JP5996853B2 - ボールボンディング用ワイヤ - Google Patents
ボールボンディング用ワイヤ Download PDFInfo
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- JP5996853B2 JP5996853B2 JP2011186132A JP2011186132A JP5996853B2 JP 5996853 B2 JP5996853 B2 JP 5996853B2 JP 2011186132 A JP2011186132 A JP 2011186132A JP 2011186132 A JP2011186132 A JP 2011186132A JP 5996853 B2 JP5996853 B2 JP 5996853B2
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- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 43
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 38
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 27
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 24
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002710 Au-Pd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003271 Ni-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018594 Si-Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910008465 Si—Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aqua regia Chemical compound Cl.O[N+]([O-])=O QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004993 emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L2224/451—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po), and alloys thereof
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Description
1stボンドが形成されれば、キャピラリー10aは、一定高さまで上昇した後(同図(c))、導体配線cの真上まで移動する(同図(d)〜(e))。このとき、安定したループを形成するため、キャピラリー10aに特殊な動きをさせてワイヤWに「くせ」を付ける動作をする場合がある(同図(d)の鎖線から実線参照)。
一方、AuボンディングワイヤWは高価であることから、安価な銅(Cu)ボンディングワイヤへの置き換えもなされている。さらに、そのCuボンディングワイヤ表面にパラジウム(Pd)等を被覆してボンディング性を高めたものが開発され、一部では使用されている(特許文献1)。また、銀(Ag)ボンディングワイヤについても開発され、一部では使用されている。(特許文献2、3、4)
表面被覆Cuボンディングワイヤは、Cuボンディングワイヤに比べて2nd接合性がよく、連続ボンディング性がよいが、FABがCuボンディングワイヤよりもさらに硬くなるため、チップダメージ発生の問題がある。
このPd電極aに対し、上記表面被覆Cuボンディングワイヤは接合し難いという問題があり、Cuボンディングワイヤは、脆弱なチップ5に対してダメージを与えないような条件でボンディングしようとすると、十分な接合ができないという問題がある。
しかし、近年、電極aが小さくなり、また、電極a同士の距離も近くなっているので、より安定した真球状のボールbを得る必要があるため、Agボンディングワイヤにおいても、一般的に窒素ガスを吹き付けて放電する方が好ましくなっている。この窒素ガスを吹き付けて放電した場合、周囲からの酸素の侵入は防ぐことができるが、ワイヤ先端が溶融した際にワイヤ表面の酸化銀から上記添加したAlもしくはMgが酸素を奪い、Al2O3もしくはMgOができる。このとき、AlもしくはMgを多量に含有していると、このAl2O3もしくはMgOがボールb表面に大量に生成してしまい、電極aとの接合の際に硬質なAl2O3もしくはMgOが電極aを損傷する問題がある。
また、特許文献4にはワイヤの接合信頼性を高めるために、Pt、Pd、Cu、Ru、Os、Rh、Ir、Auを添加することが記載されているが、このような元素を多量に添加すれば、ワイヤ自体の電気抵抗が上がり、ボンディングワイヤとしての性能を損なう問題が生じる。すなわち、上述のとおり、電極aはより小さく、その距離もより近くなっているため、1st接合部を小さくすることが求められている。そのためには、ボンディングワイヤの直径を小さくする必要があるが、ワイヤの電気抵抗が高くなると、ワイヤの直径を小さくすることができなくなる問題がある。
因みに、AgボンディングワイヤとPd電極との接合箇所の耐食性は高いが、AgボンディングワイヤとAl電極との接合箇所は耐食性が低い。
ここで、Y、La、Ceは希土類元素であり、入手性に難があるため、Caの添加が最も好ましい。
Cuが5質量ppm未満であると、ワイヤの強度が不足するため、ワイヤボンディング後の樹脂封止の際にワイヤフローを起こしやすくなる。さらに、より高いワイヤフロー性を得るためには20質量ppm以上のCuを添加することが好ましい。また、Cuの添加量が300質量ppmを超えると、ボールbの形状が安定して真球状にならず、異形のボールbが発生しやすくなるため、その添加量は300質量ppm以下とする。
『評価項目』
