JP5550905B2 - ジフテリア毒素−インターロイキン−3コンジュゲートに基づく方法及び組成物 - Google Patents
ジフテリア毒素−インターロイキン−3コンジュゲートに基づく方法及び組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、インターロイキン-3受容体発現細胞の標的化方法、特に、インターロイキン-3受容体を発現する細胞に有毒である、ジフテリア毒素-ヒトインターロイキン-3コンジュゲート(diphtheria toxin-human interleukin-3 conjugate)(DT-IL3)を使用することによる、そのような細胞の成長の抑制方法を提供する。好ましい実施態様では、DT-IL3コンジュゲートは、IL-3をコードするDNAが、ジフテリア毒素(インタクトなままであるジフテリア毒素の触媒領域及び転位領域)の受容体結合ドメインの代わりに挿入された組換えコンストラクトであり、これは翻訳されると、ペプチドリンカーによって全長ヒトインターロイキン-3に融合したジフテリア毒素のアミノ酸1から388を含むタンパク質を産生する。ある特定の実施態様では、本発明の方法は、ヒトにおける癌細胞及び/又は癌幹細胞の成長を抑制するための、DT-IL3コンジュゲートの投与に関し、この細胞は、インターロイキン-3受容体の1つ以上のサブユニットを発現する。例示的な細胞として、急性骨髄性白血病及び骨髄異形成症候群の癌細胞及び癌幹細胞が挙げられる。他の実施態様では、本発明の方法は、パージされた骨髄又は末梢血が、例えば、造血機能を取り戻すための、患者中への自家幹細胞移植(例えば、癌のための高用量の化学療法の後に必要とされる場合がある)に適しているような、インターロイキン-3受容体の1つ以上のサブユニットを発現する細胞を除去するための、骨髄又は末梢血の生体外パージに関する。
(2.1癌療法)
癌は、最も重大な健康状態のうちの1つである。1300万を超える米国人が、2003年に癌診断を受けることが予測されている(例えば、(非特許文献1)参照)。米国では、癌は、死亡率において心疾患に次いで第2位であり、4死因のうちの1つを占めている。2002年に、国立衛生研究所は、合計1716億ドルになる、癌の総費用を推定し、直接の支出は610億ドルであった。癌の発病率は、米国住民が加齢するにつれて増加することが広く予期されており、この状態の影響をさらに増大させている。1970年代及び1980年代に確立された、癌についての現在の治療レジメンは、劇的には変化していない。化学療法、放射線、及びより新しい標的療法を含めた他の様式を含む、これらの治療は、最も末期の一般的な癌において利用される場合、限定された全体的な生存便益しか示してこなかったが、これはとりわけ、これらの療法は、腫瘍塊を主に標的にするためである。
癌幹細胞は、腫瘍の独特の亜集団(多くの場合、0.1〜10%ほど)を含み、これは、腫瘍の残りの90%ほど(すなわち、腫瘍塊)と比べて、より腫瘍形成性、比較的より遅成長性又は静止性であり、腫瘍塊よりも多くの場合比較的化学耐性である。従来の療法及びレジメンが、急速増殖細胞(すなわち、腫瘍塊を含む癌細胞)を攻撃するように主に設計されてきたことを考えると、多くの場合遅成長性である癌幹細胞は、従来の療法及びレジメンに対して、より早く成長する腫瘍塊よりも比較的耐性となり得る。癌幹細胞は、これらを比較的化学耐性にする、多剤耐性及び抗アポトーシス経路などの他の特徴を発現する場合がある。上述のことは、末期癌を有するほとんどの患者における長期利益を保証するための、標準的な癌研究の治療レジメンの失敗、すなわち、癌幹細胞を適切に標的にし、根絶することへの失敗の主な理由を構成するであろう。場合によっては、癌幹細胞(複数も)は、腫瘍の創始細胞である(すなわち、これは、腫瘍塊を含む癌細胞の前駆体である)。
米国、カナダ、及び欧州において、1年当たり約4万人の患者が急性骨髄性白血病(acute myeloid leukemia)(AML)を発症している。例えば、(非特許文献16)を参照されたい。AMLは、成人において最も一般的な白血病であり、小児において2番目に多い白血病である。治療及び合併症に付随する長期入院は、これらの地域における健康ケア費用のかなりの占有率を示す。さらに、併用誘導及び強化化学療法を用いてさえ、ほとんどの患者は、最終的にその疾患又は治療の合併症を再発し、これらが原因で死亡する。例えば、(非特許文献17)を参照されたい。新規療法が緊急に必要である。AML細胞幹細胞の選択的標的化は、安全でより有効な療法を提供することができる。
米国において毎年約20,000の骨髄異形成症候群(myelodysplastic syndrome)(MDS)の新規の症例がある。骨髄異形成症候群を有する患者は、一般に、赤血球、白血球、及び血小板のうちの少なくとも1つ以上において、低血液細胞数を有する。検査すると、骨髄は、形成異常又は過形成性であることが通常見出され、髄中に非常に多くの十分に機能していない血液幹細胞が存在することを意味する。少数の割合のMDS患者は、再生不良性骨髄を有し、髄中に非常にわずかな血液幹細胞しか存在しないことを意味し、これは、該疾患を再生不良性貧血と類似しているように見せる。MDSを有するほぼ半分の人は、診断の時点で症状を有していない。徴候及び症状が起こると、それらは、貧血、脱力感、疲労、頭痛、あざ、出血の増加、発疹、発熱、口内炎及び長引く疾病を含み得る。MDSは、高齢者において増加する頻度で起こるが、小児においても起こり得る。患者の3分の1未満では、MDSは時間とともに進行することによって、急性白血病になる。診断の平均年齢は、70歳である。MDSの治療は、MDSの種類、患者の病歴、並びにある特定の治療レジメンに耐える年齢及び能力に応じて相当に変化し得る。治療選択肢として、支持的ケア、化学療法関連剤、及び幹細胞移植(これは、50歳未満の患者においてのみ一般に使用される)が挙げられる。しかし、現存する治療についての寛解率は比較的低く、新規な療法が必要である。
