JP5820219B2 - 正極材料、これを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池、及び正極材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
正極材料、これを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池、及び正極材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5820219B2 JP5820219B2 JP2011216196A JP2011216196A JP5820219B2 JP 5820219 B2 JP5820219 B2 JP 5820219B2 JP 2011216196 A JP2011216196 A JP 2011216196A JP 2011216196 A JP2011216196 A JP 2011216196A JP 5820219 B2 JP5820219 B2 JP 5820219B2
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- nitrate
- sulfate
- carbonate
- acetate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 77
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 42
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 42
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 15
- YWJVFBOUPMWANA-UHFFFAOYSA-H [Li+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [Li+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O YWJVFBOUPMWANA-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 58
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- CHPZKNULDCNCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium nitrate Chemical compound [Ga+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O CHPZKNULDCNCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- QDZRBIRIPNZRSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[Ti](O[N+]([O-])=O)(O[N+]([O-])=O)O[N+]([O-])=O QDZRBIRIPNZRSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(5-carboxythiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical group S1C(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)S1 DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- SGWCNDDOFLBOQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidanium;fluoride Chemical compound O.F SGWCNDDOFLBOQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- RFVVBBUVWAIIBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium nitrate Chemical compound [Be+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O RFVVBBUVWAIIBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KQHXBDOEECKORE-UHFFFAOYSA-L beryllium sulfate Chemical compound [Be+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KQHXBDOEECKORE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- PHFQLYPOURZARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium trinitrate Chemical compound [Cr+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O PHFQLYPOURZARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PPQREHKVAOVYBT-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;tricarbonate Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O PPQREHKVAOVYBT-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940044658 gallium nitrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical group [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- DHEQXMRUPNDRPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium nitrate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O DHEQXMRUPNDRPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UBXAKNTVXQMEAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium sulfate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O UBXAKNTVXQMEAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- VEPTXBCIDSFGBF-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;fluoride;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[F-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC VEPTXBCIDSFGBF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitrate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XNDZQQSKSQTQQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol Chemical group CC1=CC(O)CCC1 XNDZQQSKSQTQQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- NGDQQLAVJWUYSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5-sulfonyl chloride Chemical compound S1C(S(Cl)(=O)=O)=C(C)N=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 NGDQQLAVJWUYSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- FMRLDPWIRHBCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Zinc carbonate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O FMRLDPWIRHBCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- AZFUOHYXCLYSQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [V+5].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O Chemical compound [V+5].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O AZFUOHYXCLYSQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- INNSZZHSFSFSGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;titanium Chemical compound [Ti].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O INNSZZHSFSFSGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HDYRYUINDGQKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M acetyloxyaluminum;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.CC(=O)O[Al] HDYRYUINDGQKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940009827 aluminum acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940118662 aluminum carbonate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ZBUQRSWEONVBES-UHFFFAOYSA-L beryllium carbonate Chemical compound [Be+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZBUQRSWEONVBES-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000023 beryllium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- YUOUKRIPFJKDJY-UHFFFAOYSA-L beryllium;diacetate Chemical compound [Be+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YUOUKRIPFJKDJY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium acetate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001639 calcium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011092 calcium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960005147 calcium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WYYQVWLEPYFFLP-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Cr+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O WYYQVWLEPYFFLP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- XHFVDZNDZCNTLT-UHFFFAOYSA-H chromium(3+);tricarbonate Chemical compound [Cr+3].[Cr+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O XHFVDZNDZCNTLT-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940116318 copper carbonate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- GEZOTWYUIKXWOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;carbonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C([O-])=O GEZOTWYUIKXWOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- RAQDACVRFCEPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-L ferrous carbonate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C([O-])=O RAQDACVRFCEPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000373 gallium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- SBDRYJMIQMDXRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium;sulfuric acid Chemical compound [Ga].OS(O)(=O)=O SBDRYJMIQMDXRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-NJFSPNSNSA-N hydroxyformaldehyde Chemical compound O[14CH]=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- UEGPKNKPLBYCNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium acetate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UEGPKNKPLBYCNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011654 magnesium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011285 magnesium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940069446 magnesium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940071125 manganese acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011656 manganese carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940093474 manganese carbonate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006748 manganese carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000016 manganese(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- NFSAPTWLWWYADB-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-1-phenylethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound CN(C)C(CN)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFSAPTWLWWYADB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000008 nickel(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L oxygen(2-);titanium(4+);sulfate Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- WPFGFHJALYCVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-L rubidium carbonate Chemical compound [Rb+].[Rb+].[O-]C([O-])=O WPFGFHJALYCVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000026 rubidium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- RTHYXYOJKHGZJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium nitrate Inorganic materials [Rb+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O RTHYXYOJKHGZJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000344 rubidium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- FOGKDYADEBOSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-M rubidium(1+);acetate Chemical compound [Rb+].CC([O-])=O FOGKDYADEBOSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- GANPIEKBSASAOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L rubidium(1+);sulfate Chemical compound [Rb+].[Rb+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O GANPIEKBSASAOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000346 scandium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DBTMQFKUVICLQN-UHFFFAOYSA-K scandium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Sc+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O DBTMQFKUVICLQN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- NYMLCLICEBTBKR-UHFFFAOYSA-H scandium(3+);tricarbonate Chemical compound [Sc+3].[Sc+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O NYMLCLICEBTBKR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
Description
MFx (I)
(式(I)中、
M = Li、Be、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、及び
x=1〜3)
で表わされる材料から選択される。
水性懸濁液を70〜90℃で加熱処理してリン酸バナジウムリチウム粒子上に金属フッ化物の水和物を析出させた粉末を得る工程と、
