WO2013018238A1 - ボールボンディングワイヤ - Google Patents
ボールボンディングワイヤ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013018238A1 WO2013018238A1 PCT/JP2011/078635 JP2011078635W WO2013018238A1 WO 2013018238 A1 WO2013018238 A1 WO 2013018238A1 JP 2011078635 W JP2011078635 W JP 2011078635W WO 2013018238 A1 WO2013018238 A1 WO 2013018238A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- wire
- bonding
- ball
- bonding wire
- coating layer
- Prior art date
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- 239000010933 palladium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000011247 coating layers Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000010932 platinum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011162 core materials Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004020 conductors Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004065 semiconductors Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910001316 Ag alloys Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010410 layers Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002093 peripheral Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000035693 Fab Effects 0.000 abstract description 36
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 22
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- 239000010950 nickel Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 210000001736 Capillaries Anatomy 0.000 description 13
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0nMS4wJyBlbmNvZGluZz0naXNvLTg4NTktMSc/Pgo8c3ZnIHZlcnNpb249JzEuMScgYmFzZVByb2ZpbGU9J2Z1bGwnCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgeG1sbnM9J2h0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnJwogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgeG1sbnM6cmRraXQ9J2h0dHA6Ly93d3cucmRraXQub3JnL3htbCcKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSdodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rJwogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICB4bWw6c3BhY2U9J3ByZXNlcnZlJwp3aWR0aD0nODVweCcgaGVpZ2h0PSc4NXB4JyB2aWV3Qm94PScwIDAgODUgODUnPgo8IS0tIEVORCBPRiBIRUFERVIgLS0+CjxyZWN0IHN0eWxlPSdvcGFjaXR5OjEuMDtmaWxsOiNGRkZGRkY7c3Ryb2tlOm5vbmUnIHdpZHRoPSc4NScgaGVpZ2h0PSc4NScgeD0nMCcgeT0nMCc+IDwvcmVjdD4KPHRleHQgZG9taW5hbnQtYmFzZWxpbmU9ImNlbnRyYWwiIHRleHQtYW5jaG9yPSJzdGFydCIgeD0nMTcuNTAwOScgeT0nNDcuNzk1NScgc3R5bGU9J2ZvbnQtc2l6ZTozOHB4O2ZvbnQtc3R5bGU6bm9ybWFsO2ZvbnQtd2VpZ2h0Om5vcm1hbDtmaWxsLW9wYWNpdHk6MTtzdHJva2U6bm9uZTtmb250LWZhbWlseTpzYW5zLXNlcmlmO2ZpbGw6IzNCNDE0MycgPjx0c3Bhbj5BZzwvdHNwYW4+PC90ZXh0Pgo8L3N2Zz4K [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 8
