JP4503293B2 - 機能化材料およびそのライブラリー - Google Patents
機能化材料およびそのライブラリー Download PDFInfo
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- JP4503293B2 JP4503293B2 JP2003550722A JP2003550722A JP4503293B2 JP 4503293 B2 JP4503293 B2 JP 4503293B2 JP 2003550722 A JP2003550722 A JP 2003550722A JP 2003550722 A JP2003550722 A JP 2003550722A JP 4503293 B2 JP4503293 B2 JP 4503293B2
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Description
本願発明は化合物を分離、精製、濃縮、固定化、および合成するための機能化材料およびそれについてのライブラリー、ならびにその同等物を使用した用途に関する。
標的分子の研究および使用にはその分子の単離および精製が必要条件である。例えば、疾患を引き起こす微生物を単離、同定する能力は、正確な診断および疾患状態の治療をもたらし、あるいは、核酸の単離は、ポリヌクレオチドもしくは核酸にコードされるポリペプチドの配列シーケンシング、またはタンパク質の結晶構造決定の第1段階である。分子を単離、精製、濃縮するには多くの方法があるが、これらの方法を行う組成物は広範囲には適用されず、通常、特定分子の精製に応用されうる。従って、化合物および分子の単離・濃縮方法を改善する技術は依然として必要である。
本発明は、全般に、特定の材料が、特有な性質(例えば長さ、厚み、形態、および密度)をもつ側鎖または高分子「ブラシ」を有する組成物中に加工されうるといった発見に基づく。これらの材料は、化合物を三次元的に分離、精製、濃縮および/または固定化するために、ならびに固定化された化合物を修飾または合成するために大変有効である。本発明の組成物は、材料に対流かつ高速で流す必要がある用途に有用であり、苛酷な化学反応または極度な温度変化に曝されることを目的としている。
定義
別途に定義されない限り、本明細書中で使用される全ての技術的および科学的専門用語は、当業者に一般に理解されるものと同様の意味をもつ。しかしながら、下記の用語は以下に特定する意味を有する。
本発明は一つまたは複数の材料にグラフトしたポリマーブラシに官能基を固定化する組成物および方法を提供する。固定化する方法は、捕捉、ゲル化、物理的保持もしくは吸着、イオン性結合、共有結合、または架橋を含む(それぞれが参照として組み入れられるBiotechnol. Bioeng., 22: 735-756, 1980、Chem. Eng. Prog., 86: 81-89,1990、J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117: 2732-2737,1995、Enzyme Microb. Technol., 14: 426-446,1997、Trends Biotechnol., 13: 468-473,1997、Nat. Biotechnol., 15: 789-793,1997を参照)。その固定化法ならびに用いる官能基の量および種類によって本発明の組成物の活性を決める。得られた固定化官能基の活性は物質移動の効果によって低減されることが多い(それぞれ参照として組み入れられるMethods Enzymol., 44: 397-413,1976、J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114: 7314-7316, 1992、Trends Biotechnol., 14: 223-229,1996、Angew. Chem., 109: 746-748, 1997を参照)。固定化後の活性は、官能基の有効性が減少することでさらに低減されるうる。例えば、立体障害によって、またはブラシ内、空孔内、もしくは材料の他の構造内での捕捉によって、または官能基の拡散が緩徐であることによって低減されうる。このような制限は低効率をもたらす。従って、高容量の官能基を固定化した材料を提供することが本発明の目的である。
