JP2021040549A - Method for culturing fruit tree - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、果樹の栽培方法に関し、特には、低カリウム果実の生産が可能である果樹の栽培方法に関するものである。 The present invention relates to a method for cultivating fruit trees, and more particularly to a method for cultivating fruit trees capable of producing low-potassium fruits.
日本では、高度経済成長期に農作物の収量増加のために肥料消費量が増大した。この肥料の過剰施用により植物に養分が蓄積し、環境や人体への悪影響が懸念されている。このような問題から、施肥量の削減が検討されている。 In Japan, fertilizer consumption increased due to increased crop yields during the period of high economic miracle. Excessive application of this fertilizer causes nutrients to accumulate in plants, and there are concerns about adverse effects on the environment and the human body. Due to these problems, reduction of fertilizer application amount is being considered.
一方、植物にとって、カリウムは、物質代謝・浸透圧調節・気孔の開閉・転流など様々な場で働く主要な栄養素であり、植物は、カリウムを土壌中にあるだけ吸収するが、植物体への影響はみられない。また、土壌中にカリウムが不足しても根が土壌粒子を分解し、カリウムを補おうとする。 On the other hand, for plants, potassium is a major nutrient that works in various fields such as substance metabolism, osmoregulation, stomatal opening and closing, and commutation. There is no effect of. In addition, even if the soil is deficient in potassium, the roots decompose the soil particles and try to supplement the potassium.
カリウムは、人間にとっても基本的なミネラルの一つであるが、腎臓病患者のように腎機能が低下すると、カリウムが体内に蓄積し、様々な病気を併発する恐れもあることから、透析でカリウムを体外へ排出することが必要である。腎臓病患者は世界的に増加しており、例えば日本では２０１１年に透析患者数が３０万人に達したとの報告もある。医療の発達により患者の増加は鈍ると思われるが、患者数は今後も漸増するものと考えられる。 Potassium is one of the basic minerals for humans, but when renal function declines like in patients with kidney disease, potassium may accumulate in the body and cause various diseases, so dialysis is used. It is necessary to excrete potassium from the body. The number of kidney disease patients is increasing worldwide. For example, in Japan, it is reported that the number of dialysis patients reached 300,000 in 2011. The number of patients is expected to slow down due to the development of medical care, but the number of patients is expected to increase gradually in the future.
カリウムを体内に溜めこまない対策として、１）カリウムの摂取量を制限する、２）農作物を水にさらす又は茹でることでカリウムを削減する、３）低カリウム農作物を摂取することなどが挙げられ、低カリウム農作物の作出が期待されている。 Measures to prevent potassium from accumulating in the body include 1) limiting potassium intake, 2) reducing potassium by exposing or boiling crops to water, and 3) ingesting low-potassium crops. The production of low-potassium crops is expected.
これまで、ホウレンソウ・レタス・トマト・メロン・イチゴ等の草本性植物の水耕栽培によって低カリウム農作物を作出したことが報告されている（非特許文献１〜４）。具体的には、カリウム濃度を制限した養液で農作物を栽培する手法が報告されており、可食部におけるカリウム含有量は、葉菜類では７０％以上、果菜類では５０％程度減少したとされている。 So far, it has been reported that low-potassium crops have been produced by hydroponics of herbaceous plants such as spinach, lettuce, tomato, melon, and strawberry (Non-Patent Documents 1 to 4). Specifically, a method of cultivating crops with a nutrient solution with a limited potassium concentration has been reported, and it is said that the potassium content in the edible part decreased by 70% or more in leafy vegetables and about 50% in fruit vegetables. There is.
しかしながら、果樹等の木本性植物は、水耕栽培が難しく、また、土壌の存在により養分の制御が難しいことから、低カリウム化の研究は行われていない。 However, since it is difficult to hydroponically cultivate woody plants such as fruit trees and it is difficult to control nutrients due to the presence of soil, studies on hypopotassium have not been conducted.
このような状況下、本発明の目的は、低カリウム果実の生産が可能である果樹の栽培方法を提供することにある。 Under such circumstances, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for cultivating fruit trees capable of producing low-potassium fruits.
そこで、本発明者は、上記目的を達成するために鋭意検討した結果、カリウムを制限した養液を用いて果樹を栽培する際に、果樹の根域を制限することで、低カリウム果実を生産できることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。 Therefore, as a result of diligent studies to achieve the above object, the present inventor produces low-potassium fruits by limiting the root area of the fruit tree when cultivating the fruit tree using a potassium-restricted nutrient solution. We found what we could do and came to complete the present invention.
即ち、本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、カリウムを含まない肥料を用いて果樹の根域制限栽培を行う第１工程であって、前記根域制限栽培が天然素材系培地および非天然素材系培地から選択される有機材料培地を用いる第１工程を含むことを特徴とする。 That is, the method for cultivating a fruit tree of the present invention is a first step of cultivating a fruit tree with a limited root area using a fertilizer containing no potassium, and the restricted cultivation of the root area is a natural material-based medium and a non-natural material-based medium. It is characterized by including a first step using an organic material medium selected from.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法の好適例においては、前記根域制限栽培が容器栽培である。 In a preferred example of the fruit tree cultivation method of the present invention, the root area limited cultivation is container cultivation.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法の他の好適例においては、前記第１工程において、カリウムを含まない肥料を用いて果樹の根域制限栽培を行う前に、果樹の根域に対して水洗を行う。 In another preferred example of the method for cultivating a fruit tree of the present invention, in the first step, the root area of the fruit tree is washed with water before the root area of the fruit tree is restricted and cultivated using a fertilizer containing no potassium. ..
本発明の果樹の栽培方法の他の好適例においては、前記第１工程が、開花期又は着色期に開始される。 In another preferred example of the fruit tree cultivation method of the present invention, the first step is started during the flowering period or the coloring period.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法の他の好適例においては、前記第１工程が、３ヶ月以内の期間行われる。 In another preferred example of the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the first step is carried out for a period of up to 3 months.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法の他の好適例においては、前記第１工程の前にカリウムを含む肥料を用いて果樹の栽培を行う第２工程を更に含む。 Another preferred example of the method for cultivating a fruit tree of the present invention further includes a second step of cultivating the fruit tree using a fertilizer containing potassium before the first step.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法の他の好適例においては、前記第１工程の後にカリウムを含む肥料を用いて果樹の栽培を行う第３工程を更に含む。 Another preferred example of the method for cultivating a fruit tree of the present invention further includes a third step of cultivating the fruit tree using a fertilizer containing potassium after the first step.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法の他の好適例においては、前記果樹がブルーベリーである。 In another preferred example of the method for cultivating a fruit tree of the present invention, the fruit tree is a blueberry.