インターロイキン-3(Interleukin-3)(IL-3)は、多能性前駆体、及びコミットした骨髄系リンパ系前駆体の増殖及び分化を支持するサイトカインである。例えば、(非特許文献18)を参照されたい。ヒトインターロイキン-3は、ヘテロ二量体(hetrodimeric)構造であり、IL-3結合性α-サブユニットとβ-サブユニットからなるヒトIL-3受容体に結合することによってその効果を媒介する。αサブユニットは、リガンド結合のために必須であり、受容体への特異性を与える。βサブユニットは、顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor)(GM-CSF)及びIL-5受容体によっても共有され、高親和性リガンド結合及びシグナル伝達のために必要とされる。IL-3の結合は、α-及びβ-受容体サブユニットのヘテロ二量体化を誘発する。IL-3受容体は、ある特定の正常造血細胞と比べて、AML、B細胞急性リンパ性白血病(B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia)(B-ALL)、ヘアリーセル白血病、ホジキン病、及びある特定の高悪性度非ホジキンリンパ腫を含めた多数の血液癌((非特許文献19);(非特許文献20);(非特許文献21))、並びにAML、骨髄異形成症候群(myelodsyplastic syndrome)(MDS)、T細胞ALL(T-cell ALL)(T-ALL)、及び慢性骨髄性白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia)(CML)の癌幹細胞に対して過剰発現される((非特許文献22);(非特許文献23);(非特許文献24);及び(非特許文献25)を参照されたい。
ジフテリア毒素(Diphtheria toxin)(DT)は、アルギニンに富むジスルフィドループによって転位ドメイン(アミノ酸187〜388)及び細胞結合ドメイン(アミノ酸389〜535;図1)に接続された触媒ドメイン(アミノ酸1〜186)からなる3つのドメインを有する535アミノ酸のタンパク質である。例えば、(非特許文献26)を参照されたい。天然DTは、細胞表面上のヘパリン結合性上皮成長因子前駆体及びCD9に結合し、クラスリン-、ダイナミン-、及びATP依存性受容体媒介エンドサイトーシスを受け、小胞ATPaseによるエンドソーム酸性化を伴って、DT転位ドメインは、酸性残基のプロトン付加及び小胞膜中への自発的挿入を経て18〜22オングストロームのチャネルを形成する。触媒ドメインは、小胞中のフューリンによって展開し、切断され、次いで、該触媒ドメインのC末端は、チャネルを通じて移動し、コートマータンパク質、特にβ-COPに結合する。タンパク質ジスルフィドイソメラーゼは、触媒ドメインの、DTの残部との結合を還元し、ペプチドは、細胞質ゾル中を通過する。Hsp90は、再折りたたみを補助する。次いで、DT断片は伸長因子2をADPリボシル化し、タンパク質合成不活性化及び細胞死に導く(図2)。(非特許文献27)を参照されたい。
組換えタンパク質-毒素コンジュゲートは、癌細胞表面上の受容体を特異的に標的にする新規クラスの腫瘍学的生体作用剤を代表する。これらの作用剤は、一般に、毒素を意図された標的に向ける細胞選択的リガンドに融合した、触媒及び転位(しかし、細胞結合ドメインではない)ドメインを多くの場合含む、切断された毒素からなる。1つのそのような技術は、組換えジフテリア毒素(diphtheria toxin)(DT)を伴う。DTは、アルギニンに富むジスルフィドループによって転位ドメイン(アミノ酸187〜388)及び細胞結合ドメイン(アミノ酸389〜535;図1)に接続された触媒ドメイン(アミノ酸1〜186)からなる3つのドメインを有する535アミノ酸のタンパク質である。例えば、(非特許文献28)を参照されたい。天然DTは、細胞表面上のヘパリン結合性上皮成長因子前駆体及びCD9に結合し、クラスリン-、ダイナミン-、及びATP依存性受容体媒介エンドサイトーシスを受け、小胞ATPaseによるエンドソーム酸性化を伴って、DT転位ドメインは、酸性残基のプロトン付加及び小胞膜中への自発的挿入を経て18〜22オングストロームのチャネルを形成する。触媒ドメインは、小胞中のフューリンによって展開し、切断され、次いで、該触媒ドメインのC末端は、チャネルを通じて移動し、β-COPを結合する。タンパク質ジスルフィドイソメラーゼは、触媒ドメインの、DTの残部との結合を還元し、ペプチドは、細胞質ゾル中を通過する。Hsp90は、再折りたたみを補助する。次いで、DT断片は伸長因子2をADPリボシル化し、タンパク質合成不活性化及び細胞死に導く(図2)。(非特許文献29)を参照されたい。切断型のDTを利用する、いくつかの組換えDTコンジュゲートが、細胞培養で発現され、精製され、試験されてきており、選択的細胞毒性が示されてきた。1つのそのような組換え毒素は、DT388IL-3コンジュゲートであり、切断されたDTは、その触媒ドメイン及び転位ドメインを維持するが、その細胞結合ドメインは維持しない。
