JP4374567B2 - 多孔性低誘電率材料のための紫外線硬化処理 - Google Patents
多孔性低誘電率材料のための紫外線硬化処理 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4374567B2 JP4374567B2 JP2003529517A JP2003529517A JP4374567B2 JP 4374567 B2 JP4374567 B2 JP 4374567B2 JP 2003529517 A JP2003529517 A JP 2003529517A JP 2003529517 A JP2003529517 A JP 2003529517A JP 4374567 B2 JP4374567 B2 JP 4374567B2
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- dielectric material
- porous dielectric
- cured
- ultraviolet
- porous
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- MVIOINXPSFUJEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MVIOINXPSFUJEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCCOCCO XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940075557 diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LAWOZCWGWDVVSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioctylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCNCCCCCCCC LAWOZCWGWDVVSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940069096 dodecene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001312 dry etching Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001827 mesitylenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C(C(*)=C(C([H])=C1C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- YQYUUNRAPYPAPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethyl-2-methylaniline Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=CC=CC=C1C YQYUUNRAPYPAPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMBYUOXUISCLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethyl-n-methylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(C)CC SMBYUOXUISCLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012260 resinous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N saccharin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940081974 saccharin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019204 saccharin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000901 saccharin and its Na,K and Ca salt Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001029 thermal curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorosilane Chemical compound Cl[SiH](Cl)Cl ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005052 trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[SiH](OCC)OCC QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940074411 xylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01L21/02126—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon the material containing Si, O, and at least one of H, N, C, F, or other non-metal elements, e.g. SiOC, SiOC:H or SiONC
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- C09D183/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon, with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
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- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
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Description
チャン(Chung)等に付与された特許文献11では、低誘電率を有する有孔性網状被膜を作る方法を開示する。この方法は、溶液を用いて基板上に被膜を付着させるもので、この溶液は、少なくとも2Si-H基を含む樹脂と、付着後に、溶媒が少なくとも5容積%被膜内に留まるような溶媒とを含んでいる。この被膜は、さらに、塩基性触媒及び水を含む環境下に晒される。最後に、溶媒は、多孔性網状体を形成するために被膜から蒸発される。この処理によって作られたフィルムは、誘電率が1.5〜2.4の間にあり、弾性率が約2〜約3GPaの間にある。
しかし、電気的特性を悪化または劣化させないで、改善された弾性率等の構造的特性を有する他の有孔性低誘電体材料を作る方法が必要であることが残っている。
この多孔性誘電体材料を、前記第1の誘電率と同程度の第2の誘電率を有するとともに前記第1の弾性率よりも大きい第2の弾性率を有するように、紫外線硬化させ、
さらに、前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料を前記第2の誘電率よりも小さい第3の誘電率を有するように、前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料を高温度でプラズマ状態にさらすことによるプラズマ処理であることを特徴とする。弾性率の増加は、一般的に約50%以上である。
紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料は、ポスト紫外線処理を与えるために選択的に、ポスト紫外線処理され、紫外線硬化した多孔性誘電体材料は、第3の誘電率及び第3の弾性率を有する。紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料のポスト紫外線処理は、多孔性誘電体材料の誘電率を減少するとともに、ポスト紫外線処理前の弾性率に比較して、弾性率における増加を維持する。
従って、本発明の目的は、改善された弾性率及び低誘電率を有する多孔性誘電体材料を製造することである。
HSQベースの多孔性網状体被膜を製造する方法は、少なくとも2つのSi-H群及び溶媒を含む樹脂からなる、ある溶液を用いて物質上に被膜を蒸着させることから始まる。
少なくとも2つのSi-H群を含む樹脂は、特別に限定されるものではなく、Si-H結合剤が加水分解され、また塩基性触媒と水によって少なくとも一部縮合することができる限りにおいて特に制限を受けず、多孔性網状体の構造として役立つ、架橋結合された網状体(network)に形成される。一般的に、このような材料は、次式で表わされる。
所望であれば、他の材料をSiH樹脂の分散液の中に含ませることができる。例えば、この分散液は、充填剤、着色剤、粘着促進剤、及び同類物を含むことができる。
溶媒の少なくとも約5容積%は、SiH樹脂が塩基性触媒と水と接触するまで、SiH樹脂被膜の中に留まらなければならない。この溶媒は、SiH結合剤が加水分解され、そして縮合されるとき、多孔性網状体被膜の多孔を形成する。ある実施形態では、少なくとも約10容積%の溶媒が残ることができ、一方、他の実施形態では、少なくとも約15容積%の溶媒が残る。さらに他の実施形態では、少なくとも約25容積%の溶媒が残ることになる。
使用される水は、(例えば、約25%の比較的湿気のある)周囲環境にあるものであって、この周囲環境は、付加的に水蒸気で満たすことができ(例えば、湿度を約100%まで)、水が、液体として用いられるか、または、反応状態下で水を生じる化合物が用いられる。
この触媒蒸気にさらす雰囲気は、室温から約300℃の範囲の所望の温度とすることができる。約20℃〜約200℃の範囲の温度が一般的であり、さらに、約20℃〜約100℃の範囲が望ましい。
代わりに、この被膜は、液体の塩基性触媒と水を含む環境(例えば、水酸化アンモニウム)及びガス状の塩基性触媒と水蒸気を含む環境(アンモニアガスと水蒸気)に露出させることができる。この露出は、順番にまたは同時に行われ、さらに、上述したように同一の条件下で行われる。
このような多孔性網状体被膜を製造する別の方法は、炭素数の大きいアルキル基を含むシロキサン樹脂を熱的に硬化させることであり、また被膜内に多孔を作り出すためにアルキル基を熱分解することである。
ステップ1.