本発明によれば、低カリウム果実の生産が可能である果樹の栽培方法を提供することができる。 According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method for cultivating a fruit tree capable of producing low-potassium fruits.
以下に、本発明の果樹の栽培方法を詳細に説明する。 The method for cultivating the fruit tree of the present invention will be described in detail below.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、カリウムを含まない肥料を用いて果樹の根域制限栽培を行う工程を含む。本明細書において、この工程を第１工程やＫ制限工程ともいう。Ｋ制限工程によって果樹の栽培を行うことによって、根、茎、葉及び果実の各器官中におけるカリウムの含有量を減少させることができ、低カリウム果実の生産を行うことができる。また、本発明者は、Ｋ制限工程によれば、低カリウム化に加えて、果樹の葉においてカルシウムの含有量を増加できることを見出した。ブルーベリー等の果樹の葉は、茶の原料として利用できるため、本発明により生産される果樹の葉は、カルシウム含有量の高い茶の原料として好適である。 The method for cultivating a fruit tree of the present invention includes a step of restricting the root area of the fruit tree using a fertilizer that does not contain potassium. In the present specification, this step is also referred to as a first step or a K limiting step. By cultivating fruit trees by the K-restriction step, the potassium content in each organ of roots, stems, leaves and fruits can be reduced, and low-potassium fruits can be produced. In addition, the present inventor has found that the K-restriction step can increase the calcium content in the leaves of fruit trees in addition to reducing potassium. Since the leaves of fruit trees such as blueberries can be used as a raw material for tea, the leaves of fruit trees produced by the present invention are suitable as a raw material for tea having a high calcium content.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第１工程に用いる肥料は、カリウムを含まない肥料であり、該肥料を水に溶かした培養液（養液）であることが好ましい。
肥料は、植物を生育させるため、一般に、窒素（Ｎ）、カリウム（Ｋ）、リン（Ｐ）、カルシウム（Ｃａ）、マグネシウム（Ｍｇ）を含み、更に、硫黄（Ｓ）、ホウ素（Ｂ）、マンガン（Ｍｎ）、亜鉛（Ｚｎ）、銅（Ｃｕ）、モリブデン（Ｍｏ）、鉄（Ｆｅ）、塩素（Ｃｌ）等の元素を含むものが通常である。これに対して、上記第１工程に用いる肥料は、カリウムを含まないため、根、茎、葉及び果実の各器官中におけるカリウムの含有量を減少させることができる。本明細書において「カリウムを含まない肥料」とは、カリウム元素の含有量が０である肥料を指すが、例えば養液として使用する場合、肥料の溶解に用いる水、特には水道水にカリウムが含まれる。このため、第１工程において肥料を養液の形態として用いる場合においては、養液中に含まれるカリウム量は０であることが好ましいものの、水道水中に含まれる程度の無視できる量、例えば、１０ｐｐｍ以下の量は、本発明の目的を害しない範囲の量であり、許容できる。
In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the fertilizer used in the first step is preferably a fertilizer containing no potassium, and is preferably a culture solution (nutrient solution) in which the fertilizer is dissolved in water.
Fertilizers generally contain nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) for growing plants, and further include sulfur (S), boron (B), Those containing elements such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), and chlorine (Cl) are usually used. On the other hand, since the fertilizer used in the first step does not contain potassium, the content of potassium in each organ of root, stem, leaf and fruit can be reduced. In the present specification, "potassium-free fertilizer" refers to fertilizer having a potassium element content of 0. For example, when used as a nutrient solution, potassium is contained in water used for dissolving the fertilizer, particularly tap water. included. Therefore, when fertilizer is used as a nutrient solution in the first step, the amount of potassium contained in the nutrient solution is preferably 0, but a negligible amount contained in tap water, for example, 10 ppm. The following amounts are within the range that does not impair the object of the present invention and are acceptable.
第１工程に用いる肥料は、窒素（Ｎ）、リン（Ｐ）、カルシウム（Ｃａ）、マグネシウム（Ｍｇ）を含むことが好ましく、更に、硫黄（Ｓ）、ホウ素（Ｂ）、マンガン（Ｍｎ）、亜鉛（Ｚｎ）、銅（Ｃｕ）、モリブデン（Ｍｏ）、鉄（Ｆｅ）、塩素（Ｃｌ）等の元素を含むものがより好ましい。言い換えれば、第１工程に用いる肥料は、カリウムを除けば、通常の肥料の処方に従うものが好ましい。例えば、第１工程に用いる肥料は、園試処方、園試処方の各成分の濃度を２分の１とする１／２園試処方等の処方において、硝酸カリウム（ＫＮＯ３）を硝酸（ＨＮＯ３）に置換したＫ制限処方に従い調製される培養液（Ｋ制限養液）であることが好ましい。園試処方、１／２園試処方、及び１／２園試処方の硝酸カリウムを硝酸に置換したＫ制限処方の例を表１に示す。 The fertilizer used in the first step preferably contains nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and further contains sulfur (S), boron (B), manganese (Mn), and the like. Those containing elements such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), and chlorine (Cl) are more preferable. In other words, the fertilizer used in the first step is preferably one that follows the usual fertilizer formulation, except for potassium. For example, the fertilizer used in the first step is potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) in the prescriptions such as the garden trial prescription and the 1/2 garden trial prescription in which the concentration of each component of the garden trial prescription is halved. ) Is preferably a culture solution (K-restricted nutrient solution) prepared according to the K-restricted formulation. Table 1 shows examples of the garden trial prescription, the 1/2 garden trial prescription, and the K-restricted prescription in which potassium nitrate in the 1/2 garden trial is replaced with nitric acid.