一般的には、本発明の材料は特定のタイプに制限されることはなく、ポリマーブラシがグラフトまたは付与できる基質であれば、適当な材料である。重合反応にとって、元の材料が不十分であれば、材料表面を処理してもよい。このようなケースにおいて、例えば、本発明に従う表面処理は、高分子材料からなるコーティングであってもよい。本発明に有用な材料は広範囲に得られる。例えば、ポリエチレンとポリプロピレンとを含むポリオレフィン(低密度または高密度)、セルロース(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1990, 36: 581; J. Membr. Sci. 1993, 85: 71を参照)、ポリ(イソブチレンオキサイド)(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1987, 30: 151を参照)、 エチレンテトラエチレンフルオロコポリマー(J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143: 2795を参照)、エチレンプロピレンジエンタールポリマー(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1991, 37: 83を参照)、エチレン-プロピレンゴム(Nippon Gensiryoku Gakkaishi, 1977,19: 340を参照)、クロロスルホン化ポリエチレン(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1991, 37: 83を参照)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)(React. Polym. 1993, 21: 187; Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1989, 33: 539を参照)、テトラフルオロエチレンヘキサフルオロプロピレンコポリマー(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1988, 32: 193を参照)、ポリ(ビニルクロライド)(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1978, 11: 327を参照)、シリコンゴム(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1988, 32: 605を参照)、ポリウレタン(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1981, 18: 323)、ポリエステル(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1988, 31: 579を参照)、ブタジエン-スチレンコポリマー(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1990, 35: 132を参照)、天然ゴムおよびニトリルゴム(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1989, 33: 87を参照)、酢酸セルロースとプロピオン酸塩(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1990, 36: 581を参照)、) デンプンおよび綿繊維(Zhurn, Vsesoyuz. Khim. Ob-va im. D. I. Mendeleeva. 1981, 26: 401を参照)、ポリエステル-セルロース繊維(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1981, 18: 253を参照)、天然皮(Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1980, 16: 411を参照)、ならびに医療用ガーゼ(Zhurn. Vsesoyuz. Khim. Ob- va im. D. I. Mendeleeva. 1981, 26: 401を参照)、親水性ポリウレタン、ポリウレア、オレフィン、アクリル、ならびに他の親水性構成材がある。特殊な材料はポリエチレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコールまたはポリプロピレングリコールコポリマー、および他のポロキサマー、ヘテロサイクリックモノマー(Applied Radiation Chemistry: Radiation Processing, Robert J. Woods and Alexei K. Pikaev, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994 (ISBN 0-471-54452-3)を参照)、ポリ(エチレングリコール)メタクリレートまたはジメタクリレート(J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1996, 61: 2373-2382を参照)、ポリアミン(例えばポリエチレンイミン)、ポリ(エチレンオキサイド)およびスチレンを含む。これらのコーティングは好ましくは処理した表面に共有結合的に結合する。高分子材料を表面に吸着させ、UV照射、RFエネルギー、X線照射、γ線照射、電子線、化学開始重合などに曝して、表面に高分子材料を共有結合的に付与する段階を含む、コーティング形成法には多くの方法がある。