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/06—Alloys based on silver
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/43—Manufacturing methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/44—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L24/45—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual wire connector
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/80—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
- H01L24/85—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a wire connector
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/02—Bonding areas; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/04—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/04042—Bonding areas specifically adapted for wire connectors, e.g. wirebond pads
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/02—Bonding areas; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/04—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/05—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas prior to the connecting process of an individual bonding area
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- H01L2224/05638—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron [B], silicon [Si], germanium [Ge], arsenic [As], antimony [Sb], tellurium [Te] and polonium [Po], and alloys thereof the principal constituent melting at a temperature of greater than or equal to 950°C and less than 1550°C
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
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- H01L2224/05638—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron [B], silicon [Si], germanium [Ge], arsenic [As], antimony [Sb], tellurium [Te] and polonium [Po], and alloys thereof the principal constituent melting at a temperature of greater than or equal to 950°C and less than 1550°C
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
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Abstract
Description
この発明は、パワーIC、LSI、トランジスタ、BGA(Ball Grid Array package)、QFN(Quad Flat Non lead package)等の半導体パッケージにおける半導体素子上のニッケル・パラジウム・金(Ni/Pd/Au)被覆電極と、リードフレーム、セラミック基板、プリント基板等の回路配線基板の導体配線とをボールボンディング法によって接続するための銀(Ag)製ボールボンディングワイヤに関するものである。
上記BGA等の半導体パッケージは、例えば、図1に示すように、配線板1上にはんだボール2を介してパッケージ基板3を設け、さらに、そのパッケージ基板3にダイボンディング材4を介して半導体チップ(素子)5を設けて、その半導体チップ5を封止材6によって封止した構造である。この半導体パッケージにおける半導体チップ5の電極aとパッケージ基板3の導体配線(端子)cとの電気接続は、上記ボールボンディング法によって行われる。
そのボールボンディング法による接続方法は、図2(a)~(h)に示す態様が一般的であり、同図(a)に示す、ワイヤWがキャピラリ10aに挿通されてその先端にボール(FAB:Free Air Ball)bが形成された状態から、クランプ10bが開いて、キャピラリ10aが集積回路素子上の電極aに向かって降下する。このとき、ボール(FAB)bはキャピラリ10a内に捕捉され、電極aにボンディングされる。
ターゲットである電極aにボールbが接触すると(キャピラリ10aが電極aに至ると)、キャピラリ10aがボールbをグリップし、ボールbに熱・荷重・超音波を与え、それによってボールbが圧着されて(圧着ボールb’となって)電極aと固相接合され、1st接合部が形成されて電極aと接着する(同図(b))。
1st接合部が形成されれば、キャピラリ10aは、一定高さまで上昇した後(同図(c))、導体配線cの真上まで移動する(同図(d)~(e))。このとき、安定したループを形成するため、キャピラリ10aに特殊な動きをさせてワイヤWに「くせ」を付ける動作をする場合がある(同図(d)の鎖線から実線参照)。
導体配線cの真上に至ったキャピラリ10aは、導体配線cに向かって降下し、ワイヤWを導体配線(2ndターゲット)cに押し付ける(同図(e)~(f))。これと同時に、その押付け部位に熱・荷重・超音波を与え、それによってワイヤWを変形させ、ワイヤWを導体配線c上に接合させるためのステッチボンドと、次のステップでテイルを確保するテイルボンドを形成する(同図(f))。
その両ボンドを形成した後、キャピラリ10aはワイヤWを残したまま上昇し、キャピラリ10aの先端に一定の長さのテイルを確保した後、クランプ10bを閉じて(ワイヤWをつかんで)、テイルボンドの部分からワイヤWを引きちぎる(同図(g))。
キャピラリ10aは、所要の高さまで上昇すると停止し、そのキャピラリ10aの先端に確保されたワイヤWの先端部分に、放電棒gでもって高電圧を掛けて火花を飛ばし(放電し)、その熱でワイヤWを溶かし、この溶けたワイヤ素材は表面張力によって球状に近いボールbになって固まる(同図(h))。
以上の作用で1サイクルが終了し、以後、同様な作用によって、電極aと導体配線cとのボールボンディング法による接続がなされる。
このボールボンディング法に使用されるボンディング線(ワイヤ)Wの材質としては、4N~2Nの金(Au)が使用されている。このように金が多用されるのは金ボールbの形状が安定して真球状となるとともに、形成される金ボールbの硬さが適切であって、接合時の荷重、超音波によってチップ5を損傷することがなく、確実な接合ができ、その信頼性が高いからである。
一方、金ボンディングワイヤWは高価であることから、安価な銅(Cu)ボンディングワイヤへの置き換えもなされている。さらに、その銅ボンディングワイヤ表面にパラジウム(Pd)等を被覆してボンディング性を高めたものが開発され、一部では使用されている(特許文献1)。
また、金より安価な銀(Ag)ボンディングワイヤも発明されており、図3に示すように、この銀ボンディングワイヤW表面にPd等の被覆層2を形成してボンディング性を高めたものが開発され、一部では使用されている(特許文献2~4)。
金ボンディングワイヤWは高価である。その代替材である銅ボンディングワイヤWは安価ではあるが、金ボンディングワイヤに比べてFABが硬く、電極aのチップが脆弱であるとチップダメージ発生の恐れが高くなる。また、金ボンディングワイヤに比べて2nd接合性が悪く、連続ボンディング性に問題がある。
表面被覆銅ボンディングワイヤは、銅ボンディングワイヤに比べて2nd接合性がよく、連続ボンディング性はよいが、FABが銅ボンディングワイヤよりもさらに硬くなるため、チップダメージ発生の問題がある。このため、Low−K層(配線をカバーする絶縁に利用される誘電率の低い素材)に対してダメージを与えないような条件でボンディングしようとすると、十分な接合ができないという問題がある。
また、従来、電極aにはAl合金(Al−Si−Cu等)パッドが用いられていたが、高温信頼性、例えば150℃以上における信頼性が求められる車載などの用途ではNi/Pd/Au(ニッケル/パラジウム/金)被覆やNi/Pd(ニッケル/パラジウム)被覆した電極aが検討されている。さらに脆弱なチップ5に対するダメージ低減の必要もある。