第１工程に用いる肥料は、ＨＮＯ３の含有量が０．２３９２〜０．２６４４ｇ／Ｌ、ＮＨ４Ｈ２ＰＯ４の含有量が０．０７２２〜０．０７９８ｇ／Ｌ、Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）・４Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．４４８４〜０．４９８８ｇ／Ｌ、ＭｇＳＯ４・７Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．２３３７〜０．２５８３ｇ／Ｌ、Ｈ３ＢＯ３の含有量が０．００４０８〜０．００４５０ｇ／Ｌ、ＭｎＣｌ２・４Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００２５７９〜０．００２８５１ｇ／Ｌ、ＺｎＳＯ４・７Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．０００１８８〜０．０００２０８ｇ／Ｌ、ＣｕＳＯ４・５Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００００５７〜０．００００６３ｇ／Ｌ、Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４・２Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００００３５６〜０．００００３９４ｇ／Ｌ、Ｃ１０Ｈ１２Ｎ２Ｏ８ＮａＦｅ・３Ｈ２Ｏ（キレート鉄，ＥＤＴＡ−Ｆｅ）の含有量が０．００９６７０〜０．０１０６８８ｇ／Ｌであり、カリウムを含まない培養液であることが好ましい。 Fertilizer used in the first step, the content of HNO 3 is 0.2392~0.2644g / L, the content of NH 4 H 2 PO 4 is 0.0722~0.0798g / L, Ca (NO 3 ) · 4H 2 O content is 0.4484~0.4988g / L, the content of MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O is 0.2337~0.2583g / L, the content of H 3 BO 3 0.00408~0 .00450g / L, the content of MnCl 2 · 4H 2 O is 0.002579~0.002851g / L, the content of ZnSO 4 · 7H 2 O is 0.000188~0.000208g / L, CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O content is 0.000057~0.000063g / L, the content of Na 2 MoO 4 · 2H 2 O 0.0000356~0.0000394g / L, C 10 H 12 N 2 O 8 naFe · 3H 2 O The content of (chelated iron, EDTA-Fe) is 0.009670 to 0.01608 g / L, and it is preferable that the culture solution does not contain potassium.
第１工程において肥料を養液として用いる場合においては、果樹の種類に応じてｐＨを調整することが好ましく、例えばブルーベリーのように酸性の土壌を好む果樹の栽培においては、養液のｐＨが４．０〜５．５であることが好ましい。ｐＨの調整には、ダウン剤（リン酸）、水酸化ナトリウム等を使用することができる。 When fertilizer is used as a nutrient solution in the first step, it is preferable to adjust the pH according to the type of fruit tree. For example, in the cultivation of fruit trees that prefer acidic soil such as blueberries, the pH of the nutrient solution is 4. It is preferably .0 to 5.5. A down agent (phosphoric acid), sodium hydroxide and the like can be used to adjust the pH.
第１工程において、果樹の栽培は、根域制限栽培にて行われる。果樹は、土壌中に根を張る領域（根域）が広く深いことから、一般的な栽培では養分の制御が容易ではない。このため、カリウムを含まない肥料を用いることに加えて、果樹の根域制限栽培を行うことで、低カリウム果実の生産を行うことができる。
本明細書において「根域制限栽培」とは、土壌の量を制限した培地において果樹の栽培を行うことを指し、容器に植物を植えて、土壌の量を制限する手法や、土壌の代わりに果樹（根）の支持体として培土（固形培地ともいう）を用いる手法等が好適に挙げられ、これらの手法を併用することがより好ましい。
In the first step, the cultivation of fruit trees is carried out by root area limited cultivation. Since fruit trees have a wide and deep rooting area (root area) in the soil, it is not easy to control nutrients in general cultivation. Therefore, in addition to using fertilizers that do not contain potassium, it is possible to produce low-potassium fruits by performing root area-restricted cultivation of fruit trees.
In the present specification, "root area limited cultivation" refers to cultivating fruit trees in a medium in which the amount of soil is limited, and a method of planting a plant in a container to limit the amount of soil or instead of soil. A method using soil (also referred to as a solid medium) as a support for fruit trees (roots) is preferably mentioned, and it is more preferable to use these methods in combination.
本明細書において「容器に植物を植えて栽培を行う手法」を「容器栽培」と称する。容器としては、鉢、プランター、コンテナー等が挙げられ、鉢を容器とするポット栽培が好ましい。 In the present specification, "a method of planting a plant in a container and cultivating it" is referred to as "container cultivation". Examples of the container include pots, planters, containers and the like, and pot cultivation using pots as containers is preferable.
本明細書において、土壌の代わりに果樹（根）の支持体として使用できる固形培地としては、天然素材系培地と非天然素材系培地（人工培土ともいう）に分類できる。また、天然素材系培地及び非天然素材系培地は、それぞれ無機材料培地と有機材料培地に分類できる。ここで、天然素材系の無機材料培地としては、例えば、礫、砂等の粒状のもの等が挙げられ、天然素材系の有機材料培地としては、例えば、モミガラ、オガクズ等の粒状のもの、ヤシ殻等の繊維状のもの、バーク、ピートモス、ヤシ殻ダスト等が挙げられる。また、非天然素材系の無機材料培地としては、例えば、人工礫、くん炭、多孔質セラミック等の粒状のもの、ロックウール（スラブ、粒状綿も含む）等の繊維状のもの、パーライト、バーミキュライト等が挙げられる。非天然素材系の有機材料培地としては、例えば、ポリエチレン樹脂、ポリプロピレン樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、フェノール樹脂、酢酸セルロース等の樹脂から構成されるフォーム状又はスポンジ状のもの、セルロース、ポリエステル繊維等の樹脂から構成される繊維状のもの、粒状ポリエステル等の樹脂から構成される粒状のもの等が挙げられる。また、これら固形培地は、一種単独で用いてもよいし、二種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。 In the present specification, the solid medium that can be used as a support for fruit trees (roots) instead of soil can be classified into a natural material-based medium and a non-natural material-based medium (also referred to as artificial hilling). Further, the natural material-based medium and the non-natural material-based medium can be classified into an inorganic material medium and an organic material medium, respectively. Here, examples of the natural material-based inorganic material medium include granular media such as gravel and sand, and examples of the natural material-based organic material medium include granular media such as sphagnum moss and coconut palm. Fibrous materials such as shells, bark, peat moss, coconut shell dust and the like can be mentioned. Examples of non-natural material-based inorganic material media include granular media such as artificial gravel, charcoal, and porous ceramics, fibrous media such as rock wool (including slabs and granular cotton), perlite, and vermiculite. And so on. Examples of the non-natural material-based organic material medium include foam-like or sponge-like materials composed of resins such as polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, and cellulose acetate, cellulose, polyester fiber, and the like. Examples thereof include a fibrous material composed of the above resin and a granular material composed of a resin such as granular polyester. Further, these solid media may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
第１工程において、果樹の根域制限栽培は、養分を蓄積せず、また、水洗が容易であることから、容器栽培であることや、天然素材系および非天然素材系の有機材料培地を用いることが望ましい。また、有機材料培地は肥料の保持が低いことが好ましい。すなわち、塩基置換容量が低い素材が好ましい。また、非天然素材系の有機材料培地としては、ポリウレタン樹脂から構成されるフォーム状又はスポンジ状の培地が好ましい。
なお、塩基置換容量とは、陽イオン交換容量（ＣＥＣ）とも称され、塩基置換容量が低い程、肥料を保持する能力が低いことを示す。塩基置換容量は１０ｍｅｑ／１００ｇ以下であることが好ましい。塩基置換容量の下限値は、特に制限されるものではなく、例えば５ｍｅｑ／１００ｇ以上である。また、本明細書において、塩基置換容量は、土壌粒子に吸着したアンモニアをナトリウムで置換し、出てきたアンモニアをホルマリンで酸性化合物に変換して、アルカリ中和滴定で量を求める簡便法によって測定される値である。
In the first step, the root area-restricted cultivation of fruit trees does not accumulate nutrients and is easy to wash with water. Therefore, it is cultivated in a container, and natural material-based and non-natural material-based organic material media are used. Is desirable. In addition, the organic material medium preferably has a low fertilizer retention. That is, a material having a low base substitution capacity is preferable. Further, as the non-natural material-based organic material medium, a foam-like or sponge-like medium composed of a polyurethane resin is preferable.