得られた粉末を不活性ガス雰囲気下で100〜500℃で焼成する工程とを含む正極材料の製造方法により得られる。
本発明では、正極活物質としてのリン酸バナジウムリチウム(Li3V2(PO4)3)の粒子を金属フッ化物で被覆した正極材料が得られる。本発明で使用される正極活物質のリン酸バナジウムリチウムは比較的大きな充放電容量を有するが、リチウムイオン蓄電デバイス中で、バナジウムイオンの溶出が生ずると、充放電容量及びサイクル特性が影響を受ける。
本発明において、Li3V2(PO4)3は、どのような方法で製造されても良く、製造法に特に制限されない。例えば、LiOH、LiOH・H2O等のリチウム源、V2O5、V2O3等のバナジウム源、及びNH4H2PO4、(NH4)2HPO4等のリン酸源等を混合し、反応、焼成する等により製造できる。Li3V2(PO4)3は、通常、焼成物を粉砕等した粒子状の形態で得られる。
LixV2−yMy(PO4)z
で表され、
Mが原子番号11以上の金属元素、例えばFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、B、Ga、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、Zrからなる群より選ばれた元素の一種以上であり、かつ
1≦x≦3、
0≦y<2、
2≦z≦3
を表わす材料を含む。
本発明で使用される金属フッ化物は、リン酸バナジウムリチウム粒子上に被膜を形成し、バナジウムイオンの溶出を防ぐことができる材料であれば特に制限はないが、
MFx (I)
(式(I)中、
M = Li、Be、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、及び
x=Mの価数)
で表わされる材料から選択されるとよい。
本発明の正極材料の製造方法について特に制限はなく、公知の方法により製造されたリン酸バナジウムリチウムに予め合成された金属フッ化物をメカノケミカル処理することによっても製造可能である。
ろ過は、活物質上に析出した金属水和物とフッ化物とを保持する必要性から、セルロースフィルタ、ガラス繊維フィルター、メンブレンフィルター等を用いた自然ろ過が好ましく用いられる。
本発明のリチウムイオン蓄電デバイス、特にリチウムイオン二次電池は、本発明の正極材料を含むものであり、これ以外の構成は特に制限されず、本発明の効果を阻害しない限り、従来公知の技術を適宜組み合わせて実施することができる。
まず、本発明のリチウムイオン蓄電デバイスの構成を図面を参照しつつ、詳細に説明する。
本発明のリチウムイオン蓄電デバイスとしては、上述の正極材料を含む正極と、負極と、非水電解液とを備えている。
本発明における正極は、上述のようにリン酸バナジウムリチウム粒子に対して所定割合となる膜厚の金属フッ化物で被覆した正極材料を含み、それ以外は公知の材料を用いて作製することができる。具体的には、例えば、以下のように作製する。
本発明において負極は、特に制限はなく、公知の材料を用いて作製することができる。例えば、一般に使用される負極活物質及び結合剤を含む混合物を溶媒に分散させた負極スラリーを、負極集電体上に塗布、乾燥等することにより負極合材層を形成する。なお、結合剤、溶媒及び集電体は上述の正極の場合と同様なものが使用できる。
本発明に用いられる電解液は、高電圧でも電気分解を起こさないという点、リチウムイオンが安定に存在できるという点から、非水電解液であり、一般的なリチウム塩を電解質とし、これを溶媒に溶解した電解液を使用する。
本発明で使用するセパレータは、特に制限はなく、公知のセパレータを使用できる。例えば、電解液、正極活物質、負極活物質に対して耐久性があり、連通気孔を有する電子伝導性の無い多孔質体等を好ましく使用できる。このような多孔質体として例えば、織布、不織布、合成樹脂性微多孔膜、ガラス繊維などが挙げられる。合成樹脂性の微多孔膜が好ましく用いられ、特にポリエチレンやポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン製微多孔膜が、厚さ、膜強度、膜抵抗の面で好ましい。
1. AlF3被覆を有するリン酸バナジウリチウムの粉体の製造
水(800ml)にカーボンをC原子換算で1.4質量%被覆したリン酸バナジウムリチウム(100g)、次いで硝酸アルミニウム九水和物(20.7g)を添加して懸濁液を得た。その後、懸濁液にフッ化アンモニウム水溶液(NH4F:6.1g/H2O: 200 ml)を滴下し、これを80℃に加熱して5時間撹拌した。
懸濁液を室温に放冷した後、ろ過を行い、黒色粉末を得た。その後、窒素雰囲気下で、黒色粉末を400℃で5時間焼成し、AlF3被覆を有するリン酸バナジウムリチウム(以下、LVP-AlF3とも言う)の粉体(82.7g)を得た。
2−1:AlF3被覆量
得れらたLVP-AlF3粉体を、ICP-AES(誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析装置エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製SPS5100型)で分析し、LVP に対するAlF3の被覆質量を求めた。
2−2:AlF3被覆厚
LVP-AlF3粉体をTEM(透過型電子顕微鏡)により観察し、AlF3の被覆厚(膜厚)を求めた。
2−3:AlF3表面積
LVP-AlF3粉体、すなわちAlF3の外表面の比表面積を、不活性気体の低温低湿物理吸着によるBET法(吸着質:窒素)を用いた比表面積測定により測定した。
各測定結果を表2に記載する。
リン酸バナジウムリチウム及び硝酸アルミニウム九水和物の使用量を表1に記載された量に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返した。
実施例1と同様に、LVP-AlF3粉体の被覆量、被覆厚、及び表面積を測定した。
測定結果を表2に示す。
3−1: 正極の作製
正極材料として実施例1及び2、参考例3、及び比較例1で製造されたLVP-AlF3粉体をそれぞれ92質量部、92質量部、92質量部、又はAlF3被覆を有さないLVP粉体を92質量部、バインダーとしてPVdFを5質量部、導電序剤としてカーボンブラックを3質量部を秤量し、N-メチル-2−ピロリドン(NMP)(LVP粉体15gに対して、50ml)を用いて正極スラリーを調製した。Al箔集電体(塗工部分直径12mm、厚み15μm、)上に、正極スラリーをドクターブレード法により塗布、乾燥後、プレスにより、厚み100μmの正極合剤層を形成した。正極合剤層の目付は15mg/cm2とした。
3−2: 負極の作製
負極として直径15mm、厚み150μmの金属リチウム(直径15mm、厚み150μm)を使用した。
3−3: セルの作製
負極と正極とを、それぞれの合剤層が対向するようにポリエチレンセパレータ(厚み25μm)を介して積層させた。この正極、負極からなる積層体及び電解液をCR2032型コインセルに導入した。電解液は、リチウム塩としてLiPF6を1.2M溶解したEC/DMC/FECが70:25:5の混合溶媒を用いた。
4−1: 開回路電圧
実施例1及び2、参考例3に係る正極材料を含むリチウムイオン二次電池(サンプル1及び2、参考サンプル3という)、及び比較例1に係る正極材料を含むリチウムイオン二次電池(比較サンプル1という)の25℃における開回路電圧(OCV)をHIOKI製3560ACmΩHiTESTERを用いて二端子法により測定した。
測定値を表3に示す。