本発明は、インターロイキン-3受容体発現細胞の抑制方法であって、そのような抑制を必要とするヒトに、前記細胞を抑制するのに有効な量のヒトインターロイキン-3-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートを含む医薬組成物及び医薬として許容し得る担体を投与することを含み、ただし該インターロイキン-3受容体発現細胞は急性骨髄性白血病細胞ではなく、該細胞は該インターロイキン-3受容体のα及びβサブユニットを発現する、前記方法に関する。本実施態様の好ましい態様では、インターロイキン-3受容体発現細胞の成長が抑制される。
本明細書で使用される場合、用語「作用剤」は、本発明のジフテリア毒素-インターロイキン-3コンジュゲートを含めて、癌の予防、治療、管理及び/又は診断において使用するための、任意の分子、化合物、及び/又は物質を指す。
本発明は、インターロイキン-3受容体発現細胞の抑制方法であって、そのような抑制を必要とするヒトに、前記細胞を抑制するのに有効な量のヒトインターロイキン-3-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートを含む医薬組成物及び医薬として許容し得る担体を投与することを含み、該細胞は該インターロイキン-3受容体のαサブユニット(具体的な実施態様では、α及びβサブユニット)を発現する、前記方法に関する。他の方法は、インターロイキン-3受容体発現細胞を示し、又は特徴とする疾患又は障害の治療、予防、及び/又は管理を必要とするにヒトに、前記細胞を抑制するのに有効な量のヒトインターロイキン-3-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートを含む医薬組成物及び医薬として許容し得る担体を投与することによって、そのような疾患又は障害を治療、予防、及び/又は管理することを含み、該細胞は該インターロイキン-3受容体のαサブユニット(具体的な実施態様では、α及びβサブユニット)を発現する。そのような疾患及び障害として、それだけに限らないが、癌、自己免疫疾患、炎症性疾患、及びアレルギー性疾患が挙げられる。本発明は、ヒトから得られる骨髄又は末梢血試料を、該骨髄又は末梢血からインターロイキン-3受容体のαサブユニット(具体的な実施態様では、α及びβサブユニット)を発現する細胞を有意にパージするのに十分な時間、一量のインターロイキン-3-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートを含む組成物と生体外で接触させることによる、骨髄又は末梢血のパージ方法にも関する。したがって、本発明は、そのようにパージされた骨髄又は末梢血、並びに場合により医薬として許容し得る担体とともに、そのようにパージされた骨髄又は末梢血を含む組成物を、患者中に戻して投与することによる、自家骨髄移植の実施方法にも関する。
一実施態様では、本発明のインターロイキン-3-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートは、組換え技術又は化学(共有結合)結合によって、好ましくは天然細胞結合ドメインを欠いているジフテリア毒素、又はその部分、類似体若しくは誘導体にコンジュゲートした、細胞表面上に発現されたインターロイキン-3-受容体又はそのサブユニットに結合する、全長の、成熟した(シグナルペプチドを欠いている)インターロイキン-3タンパク質(interleukin-3)(IL-3)、又はその部分、類似体若しくは誘導体を含む。好ましい実施態様では、IL-3はヒトIL-3である。ある特定の実施態様では、該コンジュゲートは、共有結合によってヒトIL-3に融合した、ジフテリア毒素の触媒ドメイン及び転位ドメインを含む。他の実施態様では、ジフテリア毒素は、ペプチドリンカーによって、該コンジュゲートのヒトIL-3部分に結合している。該コンジュゲートのリンカーの長さは、アミノ酸の個数で2、3、5、10、又は15個とすることができる。リンカーの長さは、コンジュゲートの最適な結合を提供するために変化することができる。好ましい態様では、ペプチドリンカーの長さは、アミノ酸の個数で2から4個である。より具体的な態様では、ペプチドリンカーはMet-Hisリンカーである。特定の作用機序に束縛されることを意図していないが、柔軟なペプチドリンカーにより、鎖対形成が促進され、起こり得る再折りたたみが最小限になる。リンカー分子は、当技術分野で一般に知られており、記載されている(例えば、それぞれ、その全体が引用により組み込まれている、(非特許文献46);(非特許文献47);及び(非特許文献48)参照)。