The base substitution capacity is also referred to as a cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the lower the base substitution capacity, the lower the ability to retain fertilizer. The base substitution capacity is preferably 10 meq / 100 g or less. The lower limit of the base substitution capacity is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 5 meq / 100 g or more. Further, in the present specification, the base substitution capacity is measured by a simple method of substituting ammonia adsorbed on soil particles with sodium, converting the resulting ammonia into an acidic compound with formalin, and determining the amount by alkali neutralization titration. Is the value to be.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）は、開花期又は着色期に開始されることが好ましく、着色期に開始されることがより好ましい。本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、低カリウム果実の生産を目的とすることから、収穫期の前からＫ制限工程を行うことが好ましく、また、収穫期に入り、果実を収穫している間もＫ制限工程を行うことが好ましい。一方、Ｋ制限工程の開始時期が早すぎると、カリウム欠乏症等の発症の恐れもあるため、収穫期において、カリウム欠乏症等の発症もなく、果実等の可食部でのカリウム含有量が十分に低減できるような時期にＫ制限工程を開始することが好ましい。従って、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）を、開花期又は着色期に開始することが好ましく、着色期に開始することがより好ましい。 In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the first step (K restriction step) is preferably started in the flowering period or the coloring period, and more preferably started in the coloring period. Since the fruit tree cultivation method of the present invention aims at producing low-potassium fruits, it is preferable to carry out the K restriction step before the harvesting period, and also during the harvesting period and during the fruit harvesting. It is preferable to carry out the K limiting step. On the other hand, if the start time of the K restriction step is too early, there is a risk of developing potassium deficiency or the like. Therefore, during the harvesting period, potassium deficiency or the like does not occur and the potassium content in the edible part of fruits or the like is sufficient. It is preferable to start the K limiting process at a time when the amount can be reduced. Therefore, it is preferable to start the first step (K limiting step) in the flowering period or the coloring period, and more preferably in the coloring period.
本明細書において、果樹のライフサイクルは、萌芽期の開始から開花期の開始までの期間を栄養成長期とし、開花期の開始から、着色期を経て、収穫期の終わりまでの期間を生殖成長期とし、収穫期の終わりから萌芽期の開始までの期間を休眠期とする。
ここで、「萌芽期」とは、芽を出す時期であり、本明細書においては、休眠期から最初の芽の形成が目視にて確認できた時を「萌芽期の開始」とし、「開花期の開始」までを「萌芽期」とする。「開花期」とは、花が咲いている時期であり、本明細書においては、萌芽期から最初の開花が目視にて確認できた時を「開花期の開始」とする。「着色期」とは、果実が徐々に柔らかくなり色づき、熟していく時期であり、本明細書においては、果実表面が一部でも成熟した果実が持つ色（ブルーベリーの場合は青紫色）に着色した果実が目視にて最初に確認できた時を「着色期の開始」とし、「収穫期の開始」までを「着色期」とする。「収穫期」とは、成熟した果実を収穫する時期であり、成熟した果実が目視にて最初に確認できた時を「収穫期の開始」とし、樹全体に着生された果実が全て収穫されたことを目視にて確認できた時を「収穫期の終わり」とする。
In the present specification, the life cycle of a fruit tree is defined as a vegetative growth period from the start of the germination period to the start of the flowering period, and reproductive growth is the period from the start of the flowering period to the end of the harvesting period through the coloring period. The period from the end of the harvesting period to the beginning of the germination period is the dormant period.
Here, the "bud stage" is the time when buds are sprouting, and in the present specification, the time when the formation of the first bud from the dormant period can be visually confirmed is defined as "the start of the bud stage" and "flowering". The period up to the start of the period is referred to as the "budding period". The "flowering period" is the period when the flowers are in bloom, and in the present specification, the time when the first flowering from the sprouting period can be visually confirmed is referred to as the "start of the flowering period". The "coloring period" is a period in which the fruit gradually softens, becomes colored, and ripens. In the present specification, the fruit surface is colored in the color of a mature fruit (blueberry in the case of blueberry). The time when the fruit is first visually confirmed is defined as the "start of the coloring period", and the period up to the "start of the harvesting period" is defined as the "coloring period". The "harvest period" is the time when mature fruits are harvested, and the time when the mature fruits are first visually confirmed is defined as the "start of the harvest period", and all the fruits settled on the entire tree are harvested. The time when it can be visually confirmed that the harvest has been done is defined as the "end of the harvest season".