得られた各ボンディング用ワイヤWについて、自動ワイヤボンダで、図2に示すボールボンディングを行った。すなわち、放電棒gによるアーク放電によりワイヤW先端にFAB(ボールb)を作製し、それをチップ5上のNi/Pd/Au電極aに接合し、ワイヤ他端をリード端子(導体配線)cに接合した。なお、FAB作製時にはワイヤW先端部に窒素(N2)ガスを流しながらアーク放電を行った。リード端子cにはAg被覆42%Ni−Fe合金を使用した。
そのボンディングにおける、FAB外観(析出物の有無)、耐熱性、HAST、1st接合部のチップ損傷、電気抵抗、樹脂封止時のワイヤフロー、FAB形状の安定性及び総合評価を表2に示す。それらの評価方法等は以下の通りである。
「FAB外観(析出物の有無)」
FAB径/ワイヤ径の比率が1.9〜2.1のボールbを30本作製し、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察した。図3(a)のように表面に析出物の生成がみられないもの(図4(a)参照)を「A」、図3(b)のように表面に析出物が生成したボールbが1本でも見られたもの(図4(b)参照、t:析出物)を「D」とした。
ワイヤ長:5mmのボンディング試料をエポキシ樹脂で封止した後で、X線非破壊観察装置にて1st接合部直上のワイヤの状態を観察した。観察は50本行い、1st接合部直上のワイヤ部分が曲がったり、破断したりせずにすべてが良好な形状であるものを「A」、1本でも1st接合部直上のワイヤ部分に曲がりや破断というような異常がある場合は実用上の問題があると考えて「D」とした。
ボンディング試料を130℃/85%RH(Relative Humidity)の試験槽中に1000時間装入し、1000時間経過後のシェア強度H(1000)を初期のシェア強度H(Initial)で除した割合R(R=H(1000)/H(Initial)×100)を用いて評価した。Rが80%以上なら「A」、60%以上80%未満では「B」、60%未満では「D」とした。
1st接合部および電極膜を王水で溶解し、チップ5のクラックを光学顕微鏡と走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察した。100個の1st接合部を観察して3μm未満の微小なピットが1個もしくはまったく見られない場合は「A」、3μm以上のクラックが2個以上認められた場合を「D」とした。
4端子法を用いて室温での電気抵抗を測定した。固有抵抗が2.3μΩ・cm未満であれば十分な導電性を有すると考えられるので「A」、固有抵抗が2.3μΩ・cm以上3.0μΩ・cm未満であれば「B」、固有抵抗が3.0μΩ・cm以上であれば「D」とした。
ワイヤ長:5mmのボンディング試料をエポキシ樹脂で封止した後で、X線非破壊観察装置にて最大ワイヤフロー量を測定した。測定は20本行い、その平均値をワイヤ長5mmで除した割合をワイヤフロー率とした。このワイヤフロー率が5%未満なら「A」、5%以上7%未満では「B」、7%以上では実用上の問題があると考えて評価を「D」とした。
ワイヤ径に対するFAB径の比率が小さくなると、安定性の確保が難しいことから、FAB径/ワイヤ径の比率が1.9〜2.1の時の真球性を評価した。接合前のボールを50本観察して、FAB形状が真球状であるか否かを判定した。真球状が95%以上であれば「A」、真球状が95%未満であれば、「D」とした。ここで、FAB(ボールb)の作製はN2ガスを吹き付けながら行なった。
各評価において、すべて「A」のものを「A」、「A」と「B」が混在しているものを「B」、ひとつでも「D」があるものを「D」とした。
また、Pd、Auから選ばれる1種以上の元素の合計が0.5質量%未満であると、比較例2、8〜10から、HAST評価において「D」、3.0質量%を超えると、比較例13〜15から、電気抵抗の評価において「D」となって、総合評価で「D」となっている。
さらに、Cuの添加量が5質量ppm未満であると、比較例1〜5、12、15から樹脂封止の際にワイヤフローが起こるため、その評価において「D」、300質量ppmを超えると、比較例6、8、9、13、14から、FAB形状の安定性評価が「D」となり、総合評価で「D」となっている。
さらに、Pd、Auから選ばれる1種以上の元素の合計が1.5質量%以下であると、実施例1〜7、9、11、14〜16、18、19、比較例1、2、4〜6、8〜12から、電気抵抗評価において「A」となり、良好な電気特性を得られることが理解することができる。
また、Cuが20質量ppm以上であれば、実施例1、3〜8、13〜16、18〜20、比較例6〜11、13、14から、樹脂封止時のワイヤフローの評価で「A」となり、高い耐ワイヤフロー性を有することが理解できる。
a 集積回路素子の電極
b 溶融ボール
b’ 圧着ボール
c 回路配線基板の導体配線(リード端子)
t 析出物(酸化物)
Claims (5)
- 半導体素子の電極(a)と回路配線基板の導体配線(c)をボールボンディング法によって接続するためのボンディング用ワイヤ(W)であって、
Pd、Auから選ばれる1種以上の元素を合計で0.5%質量以上、3.0質量%以下含み、Ca、Y、La、Ceから選ばれる1種以上の元素を合計で1質量ppm以上、10質量ppm以下含み、Cuを5質量ppm以上、300質量ppm以下含み、残部がAg及び不可避不純物からなって、固有抵抗が3.0μΩ・cm以下であることを特徴とするボールボンディング用ワイヤ。 - 上記電極(a)がPd電極であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のボールボンディング用ワイヤ。
- 上記Pd、Auから選ばれる1種以上の元素を合計で0.7質量%以上、1.5質量%以下含むことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のボールボンディング用ワイヤ。
- 上記Cuを20質量ppm以上、300質量ppm以下含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜3の何れか一つに記載のボールボンディング用ワイヤ。
- 上記Pd、Auから選ばれる1種以上の元素は、Pdを必ず含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜4の何れか一つに記載のボールボンディング用ワイヤ。
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