ラジカル部位をつくることのできるラジカル発生作用物質は、有機過酸化物またはパーエステルであり、例えば、tert-ブチルパーオキシ3,5,5-トリメチルヘキサノエート、2,5-ジメチル-2,5-ジ(ベンゾイルパーオキシ)ヘキサン、tert-ブチルパーオキシ2-エチルヘキシルカルボネート、tert-ブチルパーオキシアセテート、tert-アミルパーオキシベンゾエート、tert-ブチルパーオキシベンゾエート、2,2-ジ(tert-ブチルパーオキシ)ブタン、n-ブチル4,4-ジ(tert-ブチルパーオキシ)バレレート、エチル3,3-ジ(tert-ブチルパーオキシ)ブチレート、ジクミルパーオキサイド、tert-ブチルクミルパーオキサイド、ジ-tert-アミルパーオキサイド、ジ(2-tert-ブチルパーオキシイソプロピル)ベンゼン、2,5-ジメチル-2,6-ジ(tert-ブチルパーオキシ)ヘキサン、ジ-tert-ブチルパーオキサイド、2,5-ジメチル-2,5-ジ-tert-ブチルパーオキシ-3-ヘキシン、3,3,6,6,9,9-ヘキサメチル-1,2,4,5-テトラオキサシクロノナン、tert-ブチルヒドロパーオキサイド、3,4-ジメチル-3,4-ジフェニルヘキサン、2,3-ジメチル-2,3-ジフェニルブタンおよびtert-ブチルパーベンゾエート、ならびにアゾ化合物、例えば、アゾビスイソブチロニトリルおよびジメチルアゾジイソブチレートがあり、上記作用物質は、好ましくはジクミルパーオキサイド、tert-ブチルクミルパーオキサイド、ジ-tert-アミルパーオキサイド、ジ-tert-ブチルパーオキサイドおよび2,5-ジメチル-2,5-ジ(tert-ブチルパーオキシ)-3-ヘキシンからなる群より選択される。
グラフト重合は、化学的または誘導可能な重合開始剤の存在における重合、熱重合、イオン化放射線(例えば、α線、β線、γ線、加速電子線、X線または紫外線)を用いた放射線誘導グラフト重合によって行うことができる。γ線または加速電子線が誘導する重合により、都合のよいグラフト重合法が提供される。
本発明は、材料のラジカル誘導重合またはそれによって形成されるポリマーブラシを材料へグラフトをするための方法および組成物を提供し、そして、複数のポリマーブラシ構造を有する材料を提供する。これらのポリマーブラシ自体は、例えば、ポリマーブラシのサイズ、ブラシ密度、およびブラシの形態による物理的特性をもつ。しかしながら、本発明は、さらに固定化された官能基を有するポリマーブラシを提供する。官能基を固定化する方法は周知であり、ブラシへの官能基の固定化に適している(本明細書に参照として組み入れられるJ. Membr. Sci. 1993, 76: 209-218を参照)。一種類以上の官能基をブラシに固定化することができ、所望の機能性によって、1つ、2つ、3つ、4つまたは5つまたはそれ以上の異なる種類の官能基が固定されうる。
本発明でのポリマーブラシ構造は、ブラシ表面での反応性基を含み、機能性または多機能性ポリマーブラシが許容される。官能基を固定化するための各種の方法は、例えば物理的吸着(イオン結合および水素結合のような非共有ブリッジ、疎水性相互作用、ならびにファン・デル・ワールス力)、反応基による固定化、アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン・ブリッジ、グルタルアルデヒド、またはビス(スルホサクシンイミドイル)スベレートによる活性化、またはアルデヒド基、ホスホロアミダイト基、ペプチド基、ビオチンまたはアビジンによる結合、プロテインAまたはG、金属を有する媒体による付与、例えばキレート形成イミノジアセテート基、銅イオン、ニッケルイオン、第二鉄イオンまたは第一鉄イオン、亜鉛イオン、マグネシウムイオン、マンガンイオン、コバルトイオンまたは錯体を含む同様な荷電種、酸化基による共有結合、例えば、抗体Fc領域の炭水化物の部分を過ヨウ素酸で酸化してアルデヒド基を形成したあと、アガロース、シリカ、アクリル系コポリマー、およびセルロースのようなヒドラジド活性化した固相支持体に化学的な結合を含む。核酸を固定化する方法は、例えば、(i)電気化学的吸着:正荷電の固相支持体と負荷電のオリゴヌクレオチドとの静電的相互作用、(ii)配列特異的ハイブリッド形成のための電気化学的吸着したオリゴヌクレオチドとその相補的標的とのハイブリッド形成、アビジン-ビオチン錯体化、といった吸着と、(i)カルボジイミド法を用いたデオキシグアノシン基(別称、カルボン酸基(-COOH))、(ii)アミノ基(-NH2)、リン酸基による共有結合とを含む。有機合成(またはペプチド合成)はポリマーブラシ上で直接にまたは固定化した官能基上で行うことができる(本明細書に参照として組み入れられる米国特許第6,306,975号を参照)。