このNi/Pd/Au被覆等した電極aに対し、上記表面被覆銅ボンディングワイヤは接合し難いという問題があり、銅ボンディングワイヤは、脆弱なチップ5に対してダメージを与えないような条件でボンディングしようとすると、十分な接合ができないという問題がある。
これに対し、銀ボンディングワイヤWは、金ボンディングワイヤより安価であり、銅ボンディングワイヤに比べてFABが柔らかく、Ni/Pd/Au被覆やNi/Pd被覆した電極aに対しても十分な接合強度を得ることができる。
しかし、銀は硫化しやすい上に、マイグレーションの発生の懸念がある。このため、Pt等の被覆層2を形成することも考えられているが(特許文献1)、その被覆層2の厚みtが厚く、安定して良好な形状のFAB(ボールb)を得ることが必要な用途には採用できなかった。
これは、2nd接合性及び連続ボンディング性を向上させるために、Pd等の表面被覆をすると、FAB作製時、銀から成る芯材1とPd等の被覆層2の溶融温度差により、図4(c)~同(e)に示すように、ボールbに被覆層2の溶け残り(各図における「窪み」)が生じ、この溶け残り部分は溶融部分に比べて硬度が高いため、1st接合時、チップダメージ発生の問題があるからである。特に、電極aのチップが脆弱であると、そのチップダメージ発生の恐れが高くなる。また、安定して良好な形状の1st接合部が形成できなければ、隣り合う1st接合部間が導通してしまうなど、チップ間の距離の近いファインピッチの用途に用いることができなくなる。
因みに、金ボンディングワイヤとNi/Pd/Au被覆やNi/Pd被覆した電極aとの接合であれば、高温信頼性は得られるが、材料費が高価になるという問題がある。
この発明は、以上の実状の下、Pd等の被覆銀ボンディングワイヤにおいて、1st接合時、チップダメージ発生を抑制することを課題とする。
上記課題を達成するため、この発明は、Pd、Ptの被覆層厚tが上記FAB作製時のボールbに被覆層2の溶け残り度合に関係していることを発見し、その被覆層厚tを特定することとしたのである。
すなわち、図3に示す、FAB作製時の最も影響するワイヤWの断面積Aと被覆層2断面積Atの比(At/A×100)を0.1~0.6%としたのである。ここで、図3において、A=πL2/4、At=(A−π(L−t)2/4)である。
このように、被覆層厚tがこの断面積比の範囲内であると、図4(a)、同(b)に示すように、溶け残り部分の無い真球状のボールbを得ることができるため、チップダメージが発生し難い。一方、下記の実験例から理解できるように、0.1%未満であると、Agめっきリードフレーム(配線)に対する2nd接合性が悪くなり、0.6%を超えると、良好なFAB形状を得ることができなく、1stボール形状が悪くなったり、FABが硬くなることによってチップダメージが発生したりする。好ましくは、断面積換算で0.2~0.4%とする。0.1%以上0.2%未満であると、2nd接合性が0.2%以上に比べて劣る。0.4%以下であれば、0.4%を超えて0.6%以下の範囲に比べてFAB形状が安定して良好になる。
なお、特許文献3段落0015には、扁平ボール・FAB作製時、芯材1の溶け残りが生じる旨が記載されているが、この発明は、被覆層2の溶け残りであって、その被覆層2の溶け残りが生じると、図4(c)~同(e)に示すように、1st時のボールb形状がいびつになり、その溶け残り部がチップダメージの発生の原因になるということの発見に基づくものである。
この発明の構成としては、半導体素子の電極と回路配線基板の導体配線をボールボンディング法によって接続するためのボンディングワイヤであって、銀又は銀合金からなる芯材外周面に白金又はパラジウムの被覆層を形成し、その被覆層の断面積とこのワイヤの断面積の断面積比を0.1~0.6%とした構成を採用することができる。
この構成における芯材は、純銀(銀及びおよび不可避不純物)もしくは銀を主成分とする銀合金とするが、耐食性が必要な用途に対しては、純銀にPd、Pt、Auから選ばれる1種以上を0.5~5.0質量%添加した銀合金を用いることができる。Pd、Pt、Auの合計が0.5質量%未満であると、接合部の信頼性が低くなる。より好ましくは0.7質量%以上であれば、特に湿潤環境下での信頼性が確保できる。一方、5.0質量%を超えた量を添加すると、図4(f)に示すように、被覆層の溶け残りの発生以外で扁平等の異形ボールが発生してしまう。また、これらの添加元素はいずれも高価なため、より好ましい範囲を3.0質量%以下とする。
また、強度が必要な用途に対しては、純銀又は上記銀合金にCa、Cu、又は希土類から選ばれる1種以上を合計で5~500質量ppm添加した銀合金とすることができる。Ca、Cu、又は希土類の合計質量が5質量ppm未満であると、ワイヤ強度が低くなり、ボンディング後の樹脂モールドの際にワイヤフローが発生する。より好ましくは、10質量ppm以上であれば、より高いワイヤ強度が得られる。一方、500質量ppmを超えると、FABの形状が不安定になり、良好な球状のFABが得られなくなる。また、より好ましくは300質量ppm以下であって、良好なFABを安定して得ることができる。なお、Caに加え、GdとSmから選ばれた1種以上の元素を合計にして10質量ppm以上添加すると、そのメカニズムは不明であるが、より高いワイヤ強度が得られる。