サンプル1及び2、参考サンプル3及び比較サンプル2(AlF3被を有さないLVP粒子、表面積17.4m2/g)を25℃の環境下において、0.5Cの充電電流で4.6Vで5時間定電流充電を行った(100%充電)。この後、室温、0.1Cで放電を行い、電池電圧2.5Vまで放電した。このときの放電容量を初期容量1サイクル)とした。
上述の充放電条件で40サイクルの充放電を行い、20サイクル及び40サイクル目の放電容量を測定した。下式により、20サイクル目及び40サイクル目の容量維持率を求めた。
結果を表4に記載する。
サンプル1及び2、参考サンプル3及び比較サンプル2を100%充電し(SOC100)、放電温度20℃における放電レート0.25C、0.5C、1C、2C、3C、4Cにおける容量維持率(C値)を測定した。結果を表5に記載する。
サンプル1及び2、参考サンプル3及び比較サンプル2を室温にて0.5Cの充電電流で4.6Vで5時間定電流定電圧充電を行った(SOC100)。この後、 室温、0.2Cで放電を行い、電池電圧2.5Vまで放電した。このときの放電容量を初期容量(1サイクル)とした。
同一サンプル1〜3及び比較サンプル2を、60℃で1日保存した後、室温にて0.5Cの充電電流で4.6Vで5時間定電流充電を行い(SOC100)、室温、0.2Cで放電を行った(2サイクル目)。
容量維持率(%)= {(2サイクルの放電容量/初期容量×100}により求めた。
結果を表6に示す。
4−5: 電荷移動抵抗
サンプル1及び2、及び参考サンプル3及び比較サンプル2をSOC100%、すなわち満充電状態とした(常温サンプル)。
12 負極
14 負極集電体
16 負極合剤層
18 正極
20 正極集電体
22 正極合剤層
14a リード
25 セパレータ
18a リード
Claims (12)
- 正極活物質としての、
Li x V 2−y M y (PO 4 ) z
(上記式中、MはFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、B、Ga、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、Zrからなる群より選ばれた元素の一種以上であり、かつ
1≦x≦3、
0≦y<2、
2≦z≦3で表わされるリン酸バナジウムリチウム粒子を、膜厚15nm〜60nmの金属フッ化物で被覆した正極材料。 - 前記金属フッ化物は、
MFx (I)
(式(I)中、
M = Li、Be、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、及びxはMの価数)
で表わされることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の正極材料。 - 前記式(I)におけるMがAl又はGaであり、かつxが3であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の正極材料。
- 前記式(I)におけるMがAlであることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の正極材料。
- 前記リン酸バナジウムリチウムを、前記リン酸バナジウムリチウムの総質量に対して0.5質量%〜5質量%の前記金属フッ化物で被覆することを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料を含む正極と、負極と、非水電解液と、を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- Li x V 2−y M y (PO 4 ) z
(上記式中、MはFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、B、Ga、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、Zrからなる群より選ばれた元素の一種以上であり、かつ
1≦x≦3、
0≦y<2、
2≦z≦3で表わされるリン酸バナジウムリチウム、水溶性金属塩およびフッ化物を、(リン酸バナジウムリチウム:水溶性金属塩)=(100:4.2)〜(100:20.7)および(リン酸バナジウムリチウム:フッ化物)=(100:1.2)〜(100:6.1)の質量比で含有する水性懸濁液を得る工程と、
前記水性懸濁液を70〜90℃で加熱処理してリン酸バナジウムリチウム粒子上に金属フッ化物の水和物を析出させた粉末を得る工程と、
前記粉末を不活性ガス雰囲気下で100〜500℃で焼成する工程を含むことを特徴とする、正極材料の製造方法。 - 前記水溶性金属塩が硝酸リチウム、硫酸リチウム、炭酸リチウム、酢酸リチウム、硝酸ベリリウム、硫酸ベリリウム、炭酸ベリリウム、酢酸ベリリウム、硝酸ナトリウム、硫酸ナトリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、酢酸ナトリウム、硝酸マグネシウム、硫酸マグネシウム、炭酸マグネシウム、酢酸マグネシウム、硝酸アルミニウム、硫酸アルミニウム、炭酸アルミニウム、酢酸アルミニウム、硝酸カリウム、硫酸カリウム、炭酸カリウム、酢酸カリウム、硝酸カルシウム、硫酸カルシウム、炭酸カルシウム、酢酸カルシウム、硝酸スカンジウム、硫酸スカンジウム、炭酸スカンジウム、酢酸スカンジウム、硝酸チタン、硫酸チタン、炭酸チタン、酢酸チタン、硝酸バナジウム、硫酸バナジウム、炭酸バナジウム、酢酸バナジウム、硝酸クロム、硫酸クロム、炭酸クロム、酢酸クロム、硝酸マンガン、硫酸マンガン、炭酸マンガン、酢酸マンガン、硝酸鉄、硫酸鉄、炭酸鉄、酢酸鉄、硝酸コバルト、硫酸コバルト、炭酸コバルト、酢酸コバルト、硝酸ニッケル、硫酸ニッケル、炭酸ニッケル、酢酸ニッケル、硝酸銅、硫酸銅、炭酸銅、酢酸銅、硝酸亜鉛、硫酸亜鉛、炭酸亜鉛、酢酸亜鉛、硝酸ガリウム、硫酸ガリウム、炭酸ガリウム、酢酸ガリウム、硝酸ルビジウム、硫酸ルビジウム、炭酸ルビジウム、酢酸ルビジウム、硝酸ストロンチウム、硫酸ストロンチウム、炭酸ストロンチウム、酢酸ストロンチウム、硝酸イットリウム、硫酸イットリウム、炭酸イットリウム、酢酸イットリウム、硝酸ジルコニウム、硫酸ジルコニウム、炭酸ジルコニウム、酢酸ジルコニウム及びこれらの水和物であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の正極材料の製造方法。
- 前記水溶性金属塩が、硝酸アルミニウム9水和物、硫酸アルミニウム18水和物、硝酸ガリウム水和物であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の正極材料の製造方法。
- 前記フッ化物がフッ化アンモニウム、フッ化テトラブチルアンモニウム水和物、フッ化テトラブチルアンモニウム三水和物、フッ化テトラメチルアンモニウム四水和物であることを特徴とする請求項7〜9のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料の製造方法。
- 前記フッ化物が、フッ化アンモニウムであることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の正極材料の製造方法。
- 前記不活性ガスが、窒素又はアルゴンガスであることを特徴とする請求項7〜11のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料の製造方法。
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