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）は、３ヶ月以内の期間行われることが好ましく、１ヶ月以上３ヶ月以内の期間行われることがより好ましい。本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、低カリウム果実の生産を目的とすることから、Ｋ制限工程を長い期間行うことが好ましいものの、Ｋ制限工程を行う期間が長すぎると、カリウム欠乏症等の発症の恐れもあるため、収穫期において、カリウム欠乏症等の発症もなく、果実等の可食部でのカリウム含有量が十分に低減できるような期間でＫ制限工程を行うことが好ましい。従って、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）は、３ヶ月以内の期間行われることが好ましく、１ヶ月以上３ヶ月以内の期間行われることがより好ましい。 In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the first step (K restriction step) is preferably carried out for a period of 3 months or less, and more preferably for a period of 1 month or more and 3 months or less. Since the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention aims at producing low-potassium fruits, it is preferable to carry out the K-restriction step for a long period of time. Therefore, it is preferable to carry out the K restriction step during the harvesting period during which the potassium content in the edible portion of the fruit or the like can be sufficiently reduced without the onset of potassium deficiency or the like. Therefore, the first step (K limiting step) is preferably carried out for a period of 3 months or less, and more preferably for a period of 1 month or more and 3 months or less.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）において、カリウムを含まない肥料を用いて果樹の根域制限栽培を行う前に、果樹の根域に対して水洗を行うことが好ましい。本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、Ｋ制限工程を行う期間を除けば、栄養成長期及び生殖成長期においてカリウムを含む肥料を用いて果樹の栽培を行うことが好ましく、Ｋ制限工程を開始する際に、果樹の根域（例えば培地など）に対して水洗を行い、土壌や、土壌の代わりである固形培地中に蓄積したカリウムを洗い流すことが好ましい。カリウムを含まない肥料を用いて果樹の根域制限栽培を開始する前に、果樹の根域に対して水洗を行うことによって、根、茎、葉及び果実の各器官中におけるカリウムの含有量を大幅に減少させることができる。
水洗は、水（例えば水道水）を用いる通常の灌水によって行うことができる。水洗は、期間を長くするほど蓄積したカリウムを洗い流すことができるが、例えば、水洗後の排液の電気伝導率（Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ Ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ，ＥＣ）が水（例えば水道水）のＥＣと同程度になるまで行うことが好ましい。本発明において、水洗は、水洗後の排液ＥＣが０．１〜０．５ｍＳ／ｃｍの範囲になるまで行うことが好ましく、０．１〜０．２ｍＳ／ｃｍの範囲になるまで行うことが更に好ましい。本明細書において、電気伝導率は、水溶液塩類の総量の指標となり、市販品のＥＣメーターを用いて容易に測定できる。
本発明において、水洗の期間は１日以上５日以下の期間であることが好ましい。また、水洗は、１日に１回でもよいし、１日に複数回、例えば３〜８回行ってもよいが、１日の灌水量は、培養土１Ｌあたり５００〜１０００ｍＬの範囲内であることが好ましい。
本発明においては、水洗を行う場合、植物の培地は、非天然素材系の有機材料培地を用いることが好ましく、ポリウレタン樹脂から構成されるフォーム状又はスポンジ状の培地を用いることが更に好ましい。これら好ましい固形培地であれば、他の培地と比較して急速に排液ＥＣを低下させることができる。
In the fruit tree cultivation method of the present invention, in the first step (K restriction step), the root area of the fruit tree is washed with water before the root area restriction cultivation of the fruit tree is performed using a fertilizer containing no potassium. preferable. In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, it is preferable to cultivate fruit trees using a fertilizer containing potassium in the vegetative growth period and the reproductive growth period, except for the period during which the K restriction step is performed, and when the K restriction step is started. In addition, it is preferable to wash the root area of the fruit tree (for example, a medium) with water to wash away the soil and potassium accumulated in the solid medium instead of the soil. Potassium content in roots, stems, leaves and fruit organs by rinsing the roots of fruit trees with water before starting root-restricted cultivation of fruit trees with potassium-free fertilizers. It can be significantly reduced.
Washing with water can be performed by ordinary irrigation with water (for example, tap water). The longer the period of washing with water, the more the accumulated potassium can be washed away. For example, until the electrical conductivity (EC) of the drainage after washing with water becomes comparable to the EC of water (for example, tap water). It is preferable to do so. In the present invention, the washing with water is preferably carried out until the drainage EC after washing with water is in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 mS / cm, and is preferably carried out until it is in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 mS / cm. More preferred. In the present specification, the electric conductivity is an index of the total amount of aqueous salt and can be easily measured by using a commercially available EC meter.
In the present invention, the washing period is preferably 1 day or more and 5 days or less. Further, the washing with water may be performed once a day or a plurality of times a day, for example, 3 to 8 times, but the amount of irrigation per day is within the range of 500 to 1000 mL per 1 L of culture soil. Is preferable.
In the present invention, when washing with water, it is preferable to use a non-natural material-based organic material medium as the plant medium, and it is more preferable to use a foam-like or sponge-like medium composed of a polyurethane resin. With these preferred solid media, drainage EC can be rapidly lowered as compared with other media.
第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）において、日長時間、光強度、潅水量、温度、相対湿度、ＣＯ２濃度、培地ｐＨ、培地ＥＣ（Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ Ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ（電気伝導度）：肥料濃度を推定できる）等の各種パラメーターを植物の生育に適した範囲に調節することが好ましい。また、このようなパラメーターは、光源、暖房機、冷房設備、送風機、除湿器、加湿器、換気扇、ドライミスト及び遮光カーテンといった各種の装置を単独で或いは組み合わせて使用することで実現することができる。そのためには、これら装置を組み込んだ人工光を利用した閉鎖系室や、これら装置を備える通常の太陽光を利用した温室が好ましいが、潅水量および養液の制御が可能な装置を備える露地も利用できる。
例えば、相対湿度は約３０〜８０％の範囲とすることが好ましく、ＣＯ２濃度は約４００〜６００μｍｏｌ・ｍｏｌ−１の範囲とすることが好ましく、培地ｐＨは約４．０〜５．５の範囲とすることが好ましく、培地ＥＣは約０．７〜１．２ｍＳ／ｃｍ程度とすることが好ましい。
In the first step (K limiting step), daytime, light intensity, irrigation amount, temperature, relative humidity, CO 2 concentration, medium pH, medium EC (Electric Conductivity (electrical conductivity): fertilizer concentration can be estimated), etc. It is preferable to adjust various parameters of the above to a range suitable for the growth of the plant. In addition, such parameters can be realized by using various devices such as a light source, a heater, a cooling facility, a blower, a dehumidifier, a humidifier, a ventilation fan, a dry mist, and a blackout curtain alone or in combination. .. For that purpose, a closed system room using artificial light incorporating these devices and a greenhouse using ordinary sunlight equipped with these devices are preferable, but there are also open fields equipped with devices capable of controlling the amount of irrigation and nutrient solution. Available.
