JP4918946B2 - 動画像の復号化方法 - Google Patents
動画像の復号化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4918946B2 JP4918946B2 JP2011066956A JP2011066956A JP4918946B2 JP 4918946 B2 JP4918946 B2 JP 4918946B2 JP 2011066956 A JP2011066956 A JP 2011066956A JP 2011066956 A JP2011066956 A JP 2011066956A JP 4918946 B2 JP4918946 B2 JP 4918946B2
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Description
(1)上の議論では、動き補償方式としてブロックマッチングが使用されることが前提となっていた。しかし、本発明は動きベクトルの水平・垂直成分が水平・垂直方向の画素のサンプリング間隔の整数倍以外値をとることができ、サンプル値の存在しない位置における強度値を共1次内挿によって求める動き補償方式を採用する画像符号化方式および画像復号化方式すべてに対して適用することができる。たとえば特願平08-060572に記載されているグローバル動き補償や、特願平08-249601に記載されているワーピング予測に対しても、本発明は適用可能である。
(2)これまでの議論では、動きベクトルの水平・垂直成分が1/2の整数倍の値をとる場合のみについて議論してきた。しかし、議論を一般化すれば、本発明は動きベクトルの水平・垂直成分が1/dの整数倍(dは正の整数、かつ偶数)をとる方式に対して適用可能である。しかし、dが大きくなった場合には、共1次内挿の除算の除数(dの2乗、数2参照)が大きくなるため、相対的に通常の除算の結果が整数に0.5を足した値となる確率が低くなる。したがって、プラスの丸め込みのみを行った場合の、丸め込み誤算の期待値の絶対値が小さくなり、誤差の蓄積による悪影響が目立ちにくくなる。そこで、例えばdの値が可変である動き補償方式などにおいては、dがある一定値より小さい場合にはプラスの丸め込みとマイナスの丸め込みの両方を使用し、dが上記一定値以上の場合にはプラスまたはマイナスの丸め込みのみを用いるという方法も有効である。
(3)従来の技術で述べた通り、DCTを誤差符号化方式として利用した場合、丸め込み誤差の蓄積による悪影響はDCT係数の量子化ステップサイズが大きい場合に現れやすい。そこで、DCT係数の量子化ステップサイズがある一定値より大きい場合にはプラスの丸め込みとマイナスの丸め込みの両方を使用し、DCT係数の量子化ステップサイズが上記一定値以下の場合にはプラスまたはマイナスの丸め込みのみを用いるという方法も有効である。
(4)輝度プレーンで丸め込み誤差の蓄積が起こった場合と色差プレーンで丸め込み誤差の蓄積が起こった場合では、一般的に色差プレーンで発生した場合の方が再生画像に与える影響が深刻である。これは、画像が全体的にわずかに明るくなったり暗くなったりすることよりも、画像の色が全体的に変化した場合の方が目立ちやすいためである。そこで、色差信号に対してはプラスの丸め込みとマイナスの丸め込みの両方を使用し、輝度信号に対してはプラスまたはマイナスの丸め込みのみを用いるという方法も有効である。
(5)Pフレームに対して、2種類の動き補償方式によるフレーム間予測画像の平均を最終的なフレーム間予測画像とする方式がある。例えば特願平8-3616では、縦横16画素のブロックに対して一個の動きベクトルを割り当てるブロックマッチングと、縦横16画素のブロックを4個の縦横8画素のブロックに分割して、それぞれに対して動きベクトルを割り当てるブロックマッチングの2種類の方法によって得た2種類のフレーム間予測画像を用意し、これらのフレーム間予測画像の強度値の平均を求めたものを最終的なフレーム間予測画像とする方法が述べられている。この方法において2種類の画像の平均値を求める際にも丸め込みが行われる。この平均化の操作でプラスの丸め込みのみを行い続けると、新たな丸め込み誤差の蓄積の原因を作ることになる。この方式では、ブロックマッチングにおいてプラスの丸め込みを行うP+フレームに対しては、平均化の操作ではマイナスの丸め込みを行い、P−フレームに対しては平均化の操作ではプラスの丸め込みを行うようにすれば、同一フレーム内でブロックマッチングによる丸め込み誤差と平均化による丸め込み誤差が打ち消し合う効果を得ることができる。