他のカップリング化学法は当業者に周知であり、そして、グラフト重合法を用いることによって、複数の官能基を有する固相支持体を合成することができる(本明細書にすべて参照として組み入れられるJ. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 2001,49: 467-480, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1987,30: 263-270, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2000,15: 291-303, Analytica Chimica Acta 1997,346: 259-275, Chem. Rev. 2000,100: 2091-2157, Tetrahedron 1998,54: 15383-15443, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1986,27: 265-273, and Solid-Phase Synthesis and Combinatorial Technologies by Pierfausto Seneci, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000を参照)。
ここで開示した技術は、バイポーラ特性をもつ材料の開発に応用できる。こえらのバイポーラ機能化材料は、例えば、一つの領域または表面に荷電された官能基およびもう一つの領域または表面に逆の荷電された官能基を有する材料を含む。実施例1はバイポーラ膜の合成および応用を説明するが、他の態様も可能である。そしえ、本発明によると、デバイスの形態は、機能化膜の合成に制限されない。他の材料も使用可能、およびステップごとのグラフトとマスキング技術によって、本発明の選択的グラフトと反対荷電官能基の固定化および他の官能基を含んで、開発できる。
本発明の材料は、核酸、有機と無機分子と化合物、酵素とマルチサブユニットポリペプチドおよびその類似ものを含む、広範囲の生物的および化学的ターゲットとの相互作用が可能である。ある局面では、機能化材料は、これらのターゲットと相互作用して、ある反応を触媒作用する。別の局面では、材料はターゲットを結合する。これらの小さい化合物に加えて、機能化材料は、例えば、マルチサブユニット酵素、有機体、膜レセプターと膜のポリペプチド錯体のような大き目のターゲット構造にも有効である。別の局面では、本発明の材料とデバイスは、制限されないが、ヒトと動物細胞、細菌、ウイルスと真菌のようなそのままの細胞ターゲットと相互作用することが可能である。これらのターゲットは、次にポリマーブラシへの固定化が可能であり、官能基として使われ、材料に追加の機能を提供する。
現段階のグラフト重合材料は、直接のプロセスで生産されていて、それぞれをカスタムメードして、特定なバイオテクノロジーの応用に評価される。この方法は成功するが、プロセスが面倒で時間かかるので、新製品を生産する能力を制限する。ディスカバリープロセスを加速するためには、機能化材料ライブラリーが必要とされ、各種の特性をもち、例えば、両方のxとy次元に広範囲の物理的および機能性特性を変化するそれぞれ小さな面積(つまり約1平方ミクロン〜約2cm2)として提供する複数のポリマーブラシドメイン(図20に参照)をもつ。ここでの「ライブラリー」または「材料ライブラリー」は、複数の機能化材料を有する一つまたは複数の表面を含む基質を意味する。ここでの「ドメイン」は、特定の機能化材料の独立領域を意味する。同様な機能化材料は、一つまたは複数のドメインに使われてもよい。したがって、ライブラリーの重複を提供する。あるドメインは、別のドメインに直ぐ近接することもあり、および接触する、またはドメインは物理的なコンタクトではなく、液状のコミュニケーションであり、またはドメインは隔離されている。ここでの「アドレス」または「ドメインアドレス」は、ライブラリーにおけるドメインの領域または場所を意味して、場所は、ある空間説明を提供するCartesian座標または他の方法で説明できる。したがって、ライブラリーは、それぞれのアドレスを有する複数のドメインを含む。