樹脂サンプルは、上記参照された米国出願の表1に記載された以下の量が記載されている成分(A)、(B)、(C)、(D)、(E)、及び(F)を結合することによって用意された。
(A)トリエトキシシラン 0.45モル部、
(B)オルガノトリエトキシシラン、RSi(OR')3 0.25モル部、ここで、Rは、3,7,11,15
−テトラメチル-3-ヒドロキシ-ヘキサデシルである。
(C)テトラエトキシシラン 0.30モル部、
(D)生じる樹脂が9%となる濃度を作るのに十分なメチルイソブチルケトン(MIB
K)とイソブチルイソブチレート(6:4の重量比)の混合物、
上記関連した出願の表1に記載量において、この混合物に、(E)水と(F)塩化水素の混合物が加えられた。
この結果生じた反応物は、60℃減圧下で揮発されて、固体成分が14〜21%になるようにされた。イソブチルイソブチレートが固体成分14%とした。この溶液は、その後2時間、還流して加熱され、生成された水は、連続して取り除かれた。イソブチルイソブチレートを取り除き、そこにシクロヘキサノンを添加することにより、溶媒をシクロヘキサノンに変更した。
ステップ2.
生じた樹脂溶液によって、誘電率測定のために適当なシリコンウエハ上でスピン被膜が施され、さらに、このウエハは、1時間の間440℃で窒素の流れの中で硬化された。誘電率は、測定すると、1.9であった。代わりに、スピン被膜されたフィルムの硬化は、プラズマおよび/またはUVの補助的処理によって加速することができる。
多孔性誘電体材料の弾性率を高めるために、この材料が紫外線硬化される。この紫外線硬化方法によって、多孔性低k誘電体材料の機械的特性を改善させ、さらに、材料の硬さを高くするとともに、誘電体の有孔、構造、密度、及び電気特性を維持する。
紫外線出力 0mW〜1000mW/cm2
紫外線波長 100〜400nmの連続したスペクトル分布
ウエハ温度 室温〜450℃
処理圧力 大気圧に対して<、>、または=
紫外線硬化時間 <300秒
プラズマガス H2/N2/CxHy/O2
フォーミングガス(FG)の流量: パージ
O2の流量: パージ
N2の流量: パージ
H2N2混合ガスの流量: パージ
しかし、紫外線硬化は、多孔性誘電体材料における顕著な量の極性種を発生することができる。
ランプ率 15〜150℃/秒
ウエハ温度 150℃〜450℃
アニーリング時間 <120秒
処理圧力 大気圧
条件 200mm系 300mm系
マイクロ波プラズマ出力: 500W〜3000W 500W〜3000W
ウエハ温度: 80℃〜350℃ 80℃〜350℃
処理圧力: 1.0トル〜3.0トル 1.0トル〜4.0トル
プラズマ処理時間: <90秒 <90秒
プラスマガス: H2/N2/CF4/O2/Ar/He/CxHy H2/N2/CF4/O2/Ar/He/CxHy
N2H2流量: >0〜4000sccm >0〜10,000sccm
O2流量: >0〜4000sccm >0〜10,000sccm
CF4流量: >0〜400sccm >0〜1000sccm
Ar流量: >0〜4000sccm >0〜10,000sccm
He流量: >0〜4000sccm >0〜10,000sccm
図1〜3は、紫外線硬化の特性を示す。これらの例は、
(i)ブランケットMSQベースの多孔性低k薄膜(フィルム)、(ii)ブランケットHSQベースの多孔性低k薄膜、(iii)ブランケットMSQ/HSQの混合された多孔性低k薄膜で、これら全て約5000Aの厚さである。
MSQベースの多孔性低kフィルムのFTIRスペクトルは、1100cm-1近くに2つのSi-Oピークを有するとともに、1280cm-1及び3000cm-1近くにあるSi-CH3特性バンドによって特徴付けられる。一般的に、弾性率が100%またはそれ以上増加することになるこれらのフィルムの硬化は、Si-CH3特性バンドの一部除去と、ケージ(より高い波数)対ネットワーク(より低い波数)Si-O結合の比における変化率とによって、FTIRスペクトルに反映される。
紫外線処理は、MSQベースの多孔性低kフィルムを効率よく硬化することができる。図1は、MSQベースの多孔性低kフィルムに対するFTIRスペクトルを示し、熱的硬化(底部)、加熱および酸素ガス中で1分間紫外線硬化(中央部)、そして、加熱及び窒素ガス中で5分間紫外線硬化(頂部)が行われる。この硬化処理の利点は、室内パージガス成分に強く依存する。酸素ガスは、窒素ガスよりも紫外線硬化に対する効果が高いことが観測された。
MSQベースの多孔性低kフィルムのFTIRスペクトルは、2200cm-1近くのSi-Hバンド、SiO-Hストレッチモードに寄与する 850cm-1近くのバンド、及び1100cm-1近くにある2つのSi-Oピークによって特徴付けられる。一般的に、係数が100%またはそれ以上増加することになるこれらのフィルムの硬化処理は、Si-Hバンドの完全な除去と、ケージ対ネットワークSi-O結合の変化とによって、FTIRスペクトルに反映される。
紫外線処理は、HSQベースの多孔性低kフィルムを効率よく硬化することができる。図2は、HSQベースの多孔性低kフィルムに対するFTIRスペクトルを示し、硬化されない(グリーン)、酸素ガス(紫)及び窒素ガス(青)の中で60秒間の紫外線硬化が行われる。しかし、この硬化の利点は、室内パージガス成分に依存する。酸素ガスは、窒素ガスよりも紫外線硬化に対する効果が高いことが観測された。