For example, the relative humidity is preferably in the range of about 30-80%, the CO 2 concentration is preferably in the range of about 400-600 μmol · mol- 1 , and the medium pH is about 4.0-5.5. The range is preferably set, and the medium EC is preferably about 0.7 to 1.2 mS / cm.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）を開始するまでの栽培法について特に制限されるものではないが、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）の前にカリウムを含む肥料を用いて果樹の栽培を行う工程を更に含むことが好ましい。本明細書において、この工程を第２工程ともいう。 The method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention is not particularly limited with respect to the cultivation method until the start of the first step (K restriction step), but a fertilizer containing potassium is used before the first step (K restriction step). It is preferable to further include a step of cultivating fruit trees using the product. In the present specification, this step is also referred to as a second step.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第２工程に用いる肥料は、カリウムを含む肥料であり、該肥料を水に溶かした培養液（養液）であることが好ましい。
第２工程に用いる肥料は、窒素（Ｎ）、カリウム（Ｋ）、リン（Ｐ）、カルシウム（Ｃａ）、マグネシウム（Ｍｇ）を含むことが好ましく、更に、硫黄（Ｓ）、ホウ素（Ｂ）、マンガン（Ｍｎ）、亜鉛（Ｚｎ）、銅（Ｃｕ）、モリブデン（Ｍｏ）、鉄（Ｆｅ）、塩素（Ｃｌ）等の元素を含むものがより好ましい。言い換えれば、第２工程に用いる肥料は、通常の肥料の処方に従うものが好ましい。例えば、第２工程に用いる肥料は、園試処方や園試処方の各成分の濃度を２分の１とする１／２園試処方等に従い調製される培養液であることが好ましい。
In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the fertilizer used in the second step is a fertilizer containing potassium, and it is preferable that the fertilizer is a culture solution (nutrient solution) in which the fertilizer is dissolved in water.
The fertilizer used in the second step preferably contains nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and further contains sulfur (S), boron (B), Those containing elements such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), and chlorine (Cl) are more preferable. In other words, the fertilizer used in the second step preferably follows the usual fertilizer formulation. For example, the fertilizer used in the second step is preferably a culture solution prepared according to a garden trial formulation or a 1/2 garden trial formulation in which the concentration of each component of the garden trial formulation is halved.
第２工程に用いる肥料は、ＫＮＯ３の含有量が０．３８４〜０．４２４ｇ／Ｌ、ＮＨ４Ｈ２ＰＯ４の含有量が０．０７２２〜０．０７９８ｇ／Ｌ、Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）・４Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．４４８４〜０．４９８８ｇ／Ｌ、ＭｇＳＯ４・７Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．２３３７〜０．２５８３ｇ／Ｌ、Ｈ３ＢＯ３の含有量が０．００４０８〜０．００４５０ｇ／Ｌ、ＭｎＣｌ２・４Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００２５７９〜０．００２８５１ｇ／Ｌ、ＺｎＳＯ４・７Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．０００１８８〜０．０００２０８ｇ／Ｌ、ＣｕＳＯ４・５Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００００５７〜０．００００６３ｇ／Ｌ、Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４・２Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００００３５６〜０．００００３９４ｇ／Ｌ、Ｃ１０Ｈ１２Ｎ２Ｏ８ＮａＦｅ・３Ｈ２Ｏ（キレート鉄，ＥＤＴＡ−Ｆｅ）の含有量が０．００９６７０〜０．０１０６８８ｇ／Ｌである培養液であることが好ましい。 The fertilizer used in the second step has a KNO 3 content of 0.384 to 0.424 g / L, an NH 4 H 2 PO 4 content of 0.0722 to 0.0798 g / L, and Ca (NO 3 ). 4H 2 O content is 0.4484~0.4988g / L, the content of MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O is 0.2337~0.2583g / L, the content of H 3 BO 3 0.00408~0 .00450g / L, the content of MnCl 2 · 4H 2 O is 0.002579~0.002851g / L, the content of ZnSO 4 · 7H 2 O is 0.000188~0.000208g / L, CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O content is 0.000057~0.000063g / L, the content of Na 2 MoO 4 · 2H 2 O 0.0000356~0.0000394g / L, C 10 H 12 N 2 O 8 naFe · 3H 2 O A culture solution having a content of (chelated iron, EDTA-Fe) of 0.009670 to 0.01688 g / L is preferable.
第２工程において肥料を養液として用いる場合においては、果樹の種類に応じてｐＨを調整することが好ましく、例えばブルーベリーのように酸性の土壌を好む果樹の栽培においては、養液のｐＨが４．０〜５．５であることが好ましい。ｐＨの調整には、ダウン剤（リン酸）、水酸化ナトリウム等を使用することができる。 When fertilizer is used as a nutrient solution in the second step, it is preferable to adjust the pH according to the type of fruit tree. For example, in the cultivation of fruit trees that prefer acidic soil such as blueberries, the pH of the nutrient solution is 4. It is preferably .0 to 5.5. A down agent (phosphoric acid), sodium hydroxide and the like can be used to adjust the pH.
第２工程において、果樹の栽培は、第１工程と同様に、根域制限栽培にて行われることが好ましい。ここで、「根域制限栽培」としては、容器に植物を植えて、土壌の量を制限する手法や、土壌の代わりに果樹（根）の支持体として固形培地を用いる手法等が好適に挙げられ、これらの手法を併用することがより好ましい。 In the second step, it is preferable that the fruit trees are cultivated in the root area limited cultivation as in the first step. Here, as "root area limited cultivation", a method of planting a plant in a container to limit the amount of soil, a method of using a solid medium as a support for fruit trees (roots) instead of soil, and the like are preferably mentioned. Therefore, it is more preferable to use these methods together.