材料ライブラリー内の特定なドメインでのターゲットと官能基との相互作用の検出は、酵素的または機能的活動の検出または結合を含む、数々の既知技術によって達成できる。核酸またはポリペプチド官能基を固定化するための核酸のハイブリダイゼーション、または一つまたは複数のドメインの官能基へのポリペプチドターゲットの結合は、標識したターゲット、標識した官能基、同じものに導入する検出可能標識をもつ試薬、または、これらの組み合わせを用いて、検出できる。検出可能標識は、制限されないが、フロオレシンのようなルミネセント化合物、クロモフォー、蛍光化合物、放射性アイソトープまたは類似物を有する基、または酵素、また染色体、触媒、プロモターまたは触媒のコードするポリヌクレオチド、セイヨワサビパオキシダーゼ(HRP)、アルカリホスファターゼ、ルミノールのケミルミネセサー、コエンザイム、酵素基質、のようなノンアイソトピック標識、放射性基、低分子有機分子、増幅可能ポリヌクレオチド配列、炭素またはラテックス粒子のような粒子、金属、結晶体、リポソーム、細胞などを含む。これらをさらに、染料、触媒または他の検出可能グループ、N-(ヒドロキシエチル)エチレンジアミントリ酢酸のようなタールビウムキーレター、標識化できるまたはできないもので、遅延蛍光またはその類似ものによって検出可能である。検出可能標識は、直接にまたは間接的にポリペプチドまたはポリヌクレオチドターゲットへリンクしてもよい。すなわち、ターゲットと反応するまたはターゲットを結合するパートナー分子への存在。例えば、HRPコンジュゲートした抗体。このようなラベリングはよく知られている。一般的には、どんな検出可能標識でも使える。したがって、検出可能標識は、例えば制限されないが、(i)シグナルを発生することによって直接に検出可能の標識、(ii)一つまたは複数の検出可能標識をもつ官能基またはターゲットまたは両方のものにおいて、官能基へターゲットを結合させることで、間接的に検出可能の特異結合ペアメンバーを含む。
材料ライブラリーへ応用するターゲットと試薬をコントロールするため、そして機能化材料とターゲットの相互作用を検出・定量化するため、ドメインアドレスへ相互作用を関係付けるために、コンピュータシステムが使われる。それに加えて、材料ライブラリーによって得られた情報を解釈するため、およびライブラリーの使用と展開をコントロール・ガイドするため、コンピュータシステムは一つまたは複数のインフォーマティックスプログラムを含む。ライブラリーの特定のドメインに使われる各材料の機能性と物理特性および組成をカタログすることに加えて、インフォーマティックスプログラムは、特定の材料の全ての使用から得たターゲットの検出データを追跡する。これらの情報は、ディスカバリープロセスを加速するため、同様な機能および組成のドメインまたはターゲット分子に関連する将来のアッセイの方向性を決めるために、使われる。それに加えて、これらのデータセットは、ライブラリーの拡大(すなわち特定な物性をもつ材料の展開)のために新たな方向もガイドできる。例えば、ハイスループットスクリーンは、特定濃度のイオン官能基および免疫特異(抗原性)官能基をもつモノマーの特定ブレンドを有するドメイン上に起こる特定のポリクロナール抗体と狭い範囲のブラシ密度または長さをもつ材料との最適な結合/溶離条件を決めることもできる。したがって、ライブラリーは、抗原に対する特定な親和性範囲を有する免疫グロブリンの単離する最適な材料を指示するために使われる。最後に、インフォーマティックスプログラムは、ブラシ組成、密度、長さと機能のようなクリティカル因子の考慮を入れるブラシ構造/機能をシミュレートするポリマーブラシの繊細な分子モデルの開発に使われる。ターゲットスクリーンから得たデータセットと組みあわせると、これらの分子モデルは、ポリマーブラシの結合特性の予測を助け、ディスカバリープロセスを加速して、およびライブラリーの新規な機能化材料の連続拡大をガイドする。
下記の例は、バイポーラ機能化膜を合成する新規な方法を説明する。ここでは、膜の形状に作製する。ここ方法を利用して、1ステップによって、陽イオン交換および陰イオン交換官能基を有するポリマーブラシを各相反する表面に導入する。グラフトする材料として、電子線処理した高密度ポリエチレンフィルム(HDPE)を使った。フィルムを、スルホン酸基を有するモノマー溶液と第4級アンモニウム塩基を有するモノマー溶液の間に挟んだ。X線マイクロアナリシス(XMA)を用いて、膜厚方向の硫黄と塩素の分布、すなわちそれぞれ陽イオン交換基と陰イオン交換基の分布を測定した。NaCl溶液からHClとNaOHを再生する電気透析にバイポーラ膜を使った。このバイポーラ膜は、一般の方法で作製したバイポーラ膜と、同様な電気分解ポテンシャルを示した。
バイポーラ膜を合成する条件を決めるため、図1に示すイオン交換膜を合成した。グラフトするための高分子基底膜として、厚み50ミクロンの非多孔性高密度ポリエチレンフィルム(HDPE)を使った。基底膜を全照射線量200kGyの電子線で照射した。図2に示すように、電子線処理したHDPEフィルムは、内径約4cmの二つの同様な円形セルに挟んだ。
共グラフト率(dg)=
(グラフトポリマーブラシの重さ)/(基底膜の重さ)x100%
図3に示すように、電気透析チャンバーの電極の間に、バイポーラ膜が真ん中、市販の陽イオン交換膜と陰イオン交換膜(膜2枚ずつ)を設置した。バイポーラ膜の第4級アンモニウム塩基側は陽電極に面した。電圧5Vをかけた。表2に電気透析の操作条件をまとめた。全ての有効膜面積は10cm2である。伝導性の測定によって、塩チャンバー(2と5)のNaCl濃度を測定した。酸とアルカリの滴定によって、酸チャンバー(3)のHCl濃度とアルカリチャンバー(4)のNaOH濃度を測定した。電気透析前後のナトリウム、塩素とスルホン酸イオンの濃度は、イオンクロマトグラフィーで測定した。電気パワーユニットは下記の方式で決めた:
