JP5820439B2 - 原料の溶融物から製造される単結晶 - Google Patents
原料の溶融物から製造される単結晶 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, or capacitors or resistors with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/36—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities in the bulk material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
- C30B11/002—Crucibles or containers for supporting the melt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
- C30B11/003—Heating or cooling of the melt or the crystallised material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
- C30B11/007—Mechanisms for moving either the charge or the heater
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/40—AIIIBV compounds wherein A is B, Al, Ga, In or Tl and B is N, P, As, Sb or Bi
- C30B29/42—Gallium arsenide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T117/00—Single-crystal, oriented-crystal, and epitaxy growth processes; non-coating apparatus therefor
- Y10T117/10—Apparatus
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
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- Y10T117/10—Apparatus
- Y10T117/1024—Apparatus for crystallization from liquid or supercritical state
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T117/00—Single-crystal, oriented-crystal, and epitaxy growth processes; non-coating apparatus therefor
- Y10T117/10—Apparatus
- Y10T117/1024—Apparatus for crystallization from liquid or supercritical state
- Y10T117/1092—Shape defined by a solid member other than seed or product [e.g., Bridgman-Stockbarger]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
Description
ここで、vは軸方向の結晶成長速度を表し、qは結晶成長フロントの位置における溶融物および結晶の軸方向の熱流束をそれぞれ表し、Δhlatentは相転移の特定の潜熱を表し、そしてρcrystalは凝固した材料の質量密度を表す。結晶の熱流束は、熱伝導率λおよび温度勾配度(T)の積として決定される。xが凝固方向において軸座標である場合、近似によって、量ΔT/Δxを特定し得る。溶融物内の消散する熱流束の近似qmelt=0によって、成長速度は、次式で計算し得る上限を有する。
1.種の位置は、全てのルツボについて、温度領域の方向に対して同じ高さに配置される。これにより、安定して再現可能な植種が可能である。
2.凝固フロントが略平坦であり、さらに、それぞれの結晶ルツボの軸に対して可能な限り対称となるように、軸方向(軸方向:温度勾配の方向)の熱が流れる。これにより、一方では、生じる可能性がある熱弾性応力が小さい。他方では、結晶から製造されるウエハの最も重要な特性(すなわち、電気抵抗、ドーパント濃度、残留応力、転位密度等)の変化を、許容可能な限界に制限しなければならない。
特定の電気抵抗ρの位置分解測定は、いわゆるCOREMAによって実行することが可能である(非接触抵抗マッピング(COntactless REsistivity MApping):ジャンツ,W.(Jantz,W.)およびスティバル,R.(Stibal,R.)による「半絶縁基板の非接触抵抗マッピング」(Contactless Resistivity Mapping of Semi−Insulating Substrates)(1993年)のIII〜Vのレビュー6[4]の38〜39ページ、ならびにマテリアルズ・サイエンス・アンド・エンジニアリング(Materials Science and Engineering)のスティバル,R.(Stibal,R.)、ウィッカート,M.(Wickert,M.)、ヒーシンガー,P.(Hiesinger,P.)およびジャンツ,W.(Jantz,W.)による「半絶縁基板におけるメゾスコピック抵抗の変化の非接触マッピング」(Contactless Mapping of Mesoscopic Resistivity Variations in Semi−Insulating Substrates)(1999年)のB66[1〜3]の21〜25ページ)。その方法によって実現される典型的な位置分解能は約1mm2の範囲であり、この場合、マッピングは全領域にわたる。
測定された抵抗が、2つの加数の和として表される。ここで、ρregression planeは点(x、y)の回帰平面の値を表し、ρvariationは回帰平面の関数値と測定値との差を表す。
次に、異なる長さスケールの均一性について以下のように規定し得る。
全ての標準偏差:
局所的な標準偏差:
ここで、ρpiは点(xi、yi)の回帰平面の関数値である。
グローバル標準偏差:
全てのσρ=6.5%
グローバルなσρ=5.3%
局所的なσρ=2.5%
さらに、本発明による特定の構成では、以下の値が得られた。
全てのσρ=4.5%
グローバルなσρ=2.8%
局所的なσρ=1.25%
200x200の分解能、平均的な全長ζ=10mm、および3mmのエッジ除外部によって、各測定が行われた。
全てのσepd=90%
グローバルなσepd=23%
局所的なσepd=86%