HSQ/MSQの混合した多孔性低kフィルムのFTIRスペクトルは、2200cm-1近くの通常のSi-Hバンド、850cm-1近くのSiO-Hストレッチモードバンド、及び1100cm-1近くにある2つのSi-Oピークによって特徴付けられる。さらに、1280cm-1近くにSi-CH3特性がある。この特定例としては、5%のMSQ/95%のHSQが混合したフィルムが研究されてきた。これらのフィルムの硬化処理は、純粋のHSQベース多孔性フィルムよりも紫外線パージガス混合物に大きく影響を受ける。にもかかわらず、酸素ガスをパージした紫外線処理は、低kフィルムを効果的にかつ効率よく硬化させる。
図3は、5%のMSQ/95%のHSQが混合した多孔性低kフィルムに対するFTIRスペクトルを示し、硬化されない(青)、酸素ガス(紫)及び窒素ガス(青)の中で60秒間の紫外線硬化が行われる。全ての場合において、連続的なまたは付随的な熱処理工程が、一般的に紫外線硬化処理中に発生するSi-OH結合を取り除くために必要である。
Claims (16)
- 改善された特性を有する紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料を製造するための方法であって、
ポロゲンを用いて生成された多孔性誘電体材料、溶媒ベースの多孔性誘電体材料、または分子操作された多孔性誘電体材料、またはそれらの組み合わせから選択され、第1の誘電率及び第1の弾性率を有する多孔性誘電体材料を用意し、
この多孔性誘電体材料を、前記第1の誘電率と同程度の第2の誘電率を有するとともに前記第1の弾性率よりも大きい第2の弾性率を有するように、紫外線硬化させ、
さらに、前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料を前記第2の誘電率よりも小さい第3の誘電率を有するように、前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料を高温度でプラズマ状態にさらすことによるプラズマ処理によってポスト紫外線処理を行う各ステップを含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記多孔性誘電体材料は、300秒未満の間、紫外線硬化されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記多孔性誘電体材料は、紫外線硬化中、450℃未満のウエハ温度を有することを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記多孔性誘電体材料は、紫外線硬化中、室温〜450℃の範囲にあるウエハ温度を有することを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記多孔性誘電体材料は、大気圧未満の処理圧力、大気圧より大きい処理圧力、または大気圧に等しい処理圧力で、紫外線硬化されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記多孔性誘電体材料は、ガスパージによって紫外線硬化され、このガスは、窒素、酸素、アルゴン、ヘリウム、水素、CxHy、空気及びこれらの物質の組み合わせからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記多孔性誘電体材料は、100nm〜400nmの範囲の紫外線波長を用いて紫外線硬化されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料は、500W〜3000Wの範囲のプラズマ出力でプラズマ処理されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料は、室温〜450℃の範囲の温度でプラズマ処理されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料は、90秒未満の間、プラズマ処理されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料は、1トル〜10トルの範囲の処理圧力でプラズマ処理されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料は、プラズマガスを用いてプラズマ処理され、前記プラズマガスは、窒素、酸素、アルゴン、ヘリウム、水素、C x H y 、フッ素を含むガス、及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法によって製造される、紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料。
- 請求項1に記載の方法によって製造される、ポスト紫外線処理で、紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料。
- 請求項1に記載の方法によって製造される、紫外線硬化された多孔性誘電体材料を含む電子素子。
- 請求項1に記載の方法によって製造される、紫外線硬化された被膜を有する物質。
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