また、図2(h)に示すように、FABを作製する時にワイヤ先端部と放電棒gとの間で放電させてワイヤ先端を溶融させる際、Agに比べて高融点なAu、Pt又はPdがFAB表面に集積するため、FAB(ボールb)表面がAu、Pt又はPdの高濃度層になり、同図(b)の、次に続く1st接合時に電極aとの接合界面の高信頼性化に寄与する。このとき、このFAB表面への集積はAu、Pt又はPdの融点が関わり、Ptの融点:1768℃、Pdの融点:1555℃、Auの融点:1064℃であり、高濃度化は、融点が高い方が起りやすく、接合部の信頼性をより向上させるためには、Pt、Pd、Auの順で好ましいこととなる。
なお、被覆層2の形成は、電解めっき法、無電解めっき法、蒸着法等の周知の手段で形成し得るが、めっき法が一般的である。
因みに、AgとNi/Pd/Au被覆電極との接合箇所の耐食性は良いが、AgとAl電極との接合箇所は耐食性が悪い。
このワイヤWの線径はボンディングワイヤとして使用し得れば任意であるが、例えば、10~50.8μmとする。50.8μm以下とすると溶融ボールbをより小さくでき、10μm未満であると、ボンディング前にオペレータがワイヤWをキャピラリ10aに通すのが困難になり、作業性が悪くなるうえに、空気圧によりワイヤWに十分な張力をかけることができなくなり、ループ制御が困難になる恐れがある。
この発明は、以上のようにAgを主体とし、その外周面に、断面積比:0.1~0.6%としたPd又はPtの被覆層2を形成した銀ボンディングワイヤとしたので、金ボンディングワイヤに比べれば、安価なものとし得て、かつ、適度な強度のワイヤとなって良好なFABを作製でき、及びNi/Pd/Au被覆電極等との接合性が良いものとすることができる。このため、150℃以上の耐熱性が求められるような車載用途にも使用できる。
純度が99.99質量%以上(4N)の高純度Agを用いて、表1に示す化学成分の銀合金を鋳造し、8mmφのワイヤロッドを作製した。そのワイヤロッドを伸線加工し、所定の線径とした線外周面にPt又はPdを電解めっきによって被覆層2を形成した。この後、窒素(N2)雰囲気中、200~500℃での連続焼鈍により拡散熱処理を施して被覆層2と芯材1の密着強度を上げた後、最終線径:12~50μmまで伸線加工を行ない、その後、窒素雰囲気中400~600℃での連続焼鈍によって調質熱処理して、図3に示す、Pt又はPdからなる被覆層2の銀ボンディングワイヤW(実施例1~18、比較例1~14)を得た。化学成分の定量はICP−OES(高周波誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析法)により行った。
この各実施例及び各比較例に対し、下記の試験を行った。
『評価項目』
得られた各ボンディングワイヤWについて、市販の自動ワイヤボンダで、図2に示すボール/ウェッジ接合を行った。すなわち、放電棒gによるアーク放電によりワイヤW先端にFAB(ボールb)を作製し、それをチップ5上のNi/Pd/Au被覆電極aに接合し、ワイヤ他端をリード端子(配線c)に接合した。なお、FAB作製時にはワイヤ先端部にN2ガスを流しながらアーク放電を行った。リード端子cにはAgめっき42%Ni−Fe合金を使用した。
そのボンディングにおける、連続ボンディング性、1st接合部のSiチップ損傷度合、FAB形状の安定性、耐マイグレーション、HAST、樹脂封止時のワイヤフロー度合、及び総合評価を表2に示す。それらの評価方法等は以下の通りである。
『評価方法』
「被覆層(被膜)2の厚さ」
オージェ分光分析法による深さ分析を行った。その深さ分析はArイオンでスパッタしながらPd又はPtの濃度を測定し、SiO2換算して表層からの距離を算出し、被覆層2の厚みtは、表層のPd又はPt濃度測定値の1/2の濃度になる点までをその厚みとした。
「連続ボンディング性評価」
ボンディングマシンで10,000回の連続ボンディングを行い、マシンストップが発生しなければ「A」、1回のマシンストップが発生すれば「B」、2回以上のマシンストップが起これば「D」とした。
このとき、ステージ温度が低くなれば、その連続ボンディングが困難になることから、150℃(±5℃)で試験を行った。
「1st接合部のSiチップ損傷評価」
ボンディング後、1st接合部真下のSiチップ5の損傷で評価し、その1st接合部および電極膜aを王水で溶解し、Siチップ5のクラックを光学顕微鏡と走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察した。
100個の接合部を観察して5μm未満の微小なピットが1個もしくは全く見られない場合は「A」、5μm以上のクラックが2個以上認められた場合を「D」とした。
「FAB形状の安定性の評価」
ワイヤ径に対するFAB径の比率が小さくなると、安定性の確保が難しいことから、FAB径/ワイヤ径の比率が1.9~2.1の時の真球性を評価した。接合前のボールを50本観察して、FAB形状が真球状であるか否かを判定した。すべて、図4(a)、同(b)のような真球状であれば「A」、同(a)、(b)のような真球状の比率が90%以上100%未満なら「B」、同(c)~(e)のような被覆層が溶け残った状態(窪み部分)の比率が10%以上発生しておれば、「D」とした。また、同(f)のような被覆層の溶け残りの発生以外で扁平等の異形ボールbが1つでも発生した場合も「D」とした。ここで、FAB(ボールb)の作製はN2ガスを吹き付けながら行なった。