さらに、本発明による特定の構成では、以下の値が得られた。
全てのσepd=76.0%
グローバルなσepd=17.6%
局所的なσepd=67.0%
関数floor(x)は独国の「ガウス括弧(Gauss Klammer)」に対応する。
全てのσEl2=10.7%
局所的なものおよびグローバルなものについて、上記値に対して、以下の値が得られる。
グローバルなσEl2<0.8*全てのσEl2
局所的なσEl2<0.7*全てのσEl2
全てのσFWHM=7.0%
上記値に対して、局所的な値およびグローバルな値が得られる。
グローバルなσFWHM<0.8*全てのσFWHM
局所的なσFWHM<0.6*全てのσFWHM
Claims (10)
- 半導体材料としてGaAsを含み、6インチ以上の径を有し、転位密度の分布と特定の電気抵抗の分布を有する結晶であって、
前記結晶の長手方向軸に垂直な面における転位密度を表すエッチピット密度(epd)のグローバル標準偏差(σglobal)が、前記結晶の前記エッチピット密度の平均値の23%未満であり、
前記結晶の長手方向軸に垂直な面における、前記特定の電気抵抗のグローバル標準偏差(σglobal)が、前記結晶の特定の電気抵抗の平均値の5.3%未満であり、
前記グローバル標準偏差の決定が、10mmの特性長に基づいて行われており、前記特性長がマッピングの最小横方向分解能を表し、
前記グローバル標準偏差の決定は、
エッジ除外領域を除く面の全域にわたって、500μmx500μmの大きさを有する前記面のN個の測定領域(xi,yi)について行われるマッピングと、
該マッピングの面における各測定点(xi,yi)については、最小横方向分解能を表す特性長が5mmの円形内に位置する測定点からのみ算出される各回帰平面ρ(x,y)の計算と、
各測定点(xi、yi)で、各測定点(xi、yi)の回帰平面から得られる各関数値ρ pi (xi、yi)と、
全てのN関数値:
の平均値と、
の計算と、
に基づいて行われる
ことを特徴とする結晶。 - 前記結晶の長手方向軸に垂直な面における前記特定の電気抵抗のグローバル標準偏差(σglobal)が、前記結晶の特定の電気抵抗の平均値の2.8%未満である
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の結晶。 - EL2密度のグローバル標準偏差が8.5%未満である
ことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の結晶。 - 前記結晶の前記長手方向軸に垂直な面内のロッキングカーブ線における半値全幅の分布のグローバル標準偏差が、前記ロッキングカーブ線の半値全幅の分布の平均値の5.6%未満であり、
グローバル標準偏差の決定が、10mmの特性長に基づいて行われている
ことを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の結晶。 - 前記結晶材料の転位密度が、1cm2当たりゼロまたは100未満である
ことを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の結晶。 - 前記結晶の剪断応力のローレンツ分布の半値全幅が、100kPa未満である
ことを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の結晶。 - 前記結晶の剪断応力のローレンツ分布の半値全幅が、65kPa未満である
ことを特徴とする請求項6に記載の結晶。 - 前記結晶が単結晶である
ことを特徴とする請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の結晶。 - 前記結晶の長手方向軸に垂直な面における転位密度を表すエッチピット密度(epd)のグローバル標準偏差(σglobal)が、前記結晶の前記エッチピット密度の平均値の17%未満である
ことを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の結晶。 - 請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の結晶から製造される
ことを特徴とする基板又はウェハ。
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US94229807P | 2007-06-06 | 2007-06-06 | |
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DE102007026298A DE102007026298A1 (de) | 2007-06-06 | 2007-06-06 | Anordnung und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kristalls aus der Schmelze eines Rohmaterials sowie Einkristall |
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JP (2) | JP5608076B2 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN101772596B (ja) |
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US8652253B2 (en) | 2014-02-18 |
CN101772596A (zh) | 2010-07-07 |
CN103361713A (zh) | 2013-10-23 |
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CN101772596B (zh) | 2013-09-04 |
US20080311417A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 |
JP2013256444A (ja) | 2013-12-26 |
EP2106465B1 (de) | 2013-03-06 |
CN103361713B (zh) | 2017-04-26 |
EP2458041B1 (de) | 2015-08-12 |
US9368585B2 (en) | 2016-06-14 |
DE102007026298A1 (de) | 2008-12-11 |
EP2458041A2 (de) | 2012-05-30 |
US20140103493A1 (en) | 2014-04-17 |
EP2458041A3 (de) | 2012-10-31 |
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JP2010528964A (ja) | 2010-08-26 |
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