電気パワーユニット(Wh/kg)=o Vi dt/w
ここでは、V、I、tとwはそれぞれ電圧(V)、電流(A)、時間(h)と除去したNaClの重さ(kg)である。
電気透析するため、dg=16%とdg=86%のバイポーラ膜を使った。図11に時間に伴うNaCl(塩チャンバー)、HCl(酸チャンバー)とNaCl(アルカリチャンバー)の濃度変化を示す。5時間の電気透析において、1M NaCl溶液からMモルのHClとMモルのNaOHが再生された。共グラフト型バイポーラ膜(dg=86%)による電気透析前後の全てのイオンの物質収支を表3にまとめた。Na+とSO4 -のモル数は、電気透析前後の値と一致した。しかしながら、電気透析前のCl-のモル数は、お互いと一致しなかった。原理に制限されなく、これは電極の反応によるのと言われている。Faraday法則による計算から、3.40x10-3 molのCl-が電極反応に必要とされる。この値は、電気透析前後に不足した3.25x10-3 molのCl-に一致した。
GMA-DEA-BC膜の合成
この実施例は、ポリエチレン中空糸膜からなる材料への微生物、特に黄色ブドウ状球菌、の固定化を説明する。内径と外径それぞれ1.9と3.2 mm、空孔率70%、および孔径0.34ミクロンの膜を使った。合成経路を図14に示す。電子線グラフト重合法によって、ビニルモノマーのグリシジルメタクリレート(GMA、CH2=CCH3COOCH2CHOCH2)をPE膜にグラフトした。室温で、電子線の照射線量200kGyでPE膜を照射した。照射した膜をGMA溶液(メタノール中10vol%)に浸して、313Kで反応した。膜の骨格にグラフトしたGMAの量は、下記の数式によって、グラフト率(dg)として、計算した。
dg=100((W1-W0)/W0)[%]
Xt=100(((W2-W1)/73)/(W1-W0)/142))[%]
Xq=100(((W3-W2)/127)/(W2-W1)/173)[%]
ここでは、W0、W1、W2とW3はそれぞれ開始材料、GMAグラフト膜、DEA導入膜と4級化膜の重さである。142、73と127と言う値はそれぞれGMA、DEAとBCの分子量である。
大阪発酵研究所(日本大阪)から黄色ブドウ状球菌株IFO 12732を得て、微生物固定化研究のモデル微生物として使った。一環の細菌を10mLの培養液(ポリペプトン1.0%、酵母エキス0.2%、MgSO4・7H2O 0.01%、pH7.0)に入れて、試験管シェカー(100ストロック/分)で、305Kで、18-24時間培養した。15分間、277Kの冷却温度(細胞が分化せずに定常期にある)で遠心分離(5600xg)して、細胞培養液から細胞を回収して、滅菌した純水で2回洗浄した。細胞を新たな滅菌水に再懸濁して最終液量を10mLにした。細胞を、合成した膜と接触させる前に、希望の濃度まで、連続的に滅菌水で希釈した(約105〜106細胞/mL)。
作製した細胞懸濁液40mLを100mLのフラスコに加えた。そして、合成したGMA-DEAとGMA-DEA-BC膜を細胞と接触させ、フラスコを130rpmで、298Kで震とうさせた。長さ10cmのGMA-DEAとGMA-DEA-BC膜(1cmずつにカットしてさらに縦に半分切った)を使った。所定時間に、フラスコの接触懸濁液から0.1mLをピペットで採取して、9.9mLの滅菌水に加えて、連続的に滅菌水で希釈した。希釈した懸濁液から0.1mLを取って、培地をもつ寒天プレートに広げた。プレートを310Kで、18-20時間培養した。懸濁液中の生存する細胞の数は、プレートに形成するコロニ数から計算した。
V(dC/dt)=-kAC
ここでのkは下記の条件、最初条件t=0のとき、C=C0で導くことができ、吸着速度定数は下のように定義する
k=-(V/A)(1/t)ln(C/C0) [m/s]
ここでは、V、A、t、CとC0はそれぞれ生存細胞懸濁液の容量、接触面積、接触時間、t接触時間における生存細胞数と初期生存細胞数である。
一つまたは複数の異なる組織ソースまたはタイプからの細胞ライブラリーを創製した。これは、例えば、サンプル組織における病因マーカーのレベルを決定するため、または環境におけるターゲットを検出する毒性アッセイのために、使われる。この実施例は子宮ガンの検査のために、ヒト子宮細胞ライブラリーの作製及び利用を説明する。
グラフトの基材として、膜厚約0.5ミクロンの高密度ポリエチレンフィルム(HDPE)をコーティングしたガラススライドを使った。キャスケード型加速器を用いて、基質を照射線量200kGyの電子線で窒素雰囲気下で照射した。基質を10vol/vol% GMA/1-ブタノール溶液に浸して、グラフト反応温度313Kにおいて、グリシジルメタクリレート(GMA)をHDPEフィルムにグラフトして、ポリマーブラシを形成した。10分後、基質を取り出して、残存GMAとポリ-GMAホモポリマーを洗浄・除去した。グラフト率を説明したように算出して、約200%と決定した。グラフトをする前の基質のマスキングは、100ドメインのポリマーブラシの形成を許して、それぞれは約2mm2で、5x20マトリックスパターンを示した。