「耐マイグレーションの評価」
ボンディング後に市販のエポキシ樹脂で封止を行い、130℃/85%RH(Relative Humidity)の環境下で一定の電流を流し続けて、マイグレーションの発生有無を確認した。
1000時間経過しても抵抗の異常をきたさず、マイグレーションが発生しなかったものを「A」、抵抗の異常値が出て、調査の結果、Agイオンによる短絡であったもの(マイグレーションが発生)を「D」とした。
「HAST(Highly Accelerated temperature & humidity Stress Test)による信頼性評価」
ボンディング試料を130℃/85%RHの試験槽中に1000時間装入し、1000時間経過後のシェア強度H(1000)を初期のシェア強度H(Initial)で除した割合R(R=H(1000)/H(Initial)×100)を用いて評価した。Rが80%以上ならA、60%以上80%未満では実用上問題がないと考えて「B」、60%未満では「D」とした。
「樹脂封止時のワイヤフローの評価」
ワイヤ長:5mmのボンディング試料をエポキシ樹脂で封止した後で、X線非破壊観察装置にて最大ワイヤフロー量を測定した。測定は20本行い、その平均値をワイヤ長5mmで除した割合をワイヤフロー率とした。このワイヤフロー率が7%未満なら「A」、7%以上では実用上の問題があると考えて評価を「D」とした。
「総合評価」
すべて「A」のものを「A」、一つでも「B」があるものを「B」、一つでも「D」があるものを「D」とした。
この表1、2において、断面積比が0.1%未満であると、比較例1~3、8、13、14から、連続ボンディング性、耐マイグレーションにおいて「D」、同0.6%を超えると、比較例4~7、9~12から、良好なFAB形状を得ることができない等、各評価のいずれかにおいて「D」となって、共に、総合評価で「D」となっている。
また、Ca、Cu、Gd、Sm等の希土類から選ばれる1種以上の元素の合計質量が5質量ppm未満であると、比較例3、5、12から、ワイヤフロー評価において「D」、500質量ppmを超えると、同比較例1、4、7から、FABの安定性評価において「D」となって、総合評価で「D」となっている。
さらに、芯材1の含有するPd、Pt、Auから選ばれる1種以上の元素の合計質量が0.5質量%未満であると、比較例2、6、7、12から、HAST評価において「D」、5.0質量%を超えると、比較例13、14から、FAB形状で「D」(図4(f)の扁平等の異形ボールの発生)となっている。
これに対し、各実施例1~18は、いずれも、被覆層2の断面積Atとワイヤの断面積Aの比(At/A×100)が0.1~0.6%であることから、「FAB形状」において、安定した良好な形状で、かつ柔らかいボールbを得ることができ、「1st接合部のSiチップ損傷評価」、「耐マイグレーション評価」及び「ワイヤフロー評価」において、全て「A」を得て、総合評価において、「B」以上を得て、実用上問題ない評価を得ている。
さらに、その断面積比を0.2~0.4%とすれば、実施例1、2、4、6、9~11、13、15、16、18から、「FAB形状評価」において、全て「A」を得ている。
なお、断面積比が0.1%以上であると、リード端子(配線)cに対する2nd接合性は良好であった。
なお、PtやCa等を添加していない純銀の芯材1においても同様な結果を得ることができ、また、その純銀及び上記銀合金の芯材1にPd又はPtを被覆したボンディングワイヤWはNi/Pd/Au被覆電極aに対して同様な接合性を得ることができた。
W ボンディングワイヤ
a 集積回路素子の電極
b 溶融ボール
b’ 圧着ボール
c 回路配線基板の導体配線
t ボンディングワイヤの被覆層の厚み
L ボンディングワイヤ径
1 ボンディングワイヤの芯材
2 ボンディングワイヤの被覆層
Claims (4)
- 半導体素子の電極(a)と回路配線基板の導体配線(c)をボールボンディング法によって接続するためのボンディングワイヤ(W)であって、
Agからなる芯材(1)外周面にPt又はPdの被覆層(2)を形成し、その被覆層(2)の断面積(At)とこのワイヤ(W)の断面積(A)の比(At/A×100)を0.1~0.6%としたことを特徴とするボールボンディングワイヤ。 - 上記被覆層(2)の断面積(At)とワイヤの断面積(A)の比(At/A×100)を0.2~0.4%としたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のボールボンディングワイヤ。
- 上記芯材(1)が、Pd、Pt、Auから選ばれる1種以上を合計で0.5~5.0質量%添加された銀合金からなることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のボールボンディングワイヤ。
- 上記芯材(1)が、Ca、Cu、又は希土類から選ばれる1種以上が合計で5~500質量ppm添加された銀合金からなることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3の何れか1つに記載のボールボンディングワイヤ。