(6)P+フレームとP−フレームを交互に配置する方法を用いた場合、符号化装置と復号化装置は現在符号化しているPフレームがP+フレームであるP−フレームであるかを判定するために、例えば以下の処理を行なうことが考えられる。現在符号化または復号化しているPフレームが、最も最近に符号化または復号化されたIフレームの後の何番目のPフレームであるかを数え、これが奇数であるときにはP+フレーム、偶数であるときはP−フレームとすれば良い(これを暗示的方法と呼ぶ)。また、符号化装置側が現在符号化しているPフレームがP+フレームであるか、P−フレームであるかを識別する情報を、例えばフレーム情報のヘッダ部分に書き込むという方法もある(これを明示的方法と呼ぶ)。この方法の方が、伝送誤りに対する耐性は強い。
(7)本発明は、フレーム間予測画像に対し、丸め込み処理を伴うフィルタリングを行う場合にも適用することができる。例えば、動画像符号化の国際標準であるH.261では、フレーム間予測画像において動きベクトルが0ではなかったブロック内の信号に対しては、低域通過型フィルタ(これをループフィルタと呼ぶ)が適用される。また、H.263では、ブロックの境界部に発生する不連続(いわゆるブロック歪み)を平滑化するためのフィルタを使用することができる。これらのフィルタでは、画素の強度値に対して重み付け平均化の処理が行われ、フィルタリング後の強度値に対して整数への丸め込みの操作が行われる。ここでもプラスの丸め込みとマイナスの丸め込みを使い分けることにより、誤差の蓄積を防ぐことが可能である。
(8)IP+P−P+P−…の他に、IP+P+P−P−P+P+…や、IP+P−P−P+P+…など、P+フレームとP−フレームの混在の仕方には様々な方法が考えられる。例えば、それぞれ1/2の確率で0と1が発生する乱数発生器を使用し、0が出ればP+、1が出ればP−としても良い。いずれにせよ、一般的にP+とP−フレームが混在し、かつ一定時間内のそれぞれの存在確率の差が小さいほど、丸め混み誤差の蓄積は発生しにくくなる。また、符号化器に対し、任意のP+フレームとP−フレームの混在の仕方を許すような場合、符号化器と復号化器は(6)で示した暗示的方法に基づくものではなく、明示的方法に基づくものでなければならない。したがって、符号化器と復号化器に関してより柔軟な実装形態を許すという観点からは、明示的方法の方が有利となる。
(9)本発明は、画素の存在しない点の強度値を求める方法を共1次内挿に限定するものではない。強度値の内挿方法は一般化すると、以下の式のように表すことができる。
(10)本発明は、誤差画像の符号化方法をDCTに限定するものではない、例えば、DCTではなく、ウェーブレット変換(例えば、M. Antonioni, et. al, "Image Coding Using Wavelet Transform", IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 1, no.2, April 1992)や、ウォルシューアダマール変換(Walsh-Hadamard Transform)(例えば、A. N. Netravalli and B. G. Haskell, "Digital Pictures", Plenum Press, 1998)を使用した場合でも本発明は適用可能である。
Claims (1)
- PフレームとIフレームとを含む動画像の符号化情報のビットストリームを受け取る段階と、
これから復号化するフレームがPフレームの場合は、前記符号化情報から取り出された動きベクトル情報と、既に復号化したフレームの復号画像とを用いて、前記これから復号化するフレームの予測画像を合成する動き補償を行う段階とを有し、
前記動き補償を行う段階は、前記復号画像で画素の存在しない点の強度値を内挿演算で求める段階を含み、
前記これから復号化するフレームがPフレームの場合は、前記符号化情報に含まれる該Pフレームに関する符号化情報から取り出された、前記内挿演算で用いる丸め込み方法がプラスの丸め込み或いはマイナスの丸め込みのいずれかであることを特定する情報に従って前記内挿演算を行い、Iフレームの場合は、前記符号化情報に含まれる該Iフレームに関する符号化情報から、丸め込み方法を特定する情報を取り出す処理を行わないことを特徴とする動画像の復号化方法。
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JP2012065348A (ja) * | 1997-06-09 | 2012-03-29 | Hitachi Ltd | 動画像の符号化方法および復号化方法 |
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