本発明のコンジュゲートは、標準的な組換えDNA技法又はタンパク質合成技法、例えば、ペプチドシンセサイザーの使用によって製造することができる。例えば、本発明のコンジュゲートをコードする核酸分子は、自動DNAシンセサイザーを含めて、従来の技法によって合成することができる。或いは、遺伝子断片のPCR増幅は、アンカープライマーを使用して実行することができ、これにより、2つの連続した遺伝子断片の間に相補的なオーバーハングが生じ、これは、引き続いてアニールし、再増幅することによって、キメラ遺伝子配列を生成することができる(例えば、(非特許文献53)を参照)。
本発明は、本発明のジフテリア毒素-インターロイキン-3コンジュゲートを含む組成物を提供する。特に、本発明は、有効量の本発明のコンジュゲート及び医薬として許容し得る担体又はビヒクルを含む医薬組成物を提供する。具体的な実施態様では、医薬組成物は、有効量の本発明のコンジュゲート及び医薬として許容し得る担体又はビヒクルを含む。本医薬組成物は動物及び/又はヒト投与に適している。本医薬組成物はまた、骨髄又は末梢血試料の生体外パージにも適しており、例えば、元の患者への自家移植としてのパージされた試料の再導入の前に実行されてもよく、癌の高用量化学療法後に実行されてもよい。
本発明は、本発明のヒトIL-3-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートの有効量を投与することによって、必要とするヒトにおいてIL-3受容体発現細胞を抑制するための方法を提供する。ある特定の実施態様では、IL-3受容体発現細胞は、骨髄性白血病細胞ではない。いくつかの実施態様では、細胞は、インターロイキン-3受容体のαサブユニットを発現する。他の実施態様では、細胞は、インターロイキン-3受容体のβサブユニットを発現する。さらに他の実施態様では、細胞は、IL-3受容体のα及びβサブユニットの両方を発現する。
インターロイキン-3受容体βサブユニットを発現している細胞を特徴とする、癌を含む疾患若しくは障害の予防、治療及び/又は管理において有効である予防及び/又は治療レジメンにおいて使用される本発明のジフテリア毒素-インターロイキン-3医薬組成物の量は、本明細書で開示の方法によって決定され得る。該頻度及び該用量は、投与される具体的なコンジュゲート、状態(例えば癌)の重症度、投与経路並びに年齢、体重、応答、及び患者の過去の医学的病歴に依存する各患者に特異的な要因に応じて変動する。例えば、癌の治療、予防、及び/又は管理において有効である本発明のコンジュゲートの用量は、例えば本明細書で開示又は当業者に周知であるなどの動物モデルに化合物を投与することによって決定され得る。下記5.7.2節を参照されたい。さらに、インビトロアッセイも場合により最適な用量範囲の特定を助けるために使用され得る。下記5.7.1節を参照されたい。
本発明は、治療又は予防を必要とするヒトに、疾患又は障害を治療又は予防するために有効な量の本発明のIL-3-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートを含む医薬組成物を投与することによる、ヒトにおいてIL-3受容体βサブユニットを発現している細胞を特徴とする疾患又は障害を治療する若しくは予防する又は管理する方法を提供する。ある特定の実施態様において疾患又は障害は、血液癌ではない。他の実施態様において疾患又は障害は、アレルギー性疾患又は障害である。他の実施態様において疾患又は障害は、炎症性疾患又は障害である。他の実施態様において疾患又は障害は、形質細胞様樹状細胞(例えば、NK芽球性白血病及びCD4+CD56+皮膚新生物などの樹状細胞癌)に影響を与えることを特徴とするものである。ある特定の実施態様において対象は、急性骨髄性白血病(acute myelogenous leukemia)(AML)を有している。ある特定の他の実施態様において対象は、骨髄異形成症候群(myelodyplastic syndrome)(MDS)を有している。他の実施態様において対象は、慢性骨髄単球性白血病(chronic myelomonocytic leukemia)(CMML)、CML、ALL、ヘアリーセル白血病、ホジキン病又は非ホジキンリンパ腫を有している。
ある特定の実施態様では、本発明は、自己免疫障害又は1つ以上のその症状を予防する、治療する、管理する及び/又は回復させる方法を提供し、前記方法は、本発明の1つ以上の医薬組成物の有効量の用量をそれを必要とする対象に投与することを含み、そのような障害に関与する細胞は、インターロイキン-3受容体βサブユニットを発現する。自己免疫障害において、免疫系は、免疫応答を開始し、身体の正常では防御的な免疫系が誤って自身を攻撃することによってそれ自身の組織に損傷を生じる。様々なやり方で身体を冒す多数の様々な自己免疫障害がある。例えば、脳は、個体において多発性硬化症で冒され、腸は、個体においてクローン病で冒され、滑膜、骨及び種々の関節の軟骨は、個体において関節リウマチで冒される。自己免疫障害の進行に従って、1つ以上の型の身体組織の破壊、臓器の異常な増殖、又は臓器機能における変化が生じ得る。自己免疫障害は、1つだけの臓器若しくは組織の型を冒し得るか、又は複数の臓器若しくは組織を冒し得る。自己免疫障害によって一般に冒される臓器及び組織として、赤血球、血管、結合組織、内分泌腺(例えば、甲状腺又は膵臓)、筋肉、関節及び皮膚が挙げられる。
ある特定の実施態様では、本発明は、1つ以上のアレルギー性疾患若しくはアレルギー又は1つ以上のその症状を予防する、治療する、管理する及び/又は回復させる方法を提供し、そのような障害又はアレルギーに関与する細胞は、インターロイキン-3受容体βサブユニットを発現し、前記方法は、本発明の1つ以上の医薬組成物の有効量の用量をそれを必要とする対象に投与することを含む。免疫媒介アレルギー(過敏)反応は、アレルギー症状の出現を生じる原因となる機構に応じて4つの型(I〜IV)に分類される。I型アレルギー反応は、肥満細胞及び好塩基球由来のヒスタミンなど血管作用性物質のIgE媒介放出を特徴とする即時型過敏反応である。数時間にわたり、肥満細胞及び好塩基球は、血管拡張、毛細管透過性の増大、腺分泌過多、平滑筋痙縮、並びに好酸球及び他の炎症細胞の組織浸潤を生じる炎症誘発性サイトカインを放出する。
癌幹細胞又は癌細胞がインターロイキン-3受容体β及び/又はαサブユニットを発現する任意の型の癌は、本発明により予防、治療及び/又は管理され得る。本発明により予防、治療及び/又は管理され得る癌の限定しない例として、それだけに限らないが、急性白血病、急性リンパ性白血病、急性骨髄性白血病(骨髄芽球性白血病、前骨髄球性白血病、骨髄単球性白血病、単球性白血病及び赤白血病など)並びに骨髄異形成症候群などの白血病;それだけに限らないが、慢性骨髄性(顆粒球性)白血病、慢性リンパ性白血病、ヘアリーセル白血病などの慢性白血病;真正多血症;それだけに限らないが、ホジキン病、非ホジキン病などのリンパ腫;それだけに限らないが、くすぶり型多発性骨髄腫、非分泌性骨髄腫、骨硬化性骨髄腫、形質細胞性白血病、孤立性形質細胞腫及び髄外性形質細胞腫などの多発性骨髄腫;ワルデンストローム・マクログロブリン血症;意義未確定の単クローン性γグロブリン血症;良性単クローン性γグロブリン異常症;重鎖病;形質細胞様樹状細胞癌、NK芽細胞性リンパ腫(皮膚NK/T-細胞リンパ腫及び無顆粒性(CD4+/CD56+)皮膚新生物としても周知)が挙げられる樹状細胞癌;好塩基球性白血病;それだけに限らないが、骨の肉腫、骨肉腫、軟骨肉腫、ユーイング肉腫、悪性巨細胞腫、骨の線維肉腫、脊索腫、骨膜肉腫、軟部組織肉腫、血管肉腫(血管肉腫(hemangiosarcoma))、線維肉腫、カポジ肉腫、平滑筋肉腫、脂肪肉腫、リンパ管肉腫、神経鞘腫、横紋筋肉腫、滑膜肉腫などの骨及び結合組織肉腫;それだけに限らないが、グリオーマ、星細胞腫、脳幹グリオーマ、上衣腫、乏突起神経膠腫、非グリア系腫瘍、聴神経鞘腫、頭蓋咽頭腫、髄芽腫、髄膜腫、松果体細胞腫、松果体芽腫、原発性脳リンパ腫などの脳腫瘍;それだけに限らないが、線管癌、腺癌、小葉(小細胞)癌、乳管癌、髄様乳癌、粘液乳癌、管状乳癌、乳頭部乳癌、パジェット病及び炎症性乳癌が挙げられる乳癌;それだけに限らないが、褐色細胞腫及び副腎皮質癌などの副腎癌;それだけに限らないが、乳頭様又は濾胞性甲状腺癌、甲状腺髄様癌及び組織非形成性甲状腺癌などの甲状腺癌;それだけに限らないが、膵島細胞腺腫、ガストリノーマ、グルカゴノーマ、ビポーマ、ソマトスタチン分泌腫瘍、及びカルチノイド又は膵島細胞腫瘍などの膵臓癌;それだけに限らないが、クッシング病、プロラクチン分泌腫瘍、先端巨大症、及び尿崩症などの下垂体癌;それだけに限らないが、虹彩黒色腫、脈絡膜黒色腫及び毛様体黒色腫などの眼球内黒色腫並びに網膜芽細胞腫などの眼癌;扁平上皮癌、腺癌及びメラノーマなどの膣癌;扁平上皮癌、メラノーマ、腺癌、基底細胞癌、肉腫及びパジェット病などの外陰癌;それだけに限らないが、扁平上皮癌及び腺癌などの子宮頸癌;それだけに限らないが、子宮内膜癌及び子宮肉腫などの子宮癌;それだけに限らないが、卵巣上皮癌、境界腫瘍、胚細胞腫瘍及び間質腫瘍などの卵巣癌;それだけに限らないが、扁平上皮癌、腺癌、腺様嚢胞癌、粘表皮癌、腺扁平上皮癌、肉腫、メラノーマ、形質細胞腫、疣状癌及び燕麦(小細胞)細胞癌などの食道癌;それだけに限らないが、腺癌、腫瘤形成型(ポリポイド)、潰瘍形成型、表在拡大型、びまん性拡大型、悪性リンパ腫、脂肪肉腫、線維肉腫及び癌肉腫などの胃癌;結腸癌;直腸癌;それだけに限らないが、肝細胞癌及び肝芽腫などの肝臓癌;腺癌などの胆嚢癌;それだけに限らないが、乳頭状、結節状及びびまん性などの胆管細胞癌;非小細胞肺癌、扁平上皮癌(類表皮癌)、腺癌、大細胞癌及び小細胞肺癌などの肺癌;それだけに限らないが、胚腫瘍、セミノーマ、未分化、古典的(典型的)、精母細胞性、非セミノーマ、胚性癌腫、奇形種癌、絨毛癌(卵黄嚢腫瘍)などの精巣癌;それだけに限らないが、前立腺上皮内腫瘍、腺癌、平滑筋肉腫及び横紋筋肉腫などの前立腺癌;陰茎癌;それだけに限らないが、扁平上皮癌などの口腔癌;基底癌;それだけに限らないが、腺癌、粘表皮癌及び腺様嚢胞癌などの唾液腺癌;それだけに限らないが、扁平上皮癌及び疣状などの咽頭癌;それだけに限らないが、基底細胞癌、扁平上皮癌及びメラノーマ、表在拡大型黒色腫、結節性黒色腫、悪性黒子黒色腫、末端性黒子性黒色腫などの皮膚癌;それだけに限らないが、腎細胞癌、腺癌、副腎腫、線維肉腫、移行細胞癌(腎盂及び/又は尿管)などの腎臓癌;ウィルムス腫瘍;それだけに限らないが、移行上皮癌、扁平上皮癌、腺癌、癌肉腫などの膀胱癌;が挙げられる。さらに、癌として、粘液肉腫、骨肉腫、内皮肉腫、リンパ管内皮肉腫、中皮腫、滑膜腫、血管芽腫、上皮癌、嚢胞腺癌、気管支原性肺癌、汗腺癌、皮脂腺癌、乳頭癌、乳頭状腺癌が挙げられる(そのような障害の総説として、(非特許文献125)を参照されたい)。
本発明により、本発明の医薬組成物は、インターロイキン-3のαサブユニット(具体的な実施態様では、α及びβサブユニット)を発現する細胞の抑制を必要とするヒトに投与される。ある特定の実施態様では、そのような細胞の増殖は、抑制される。他の実施態様では、本発明のコンジュゲートは、IL-3受容体の過剰発現に関連する疾患及び障害を有するヒトに投与される。ある具体的な実施態様において対象は、骨髄性白血病を有している。他の実施態様において疾患又は障害は、アレルギー性疾患又は障害である。いくつかの実施態様では、疾患又は障害は自己免疫疾患である。ある特定の実施態様において対象は、急性骨髄性白血病(acute myelogenous leukemia)(AML)を有する。ある特定の他の実施態様において対象は、骨髄異形成症候群(myelodysplastic syndrome)(MDS)を有する。他の実施態様において対象は、慢性骨髄単球性白血病(chronic myelomonocytic leukemia)(CMML)を有する。
本発明は、癌を予防する、治療する及び/又は管理する方法であって、該方法が予防的及び/又は治療的に効果的なレジメンをそれを必要とする患者(例えばヒトの患者)に投与することを含み、該レジメンが本発明の医薬組成物及び1つ以上の追加の療法を患者に投与することを含み、前記追加の療法が本発明のコンジュゲートではない、前記方法も提供する。具体的な実施態様では、本発明の併用療法は、本発明による医薬組成物及び、前記コンジュゲートと同じ作用機序を有する少なくとも1つの他の療法を含む。他の具体的な実施態様において本発明の併用療法は、本発明の方法によって同定された医薬組成物及び、前記コンジュゲートとは異なる作用機序を有する少なくとも1つの他の療法(例えば予防剤又は治療剤)を含む。本発明の医薬組成物及び追加の療法は、別々に、同時に又は逐次的に投与され得る。薬剤の組合せは、追加的に又は相乗的に作用し得る。本発明の併用療法は、療法(例えば予防剤又は治療剤)に関連する副作用を低減する。
本発明の予防的に有効な及び/又は治療的に有効なレジメンの一部として、癌幹細胞集団をモニターすることにより治療の効力を評価することに加えて、癌患者の予後又は治療的又は予防的に有効なレジメンの効力を決定することができる。本発明の予防的に有効な及び/又は治療的に有効な治療又はレジメンのある特定の実施態様では、この治療又はレジメンは患者の癌幹細胞集団の安定化又は減少をもたらす。一実施態様では、レジメンを受けている患者をモニターすることにより、このレジメンが対象の癌幹細胞集団の安定化又は減少をもたらしたかどうかを評価する。
本発明の予防的及び/又は治療的に有効なレジメンの一部として、当業者に知られている標準的な技術を使用して(単独の、又は癌幹細胞の量と組み合わせた)癌細胞の量をモニター/評価することができる。本発明の予防的及び/又は治療的に有効なレジメンのある特定の実施態様では、そのレジメンの結果、対象中の癌細胞の(例えば、百分率として表される)量が安定化又は低減する。一実施態様では、レジメンを受けている対象をモニターして、そのレジメンの結果、対象中の癌細胞の(例えば、百分率として表される)量が安定化又は低減したかどうかを決定する。
本発明の予防的及び/又は治療的に有効なレジメンの一部として、当業者に知られている標準的な技術を使用して末梢血リンパ球数をモニター/評価することができる。対象中の末梢血リンパ球数は、例えば、前記対象から末梢血の試料を得、例えばFicoll-Hypaque(Pharmacia)勾配遠心分離を使用して血漿など末梢血の他の構成成分からリンパ球を分離し、トリパンブルーを使用してリンパ球を計数することによって決定することができる。対象中の末梢血T細胞数は、例えば、例えばFicoll-Hypaque(Pharmacia)勾配遠心分離を使用して血漿など末梢血の他の構成成分からリンパ球を分離することによって決定することができる。FITCやフィコエリスリンなどFACSで検出可能な作用剤とコンジュゲートした、CD3、CD4やCD8などのT細胞抗原に対する抗体でT細胞を標識し、FACSによってT細胞の量を測定する。さらに、FACSなど、当業者に知られている標準的な技術を使用して、T細胞の特定のサブセット(例えば、CD2+、CD4+、CD8+、CD45+、CD45RO+、CD45RA+、又はCD8+RA+)又はNK細胞に対する効果を決定することができる。
(5.7.1インビトロアッセイ)
癌細胞及び/若しくは癌幹細胞の量を低減し、又はその増殖を阻害することができるかについて、本発明の化合物、医薬組成物、及びレジメンをインビトロ及び/又はインビボで試験することができる。本発明の化合物又はレジメンが、癌細胞、癌幹細胞及び/若しくは免疫細胞(例えば、リンパ球)の量を低減し、又はその増殖を阻害することができるかについて、癌細胞、癌幹細胞及び/又は免疫細胞上の抗原の発現を検出し、癌細胞、癌幹細胞及び免疫細胞の増殖又は生存を検出し、癌細胞及び癌幹細胞のエフェクター機能を検出することにより評価することができる。当業者に知られている技術を使用して、これらの活性を測定することができる。例えば、3H-チミジン取り込みアッセイ及びトリパンブルー細胞計数法により、細胞増殖についてアッセイを行うことができる。例えば、それだけに限らないが、ウェスタンブロット、免疫組織化学、ラジオイムノアッセイ、ELISA(酵素結合免疫吸着アッセイ(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay))、「サンドイッチ」イムノアッセイ、免疫沈降アッセイ、沈降反応、ゲル内沈降反応、免疫拡散アッセイ、凝集アッセイ、補体結合アッセイ、イムノラジオメトリックアッセイ、蛍光イムノアッセイ、プロテインAイムノアッセイやFACS分析など、競合的及び非競合的アッセイ系を含めたイムノアッセイにより、抗原の発現についてアッセイを行うことができる。
ヒトで使用する前に、本発明の化合物、医薬組成物、又はレジメンを適切な動物モデルで試験することができる。そのような動物モデル系には、それだけに限らないが、ラット、マウス、ニワトリ、雌ウシ、サル、ブタ、イヌ、ウサギなどがある。当技術分野で周知である任意の動物系を使用することができる。その手順のいくつかの態様は様々となり得る;前記態様には、それだけに限らないが、治療手段(例えば、予防剤及び/又は治療剤)を投与する時間的な計画、そのような治療手段を別々に投与するか混合物として投与するか、及び治療手段の投与の頻度がある。
本発明の化合物、医薬組成物及びレジメンの毒性及び/又は効力は、例えば、LD50(集団の50%に対して致死的な用量)及びED50(集団の50%において治療上有効な用量)を決定するための、細胞培養物又は実験動物における標準的な薬学的手順によって決定することができる。毒作用と治療効果の用量比は治療指数であり、これはLD50/ED50比として表すことができる。大きな治療指標を示す治療レジメンが好ましい。毒性副作用を示す治療レジメンを使用してもよいが、このような作用剤を罹患組織の部位にターゲティングするデリバリーシステムを設計して、非感染細胞に対する潜在的な損傷を最小にし、それにより副作用を低下させるように対処すべきである。
本発明はまた、包装されラベルが貼られた完成医薬品を包含する。この製品は、ガラスバイアル又は密封された他の容器など、適切な入れ物又は容器中に適切な単位剤形を含む。医薬品は、例えば、第1の容器中に単位剤形として本発明のコンジュゲート、及び第2の容器中に注射用滅菌水を含むことができる。或いは、単位剤形は、経口、経皮、経鼻又は局所の送達に適した固体であってもよい。
以下の実施例は例示的であり、本発明の範囲を限定するとみなされるべきではない。合理的な当業者が見出す変更などの合理的な変更を、本発明の範囲を逸脱することなく本明細書に作製できる。
(6.1.1患者及び研究設計)
以下の実施例は、ジフテリア毒素-インターロイキン-3コンジュゲートを、急性骨髄性白血病(acute myeloid leukemia)(AML)に罹患した患者に投与した臨床研究の結果を記載する。
AML患者49名をスクリーニングし、患者27名を治療した(表3)。治療した患者の年齢の中央値は、59歳であった(範囲、25〜81歳)。男性13名及び女性14名であった。疾患は、患者2名において新規、10名において初回再発、7名において2度目の再発及び8名において難治性であった。患者3名は、MDSの病歴を有し、1名は2次性AMLの病歴を有した。自家又は同種幹細胞移植をそれぞれ1名ずつが以前受けたことがあった。細胞遺伝学は、10名において不良、16名において中間、及び1名において実施されなかった。患者7名をDT388IL-3 4μg/kgで治療し、患者8名を5.3μg/kgで治療し、患者11名を7.1μg/kgで治療し、患者1名を9μg/kgで治療した(表4)。薬剤関連毒性は、発熱、悪寒、低血圧、低酸素症及び低アルブミン血症が挙げられ、軽度から中程度且つ一過性であった。評価した患者27名のうち、我々は、6+カ月間継続中のCRを1名、1及び2+カ月間継続する部分寛解(partial remissions)(PRs)を2名、並びに1から2カ月間継続する末梢芽球のクリアランス及び骨髄芽球の89%、90%及び93%の細胞減少を示す最小反応3名を観察した(表5及び図4)。
(6.2.1患者及び方法)
患者らは、骨髄生検に基づくAMLを有し、且つ再発した疾患、難治性疾患又は低リスクAML(治療関連、MDSの病歴、患者年齢>70歳、又は細胞遺伝学的に不良及び同種移植の候補者ではない)のいずれかの疾患を有する必要があった。患者らは、活動指標<2、WBC<10,000/mL、ビリルビン<1.5mg/dL、トランスアミナーゼ<2.5×正常上限値、アルブミン>3g/dL、クレアチニン<1.5mg/dL、適切な心予備能(EF>40%)、治療前抗DT血清濃度<2.4mg/mlを有し、インフォームドコンセントを与え、且つ認可された場所で治療される意志があり、研究中は認可された形態の受胎調節を使用する意志があり、併発する深刻な医学的問題又は制御されない感染又はDIC又は妊娠を有さず、活動性CNS白血病を有さず、過去6カ月以内に心筋梗塞を起しておらず、酸素を必要とせず、DTに対するアレルギーを有さない必要があった。
今日までにAML患者75名をスクリーニングし、患者36名を治療した(表6)。治療した患者の年齢の中央値は、60歳であった(範囲、25〜81歳)。男性20名及び女性16名であった。疾患は、4名において新規AML、11名において初回再発AML、8名において2度目の再発AML、及び12名において難治性AMLであった。患者1名はMDSを有した。AML患者7名は、MDSの病歴を有し、1名は2次性AMLの病歴を有した。自家又は同種幹細胞移植をそれぞれ1名ずつが以前受けたことがあった。細胞遺伝学は、MDS患者を含む12名において不良、21名において中間、及び3名において実施されなかった。患者7名をDT388IL-3 4mg/kgで治療し、患者8名を5.3μg/kgで治療し、患者12名を7.1mg/kgで治療し、患者8名を9.4μg/kgで治療し、患者1名を12.5μg/kgで治療した。
薬剤関連毒性は、発熱、悪寒、低血圧、血管漏出症候群、低酸素症、低カルシウム血症、トランスアミナーゼ血症及び低アルブミン血症が挙げられ、軽度から中程度且つ一過性であった(表7及び図5)。用量レベルと毒性発生率又はグレードとに相関関係はない。
治療前抗体価は、0から4.3μg/ml(平均2.3μg/ml)の範囲であった;15日目の抗体力価は、0から600μg/ml(平均92μg/ml)であった;30日目の抗体力価は、1.1から306μg/ml(平均81μg/ml)であった。高抗体価>8μg/mlに基づいて、治療前は、全25試料が低く;15日目は9試料が低く、9試料が高く;30日目は、4試料が低く、10試料が高かった。Cmaxは、応答と相関しなかった(p=0.23)。
評価した患者36名のうち、以下の:8カ月間の細胞遺伝学的AML CRを1名、1及び3カ月間継続するAML部分寛解(partial remissions)(PRs)を2名;1から2カ月間継続する末梢芽球のクリアランス及び骨髄芽球の89%、90%及び93%の細胞減少を示すAML最小反応を3名;並びに10%から2%への芽球の低減及び末梢球数の正常化を示し1カ月超継続するMDS部分寛解を1名を観察した(表8及び図8A〜D)。
本発明は、本発明の個々の態様の一例示を目的に記載された具体的な実施態様によってその範囲を限定されず、且つ機能的に等価な方法及び成分は、本発明の範囲内である。実際に、本明細書に示し、及び記載したものに加えて、本発明の種々の改変が、慣例的にすぎない実験法を使用して前記記載及び添付図から当業者に明らかになる。そのような改変及び等価物は添付の特許請求の範囲に含まれる。
Claims (9)
- ヒトインターロイキン-3(IL-3)-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートを含む、骨髄異形成症候群 (MDS)を有するヒトのインターロイキン-3受容体(IL-3R)発現芽球を抑制するための医薬組成物であって、該コンジュゲートが0.1μg/kgから50μg/kgの用量で投与されるように用いられることを特徴とする、前記医薬組成物。
- ヒトIL-3-ジフテリア毒素コンジュゲートを含む、ヒトの骨髄異形成症候群 (MDS)を治療するための医薬組成物であって、該コンジュゲートが0.1μg/kgから50μg/kgの用量で投与されるように用いられることを特徴とする、前記医薬組成物。
- 前記抑制されるIL-3R発現芽球が癌幹細胞である、請求項1記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記抑制又は治療が、ヒトにおいて、芽球量の安定化、芽球量の低減、造血機能の向上、及び/又は、骨髄芽球指数の向上をもたらす、請求項1又は2記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記安定化又は低減が、血液検査;芽球計数;芽球百分率;理学的検査;全血球算定;フローサイトメトリー分析;骨髄穿刺液;骨髄分析;造血機能;骨髄芽球指数;正常な白血球、赤血球及び/又は血小板の量;組織診断;免疫組織化学;輸血頻度;及び/又は骨髄生検を含む、従来の測定法によって測定される、請求項4記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記コンジュゲートが4μg/kgから50μg/kg、4μg/kgから20μg/kg、又は4μg/kgから12.5μg/kgの用量で投与されるように用いられることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記MDSが難治性である、請求項1又は2記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記MDSが寛解状態にある、請求項1又は2記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記ヒトが以前にMDSの治療を受けたことがない、請求項1又は2記載の医薬組成物。
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EP2820030A4 (en) | 2012-02-29 | 2015-04-15 | Ambrx Inc | INTERLEUKIN-3-POLYPEPTIDE CONJUGATES AND ITS USES |
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