第２工程において、容器栽培としては、ポット栽培が好ましい。また、第２工程において、土壌の代わりに果樹（根）の支持体として使用できる固形培地としては、天然素材系および非天然素材系の有機材料培地が望ましい。また、有機材料培地は肥料の保持が低いことが好ましい。すなわち、塩基置換容量が低い素材が好ましい。塩基置換容量は１０ｍｅｑ／１００ｇ以下であることが好ましい。塩基置換容量の下限値は、特に制限されるものではなく、例えば５ｍｅｑ／１００ｇ以上である。また、非天然素材系の有機材料培地としては、ポリウレタン樹脂から構成されるフォーム状又はスポンジ状の培地が更に好ましい。 In the second step, pot cultivation is preferable as container cultivation. Further, as a solid medium that can be used as a support for fruit trees (roots) instead of soil in the second step, natural material-based and non-natural material-based organic material media are desirable. In addition, the organic material medium preferably has a low fertilizer retention. That is, a material having a low base substitution capacity is preferable. The base substitution capacity is preferably 10 meq / 100 g or less. The lower limit of the base substitution capacity is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 5 meq / 100 g or more. Further, as the non-natural material-based organic material medium, a foam-like or sponge-like medium composed of a polyurethane resin is more preferable.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第２工程は、例えば栄養成長期に開始してもよいし、開花期に開始してもよい。そして、第２工程は、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）が行われるまで（第１工程において水洗を行う場合は水洗を開始するまで）行うことが好ましい。 In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the second step may be started, for example, in the vegetative growth period or in the flowering period. The second step is preferably performed until the first step (K limiting step) is performed (when washing with water is performed in the first step, until washing with water is started).
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第２工程の期間は、特に制限されるものではないが、例えば第２工程を栄養成長期から開始し、第１工程の開始まで行う場合、第２工程の期間は、１ヶ月以上３ヶ月以内の期間を例示することができ、また、第２工程を開花期から開始し、第１工程の開始まで行う場合、第２工程の期間は、０．５ヶ月以上２ヶ月以内の期間を例示することができる。 In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the period of the second step is not particularly limited, but for example, when the second step is started from the vegetative growth period and is carried out until the start of the first step, the second step The period can be exemplified as a period of 1 month or more and 3 months or less, and when the second step is started from the flowering stage and is carried out until the start of the first step, the period of the second step is 0.5 months. The period of the above two months or less can be exemplified.
上記第２工程において、日長時間、光強度、潅水量、温度、相対湿度、ＣＯ２濃度、培地ｐＨ、培地ＥＣ（Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ Ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ（電気伝導度）：肥料濃度を推定できる）等の各種パラメーターを植物の生育に適した範囲に調節することが好ましい。また、このようなパラメーターは、光源、暖房機、冷房設備、送風機、除湿器、加湿器、換気扇、ドライミスト及び遮光カーテンといった各種の装置を単独で或いは組み合わせて使用することで実現することができる。そのためには、これら装置を組み込んだ人工光を利用した閉鎖系室や、これら装置を備える通常の太陽光を利用した温室が好ましいが、潅水量および養液の制御が可能な装置を備える露地も利用できる。
例えば、相対湿度は約３０〜８０％の範囲とすることが好ましく、ＣＯ２濃度は約４００〜６００μｍｏｌ・ｍｏｌ−１の範囲とすることが好ましく、培地ｐＨは約４．５〜５．５の範囲とすることが好ましく、培地ＥＣは約０．７〜１．２ｍＳ／ｃｍ程度とすることが好ましい。
In the second step, various parameters such as day time, light intensity, irrigation amount, temperature, relative humidity, CO 2 concentration, medium pH, medium EC (Electric Conductivity (electrical conductivity): fertilizer concentration can be estimated) are set. It is preferable to adjust the temperature to a range suitable for the growth of the plant. In addition, such parameters can be realized by using various devices such as a light source, a heater, a cooling facility, a blower, a dehumidifier, a humidifier, a ventilation fan, a dry mist, and a blackout curtain alone or in combination. .. For that purpose, a closed system room using artificial light incorporating these devices and a greenhouse using ordinary sunlight equipped with these devices are preferable, but there are also open fields equipped with devices capable of controlling the amount of irrigation and nutrient solution. Available.
For example, the relative humidity is preferably in the range of about 30-80%, the CO 2 concentration is preferably in the range of about 400-600 μmol · mol- 1 , and the medium pH is in the range of about 4.5-5.5. The range is preferably set, and the medium EC is preferably about 0.7 to 1.2 mS / cm.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）の後にカリウムを含む肥料を用いて果樹の栽培を行う工程を更に含むことが好ましい。本明細書において、この工程を第３工程又はＫ施用工程ともいう。Ｋ施用工程によって果樹の栽培を行うことによって、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）により低減したカリウムの含有量を回復させることができる。これにより、カリウム欠乏症の発生を防止することができ、果樹の栽培を継続して行うことが可能となる。このため、本発明の果樹の栽培方法は、第１工程及び第３工程を含むサイクル又は第２工程、第１工程及び第３工程を含むサイクルを繰り返し行うことで、継続的な低カリウム果実の生産が期待できる。 The method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention preferably further includes a step of cultivating fruit trees using a fertilizer containing potassium after the first step (K restriction step). In the present specification, this step is also referred to as a third step or a K application step. By cultivating the fruit tree by the K application step, the potassium content reduced by the first step (K restriction step) can be recovered. As a result, the occurrence of potassium deficiency can be prevented, and fruit trees can be continuously cultivated. Therefore, in the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, a cycle including the first step and the third step or a cycle including the second step, the first step and the third step is repeated to continuously produce low potassium fruits. Production can be expected.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第３工程に用いる肥料は、カリウムを含む肥料であり、該肥料を水に溶かした培養液（養液）であることが好ましい。
第３工程に用いる肥料は、窒素（Ｎ）、カリウム（Ｋ）、リン（Ｐ）、カルシウム（Ｃａ）、マグネシウム（Ｍｇ）を含むことが好ましく、更に、硫黄（Ｓ）、ホウ素（Ｂ）、マンガン（Ｍｎ）、亜鉛（Ｚｎ）、銅（Ｃｕ）、モリブデン（Ｍｏ）、鉄（Ｆｅ）、塩素（Ｃｌ）等の元素を含むものがより好ましい。言い換えれば、第３工程に用いる肥料は、通常の肥料の処方に従うものが好ましい。例えば、第３工程に用いる肥料は、園試処方や園試処方の各成分の濃度を２分の１とする１／２園試処方等に従い調製される培養液であることが好ましい。
In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the fertilizer used in the third step is a fertilizer containing potassium, and it is preferable that the fertilizer is a culture solution (nutrient solution) in which the fertilizer is dissolved in water.
