (en) 2018-08-15
CN103299463B (zh) 2016-09-28
JP2014502673A (ja) 2014-02-03
CN103299463A (zh) 2013-09-11
WO2012089658A1 (en) 2012-07-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP6049633B2 (ja) ガス拡散電極
KR101081468B1 (ko) 염화나트륨 전해용 산소 가스 확산 음극
RU2361327C2 (ru) Структура для газодиффузионных материалов и способ их получения
JP6324392B2 (ja) アルカリ溶液の電解セル
JP6483111B2 (ja) アルカリ溶液の電解セル
TW593772B (en) New rhodium electrocatalyst and method of preparation
CN102286757B (zh) 耗氧电极及其制备方法
JP5178959B2 (ja) 酸素ガス拡散陰極、これを用いた電解槽、塩素ガスの製造方法、及び水酸化ナトリウムの製造方法
JP7222933B2 (ja) 二酸化炭素を還元するガス拡散電極
CA2677837C (en) Method for the electrochemical deposition of catalyst particles onto carbon fibre-containing substrates and apparatus therefor
RU2414772C2 (ru) Структуры для газодиффузионных электродов
KR20120010158A (ko) 산소-소모 전극
JPS6059996B2 (ja) 塩化アルカリの電解方法
CN117480278A (zh) 铱-锰氧化物复合材料、铱-锰氧化物复合电极材料及其制造方法
KR20240035414A (ko) 산소 발생 반응 촉매
US20210207277A1 (en) Gas diffusion electrode for carbon dioxide treatment, method for production thereof, and electrolysis cell having a gas diffusion electrode
JP4883884B2 (ja) 酸素還元用電極触媒およびガス拡散電極
US4749452A (en) Multi-layer electrode membrane-assembly and electrolysis process using same
JP5932791B2 (ja) 酸素消費電極およびその製造方法
EP0275466A1 (en) A composite membrane/electrode structure having islands of catalytically active particles
US9118082B2 (en) Oxygen-consuming electrode and process for the production thereof
CN115315543A (zh) 水分解催化剂用的锰-铱复合氧化物、锰-铱复合氧化物电极材料及其制造方法
US9163318B2 (en) Oxygen-consuming electrode and process for production thereof
Papazisi et al. High temperature co-electrolysis of CO2 and water on doped lanthanum chromites
US4871703A (en) Process for preparation of an electrocatalyst

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20141219

A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20141219

A977 Report on retrieval

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007

Effective date: 20160126

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20160209

A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20160506

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20160816

A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20160929

TRDD Decision of grant or rejection written
A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

Effective date: 20161025

A61 First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61

Effective date: 20161122

R150 Certificate of patent or registration of utility model

Ref document number: 6049633

Country of ref document: JP

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150

LAPS Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees