JP4829505B2 - 溶融金属温度の測定方法及び装置 - Google Patents
溶融金属温度の測定方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4829505B2 JP4829505B2 JP2005026164A JP2005026164A JP4829505B2 JP 4829505 B2 JP4829505 B2 JP 4829505B2 JP 2005026164 A JP2005026164 A JP 2005026164A JP 2005026164 A JP2005026164 A JP 2005026164A JP 4829505 B2 JP4829505 B2 JP 4829505B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- optical fiber
- consumable
- molten metal
- consumable body
- optical
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005457 Black-body radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/0037—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry for sensing the heat emitted by liquids
- G01J5/004—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry for sensing the heat emitted by liquids by molten metals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/0044—Furnaces, ovens, kilns
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/0205—Mechanical elements; Supports for optical elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/04—Casings
- G01J5/041—Mountings in enclosures or in a particular environment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
- G01J5/0818—Waveguides
- G01J5/0821—Optical fibres
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
- G01J5/0893—Arrangements to attach devices to a pyrometer, i.e. attaching an optical interface; Spatial relative arrangement of optical elements, e.g. folded beam path
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/04—Casings
- G01J5/046—Materials; Selection of thermal materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/04—Casings
- G01J5/048—Protective parts
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Radiation Pyrometers (AREA)
- Measuring Temperature Or Quantity Of Heat (AREA)
- Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
- Investigating And Analyzing Materials By Characteristic Methods (AREA)
- Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)
Description
消耗性本体が鉄(又は鉄鋼、鋳鉄)よりも高い溶融温度を有し、溶融鉄に不溶性ならば有利である。とくに、本体が鋳砂、耐火セメント、及び結合フライアッシュの少なくとも一種から製作されると有利である。材料は接着剤により結合できる。鋳砂、耐火セメント、及び結合フライアッシュは約600℃から約1700℃の温度範囲の溶融金属において使用するのに適する。これらの材料は耐熱性が非常に高い。これらの材料から形成した本体は溶融金属中で、材料の粒子同士の結合を分解する浸食により分解する。この過程は浸漬端から始まって長手軸線方向、つまり光ファイバの軸線に沿って進行する。光ファイバは石英から製作するのが有利である。
2 光ファイバ
4 安定部材
5 金属管
6 支持管
7 ランス
8 光検出器
9 導線
10 電気接点
11 較正装置
12 光コネクタ
13 光接触ブロック
15 軸孔
16 コネクタ
17 接触ブロック
Claims (13)
- 測定機器に直接又は間接に接続された光ファイバ(2)と、その支持体(6)と、鋳砂、耐火セメント、及び結合フライアッシュの少なくとも一種から製作された、溶融金属消耗性であり前記光ファイバの浸漬端を案内する消耗性本体(1)とから構成され、前記消耗性本体(1)は溶融金属中で10cm/分以下の消耗速度であって、該消耗速度は前記光ファイバ(2)が破壊される速度とほぼ同一であるか又はそれ以上であることを特徴とする、溶融金属の温度を測定するための装置。
- 前記本体(1)は1cm/分以下の消耗速度を有する請求項1の装置。
- 前記本体は鉄よりも高い溶融温度を有し、且つ溶融鉄に不溶性である請求項1の装置。
- 前記光ファイバ(2)は石英ガラス製である請求項1の装置。
- 前記光ファイバ(2)は少なくとも部分的に金属管により囲まれている請求項1の装置。
- 前記金属管は鋼管である請求項5の装置。
- 前記光ファイバ(2)は検出器(8)に接続されている請求項1の装置。
- 消耗センサ(5)が前記消耗性本体(1)内に配置されている請求項1の装置。
- 機械的安定部材(4)が前記消耗性本体(1)内に配置されている請求項1の装置。
- 前記消耗性本体(1)が支持体(6)の一端に着脱可能に配置されている請求項1の装置。
- 前記消耗性本体(1)内には電気又は光信号線が設けてあり、電気接点又は光学接点により前記支持体(6)内のコネクタ(10)に接続されている請求項1の装置。
- 前記光ファイバ(2)はエンドレスファイバである請求項1の装置。
- 前記光ファイバ(2)は支持体(16)及び/又前記消耗性本体(1)内に移動自在に支持されている請求項1の装置。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/776,883 US6964516B2 (en) | 2004-02-11 | 2004-02-11 | Device and method for measuring temperature in molten metals |
US10/776883 | 2004-02-11 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2010247495A Division JP5188562B2 (ja) | 2004-02-11 | 2010-11-04 | 溶融金属温度の測定方法 |
JP2011117074A Division JP5188603B2 (ja) | 2004-02-11 | 2011-05-25 | 溶融金属温度の測定装置 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2005227277A JP2005227277A (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
JP4829505B2 true JP4829505B2 (ja) | 2011-12-07 |
Family
ID=34701368
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005026164A Expired - Fee Related JP4829505B2 (ja) | 2004-02-11 | 2005-02-02 | 溶融金属温度の測定方法及び装置 |
JP2010247495A Expired - Fee Related JP5188562B2 (ja) | 2004-02-11 | 2010-11-04 | 溶融金属温度の測定方法 |
JP2011117074A Expired - Fee Related JP5188603B2 (ja) | 2004-02-11 | 2011-05-25 | 溶融金属温度の測定装置 |