説明したように、約10,000ドメインを有するライブラリーを開発した。マイクロマイクロフルイディックチャンバーのために適用する基質に、ライブラリーを作製した。各ドメインにグリシンをポリマーブラシに固定化して、非結合のグリシンを洗浄によって除去した。基質を自動化マイクロフルイディックデバイスににセットして、ランダムの6merポリペプチドが各ドメイン上で合成され、各ペプチド配列をコンピュータコントロールシステムによって、モニターされる。説明したように、得られたペプチドライブラリーは、パルス標識した細胞溶解物のスクリーニングに使用した。各ドメインアドレスで発生するベタ放出をカウントすることによって、相互作用を検出する。ドメインアドレスに決したターゲットを回収して、MALDI-TOF分析計によって同定する。実験室情報マネージメントシステム(LIMS)によって、ターゲットの同定および相互作用に適するデータを追跡した。
上述の本発明の特定な態様の詳細な説明から、官能基を多層に固定化したグラフト重合材料を含む固有の組成物、ならびにその作製法および使用法を説明したことは明らかな筈である。本明細書において特定の態様を詳しく開示したが、これは実施例を示すことのみを目的とし、添付の特許請求の範囲を制限することを意図しない。特許請求の範囲に定義した本発明の範囲と趣旨から逸脱することなく、本発明に対して代用、変更、および修飾が可能であることは発明者によって熟慮される。例えば、官能基の組み合わせの数および種類、またはこれらの組成物の特定な装置への使用は、本明細書に記載の態様の知識を有する当業者にとって日常的なことと思われる。
Claims (5)
- ラジカル誘導グラフト重合によって反応性モノマーがグラフトされることによって形成され、陰イオン性解離基が固定化されているポリマーブラシを表面に有する分子量50,000〜500,000ダルトンのポリオレフィンから構成されるポリオレフィン繊維からなる、平均孔径が10nm〜50,000nmであり、空孔率が50〜90%である多孔性膜を備え、溶液を透過させて該溶液に含まれる、ポリヌクレオチド、ポリペプチド、多糖、脂質、免疫グロブリン、抗体結合フラグメント、酵素、および細胞から選択されるターゲットを該多孔性膜に吸着させ、該溶液をろ過するためのろ過装置であって、
該多孔性膜が、次の工程:
工程1:ポリエチレン中空糸膜にグリシジルメタクリレート(GMA)を約10%から約500%のグラフト率でグラフト重合し、GMAグラフト膜を製造する工程;
工程2:GMAグラフト膜をジエチルアミン(DEA)と反応させ、GMAのエポキシ基をアミノ基に転化する工程;および
工程3:ベンジルクロライド(BC)でDEAのアミノ基を35〜73%の4級化率で4級化する工程;
により製造されるGMA−DEA−BC膜である、ろ過装置。 - 前記ターゲットが、マイナス電荷を有する細胞である、請求項1に記載のろ過装置。
- 前記マイナス荷電を有する細胞が微生物細胞である、請求項2に記載のろ過装置。
- 前記微生物細胞が、病原性株である、請求項3に記載のろ過装置。
- 前記微生物細胞が、ブドウ球菌細胞である、請求項3に記載のろ過装置。
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EP1572363A4 (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2008-08-13 | Emembrane Inc | HIGHLY EFFICIENT METHODS OF SEPARATION, PURIFICATION, CONCENTRATION, IMMOBILIZATION AND SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUNDS AND APPLICATIONS BASED ON SAID METHODS |
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WO2003049671A3 (en) | 2003-12-04 |
CA2469301A1 (en) | 2003-06-19 |
AU2002360298A1 (en) | 2003-06-23 |
WO2003049671A2 (en) | 2003-06-19 |
EP1463480A4 (en) | 2008-08-27 |
EP1463480A2 (en) | 2004-10-06 |
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