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Cited By (3)
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US20140159062A1 (en) * | 2012-12-11 | 2014-06-12 | Renesas Electronics Corporation | Optical coupling device |
TWI508204B (zh) * | 2013-05-14 | 2015-11-11 | Tanaka Electronics Ind | High-speed signal line with bonding wire |
TWI563580B (ja) * | 2013-06-13 | 2016-12-21 | Tanaka Electronics Ind |
Families Citing this family (5)
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JP5420783B1 (ja) | 2013-04-05 | 2014-02-19 | 田中電子工業株式会社 | 高速信号線用ボンディングワイヤ |
JP6516465B2 (ja) * | 2014-12-17 | 2019-05-22 | 日鉄ケミカル&マテリアル株式会社 | Bonding wire for semiconductor device |
SG10201508103QA (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-04-27 | Heraeus Materials Singapore Pte Ltd | Alloyed silver wire |
JP2019186248A (ja) | 2018-04-02 | 2019-10-24 | 田中電子工業株式会社 | Noble metal-coated silver wire for ball bonding and manufacturing method thereof, and semiconductor device using noble metal-coated silver wire for ball bonding and manufacturing method thereof |
JP2019186246A (ja) | 2018-04-02 | 2019-10-24 | 田中電子工業株式会社 | Noble metal-coated silver wire for ball bonding and manufacturing method thereof, and semiconductor device using noble metal-coated silver wire for ball bonding and manufacturing method thereof |
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JP2004014884A (ja) * | 2002-06-07 | 2004-01-15 | Sumitomo Electric Wintec Inc | ボンディングワイヤー |
JP2007123597A (ja) * | 2005-10-28 | 2007-05-17 | Nippon Steel Materials Co Ltd | 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ |
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JP2004014884A (ja) * | 2002-06-07 | 2004-01-15 | Sumitomo Electric Wintec Inc | ボンディングワイヤー |
JP2007123597A (ja) * | 2005-10-28 | 2007-05-17 | Nippon Steel Materials Co Ltd | 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20140159062A1 (en) * | 2012-12-11 | 2014-06-12 | Renesas Electronics Corporation | Optical coupling device |
TWI508204B (zh) * | 2013-05-14 | 2015-11-11 | Tanaka Electronics Ind | High-speed signal line with bonding wire |
TWI563580B (ja) * | 2013-06-13 | 2016-12-21 | Tanaka Electronics Ind |
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