Family Applications After (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2010247495A Expired - Fee Related JP5188562B2 (ja) | 2004-02-11 | 2010-11-04 | 溶融金属温度の測定方法 |
JP2011117074A Expired - Fee Related JP5188603B2 (ja) | 2004-02-11 | 2011-05-25 | 溶融金属温度の測定装置 |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6964516B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1564536B1 (ja) |
JP (3) | JP4829505B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20060041713A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1699938B (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE390620T1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2005200298B2 (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI0500379B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2491869C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE502005003407D1 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2300879T3 (ja) |
MX (1) | MXPA05001426A (ja) |
UA (1) | UA82673C2 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10331124B3 (de) * | 2003-07-09 | 2005-02-17 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Messen der Abkühlkurve von Schmelzenproben und/oder der Aufheizkurve von Schmelzenproben sowie deren Verwendung |
GB2438214A (en) | 2006-05-19 | 2007-11-21 | Heraeus Electro Nite Int | Measuring a parameter of a molten bath |
US20090110026A1 (en) * | 2007-10-24 | 2009-04-30 | Heraeus Electro-Nite Co. | Expendable immersion device |
EP2338621A1 (de) | 2009-12-18 | 2011-06-29 | SMS Concast AG | Stopfen für einen Stopfenverschluss in einem metallurgischen Gefäss |
DE102010020715A1 (de) * | 2010-05-17 | 2011-11-17 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Sensoranordnung zur Temperaturmessung sowie Verfahren zum Messen |
DE102011012175A1 (de) | 2011-02-23 | 2012-08-23 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Sensoranordnung zur Messung von Parametern in Schmelzen |
EP2538187A1 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2012-12-26 | Jyoti Goda | An immersion type sensor for measuring temperature of molten metals and the like |
US9546909B2 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2017-01-17 | Jyoti Goda | Apparatus and methods for continuous temperature measurement of molten metals |
EP2799824B1 (en) | 2013-04-30 | 2019-10-23 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Method and apparatus for measuring the temperature of a molten metal |
KR101450651B1 (ko) * | 2013-11-27 | 2014-10-15 | 우진 일렉트로나이트(주) | 연속 측온 장치 및 이를 포함하는 rh장치 |
EP2940441B1 (en) * | 2014-04-30 | 2020-01-01 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Device for measuring the temperature of a molten metal |
DE102014012697B4 (de) | 2014-09-01 | 2016-06-09 | Minkon GmbH | Verfahren zur optischen Temperaturbestimmung eines geschmolzenen Metalls sowie Abspulvorrichtung zur Durchführung eines solchen Verfahrens |
EP3051263A1 (en) * | 2015-01-28 | 2016-08-03 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Immersion device for an optical fiber for measuring the temperature of a melt |
EP3051264B1 (en) | 2015-01-28 | 2017-11-15 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Immersion device for an optical fiber for measuring the temperature of a melt |
EP3081921B1 (en) | 2015-04-16 | 2019-08-14 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Spectrometer calibration method |
GB2543318A (en) * | 2015-10-14 | 2017-04-19 | Heraeus Electro Nite Int | Consumable optical fiber for measuring a temperature of a molten steel bath |
DE102018000615A1 (de) | 2018-01-26 | 2019-08-01 | Minkon GmbH | Verwendung eines Lichtwellenleiters zur optischen Messung der Temperatur einer Hochtemperaturschmelze |
Family Cites Families (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3650414A (en) * | 1969-04-05 | 1972-03-21 | Osaka Oxygen Ind | Automatic control system for a temperature measuring device utilizing an expendable immersion thermocouple unit |
US3610601A (en) * | 1969-10-01 | 1971-10-05 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Apparatus for positioning a consumable lance |
US3763704A (en) * | 1972-04-28 | 1973-10-09 | P Blau | Apparatus for continuously measuring the temperature of molten metal |
JPS56117134A (en) * | 1980-02-21 | 1981-09-14 | Yamazato Erekutoronaito Kk | Temperature measuring device for high heat substance |
US4468771A (en) * | 1982-04-19 | 1984-08-28 | Institut Problem Litya Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi Ssr | Light-guide unit for transmitting thermal radiation from molten metal to pyrometer |
JPH0216449A (ja) * | 1989-05-24 | 1990-01-19 | Osaka Oxygen Ind Ltd | 溶融金属測温,サンプリング装置と自動着脱ランスとの組合せ |
US5158366A (en) * | 1989-05-31 | 1992-10-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Refractory monitoring temperature sensor and refractory erosion location measuring device |
US5180228A (en) * | 1989-09-18 | 1993-01-19 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Radiation thermometer for molten iron and method for measuring the temperature of molten iron |
JP2715624B2 (ja) | 1990-03-30 | 1998-02-18 | 日立電線株式会社 | 計測用光ファイバ |
JPH04329323A (ja) | 1991-05-01 | 1992-11-18 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 高温融体の測温装置 |
JPH075043A (ja) * | 1992-12-07 | 1995-01-10 | Seiichi Okuhara | 光学的温度測定装置の受光部 |
US6004031A (en) * | 1993-11-30 | 1999-12-21 | Nkk Corporation | Temperature measuring device |
JP2795146B2 (ja) * | 1993-11-30 | 1998-09-10 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | 測温用二重被覆光ファイバ |
JP3158839B2 (ja) | 1994-02-22 | 2001-04-23 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | 溶融金属の温度測定装置および温度測定方法 |
US5709474A (en) * | 1994-11-15 | 1998-01-20 | L&N Metallurgical Products Co. | Refractory sheath for sensors |
JPH09318459A (ja) * | 1996-05-31 | 1997-12-12 | Ichirou Yachie | 溶湯温度センサー用保護管 |
JP3942313B2 (ja) * | 1999-06-23 | 2007-07-11 | 川惣電機工業株式会社 | 溶融金属プローブ |
JP4616456B2 (ja) * | 2000-10-31 | 2011-01-19 | 株式会社ヘリオス | 溶融金属温度測定用の浸漬型光ファイバ放射温度計及び溶融金属の温度測定方法 |
CN1161301C (zh) * | 2001-12-20 | 2004-08-11 | 刘东业 | 可潜入铁水的喷枪修理枪衬用的耐火混合物 |
-
2004
- 2004-02-11 US US10/776,883 patent/US6964516B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-01-11 CA CA2491869A patent/CA2491869C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-01-25 AU AU2005200298A patent/AU2005200298B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-02-01 AT AT05001981T patent/ATE390620T1/de active
- 2005-02-01 ES ES05001981T patent/ES2300879T3/es active Active
- 2005-02-01 DE DE502005003407T patent/DE502005003407D1/de active Active
- 2005-02-01 EP EP05001981A patent/EP1564536B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-02-02 CN CN2005100081809A patent/CN1699938B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-02-02 JP JP2005026164A patent/JP4829505B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-02-04 KR KR1020050010447A patent/KR20060041713A/ko active Search and Examination
- 2005-02-04 MX MXPA05001426A patent/MXPA05001426A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2005-02-10 UA UAA200501223A patent/UA82673C2/uk unknown
- 2005-02-10 BR BRPI0500379A patent/BRPI0500379B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2010
- 2010-11-04 JP JP2010247495A patent/JP5188562B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-05-25 JP JP2011117074A patent/JP5188603B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20060041713A (ko) | 2006-05-12 |
AU2005200298B2 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
EP1564536B1 (de) | 2008-03-26 |
MXPA05001426A (es) | 2005-09-30 |
ES2300879T3 (es) | 2008-06-16 |
BRPI0500379B1 (pt) | 2017-06-06 |
CA2491869A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
JP2011169917A (ja) | 2011-09-01 |
ATE390620T1 (de) | 2008-04-15 |
UA82673C2 (uk) | 2008-05-12 |
JP5188562B2 (ja) | 2013-04-24 |
CA2491869C (en) | 2011-10-04 |
JP2011022165A (ja) | 2011-02-03 |
EP1564536A1 (de) | 2005-08-17 |
US6964516B2 (en) | 2005-11-15 |
DE502005003407D1 (de) | 2008-05-08 |
CN1699938B (zh) | 2012-09-05 |
BRPI0500379A (pt) | 2005-10-04 |
CN1699938A (zh) | 2005-11-23 |
AU2005200298A1 (en) | 2005-08-25 |
JP2005227277A (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
JP5188603B2 (ja) | 2013-04-24 |
US20050175065A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
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