The fertilizer used in the third step preferably contains nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and further contains sulfur (S), boron (B), and so on. Those containing elements such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), and chlorine (Cl) are more preferable. In other words, the fertilizer used in the third step preferably follows the usual fertilizer formulation. For example, the fertilizer used in the third step is preferably a culture solution prepared according to a garden trial formulation or a 1/2 garden trial formulation in which the concentration of each component of the garden trial formulation is halved.
第３工程に用いる肥料は、ＫＮＯ３の含有量が０．３８４〜０．４２４〜ｇ／Ｌ、ＮＨ４Ｈ２ＰＯ４の含有量が０．０７２２〜０．０７９８ｇ／Ｌ、Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）・４Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．４４８４〜０．４９８８ｇ／Ｌ、ＭｇＳＯ４・７Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．２３３７〜０．２５８３ｇ／Ｌ、Ｈ３ＢＯ３の含有量が０．００４０８〜０．００４５０ｇ／Ｌ、ＭｎＣｌ２・４Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００２５７９〜０．００２８５１ｇ／Ｌ、ＺｎＳＯ４・７Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．０００１８８〜０．０００２０８ｇ／Ｌ、ＣｕＳＯ４・５Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００００５７〜０．００００６３ｇ／Ｌ、Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４・２Ｈ２Ｏの含有量が０．００００３５６〜０．００００３９４ｇ／Ｌ、Ｃ１０Ｈ１２Ｎ２Ｏ８ＮａＦｅ・３Ｈ２Ｏ（キレート鉄，ＥＤＴＡ−Ｆｅ）の含有量が０．００９６７０〜０．０１０６８８ｇ／Ｌである養液であることが好ましい。 Fertilizer used in the third step, the content of KNO 3 is 0.384~0.424~g / L, the content of NH 4 H 2 PO 4 is 0.0722~0.0798g / L, Ca (NO 3 ) · 4H 2 O content is 0.4484~0.4988g / L, the content of MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O is 0.2337~0.2583g / L, the content of H 3 BO 3 0.00408 ~0.00450g / L, MnCl content of 2 · 4H 2 O is 0.002579~0.002851g / L, the content of ZnSO 4 · 7H 2 O 0.000188~0.000208g / L, CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O content is 0.000057~0.000063g / L, the content of Na 2 MoO 4 · 2H 2 O 0.0000356~0.0000394g / L, C 10 H 12 N 2 O 8 naFe · 3H It is preferable that the nutrient solution has a content of 2 O (chelated iron, EDTA-Fe) of 0.009670 to 0.01688 g / L.
第３工程において肥料を養液として用いる場合においては、果樹の種類に応じてｐＨを調整することが好ましく、例えばブルーベリーのように酸性の土壌を好む果樹の栽培においては、養液のｐＨが４．０〜５．５であることが好ましい。ｐＨの調整には、ダウン剤（リン酸）、水酸化ナトリウム等を使用することができる。 When fertilizer is used as a nutrient solution in the third step, it is preferable to adjust the pH according to the type of fruit tree. For example, in the cultivation of fruit trees that prefer acidic soil such as blueberries, the pH of the nutrient solution is 4. It is preferably .0 to 5.5. A down agent (phosphoric acid), sodium hydroxide and the like can be used to adjust the pH.
第３工程において、果樹の栽培は、第１工程と同様に、根域制限栽培にて行われることが好ましい。ここで、「根域制限栽培」としては、容器に植物を植えて、土壌の量を制限する手法や、土壌の代わりに果樹（根）の支持体として固形培地を用いる手法等が好適に挙げられ、これらの手法を併用することがより好ましい。 In the third step, it is preferable that the fruit trees are cultivated in the root area limited cultivation as in the first step. Here, as "root area limited cultivation", a method of planting a plant in a container to limit the amount of soil, a method of using a solid medium as a support for fruit trees (roots) instead of soil, and the like are preferably mentioned. Therefore, it is more preferable to use these methods together.
第３工程において、容器栽培としては、ポット栽培が好ましい。また、第３工程において、土壌の代わりに果樹（根）の支持体として使用できる固形培地としては、天然素材系および非天然素材系の有機材料培地が望ましい。また、有機材料培地は肥料の保持が低いことが好ましい。すなわち、塩基置換容量が低い素材が好ましい。塩基置換容量は１０ｍｅｑ／１００ｇ以下であることが好ましい。塩基置換容量の下限値は、特に制限されるものではなく、例えば５ｍｅｑ／１００ｇ以上である。また、非天然素材系の有機材料培地としては、ポリウレタン樹脂から構成されるフォーム状又はスポンジ状の培地が更に好ましい。 In the third step, pot cultivation is preferable as container cultivation. Further, as a solid medium that can be used as a support for fruit trees (roots) instead of soil in the third step, natural material-based and non-natural material-based organic material media are desirable. In addition, the organic material medium preferably has a low fertilizer retention. That is, a material having a low base substitution capacity is preferable. The base substitution capacity is preferably 10 meq / 100 g or less. The lower limit of the base substitution capacity is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 5 meq / 100 g or more. Further, as the non-natural material-based organic material medium, a foam-like or sponge-like medium composed of a polyurethane resin is more preferable.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第３工程（Ｋ施用工程）は、果樹の葉においてカリウム欠乏症が確認される前に開始することが好ましく、具体的には果樹の葉の褐変や巻き込みが発生する前に開始することが好ましい。果樹の葉においてカリウム欠乏症が確認される前に第３工程を開始することで、第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）により低減したカリウムの含有量をより確実に回復させることができる。 In the method for cultivating a fruit tree of the present invention, the third step (K application step) is preferably started before potassium deficiency is confirmed in the leaves of the fruit tree, and specifically, browning or entrainment of the leaves of the fruit tree occurs. It is preferable to start before doing so. By starting the third step before potassium deficiency is confirmed in the leaves of the fruit tree, the potassium content reduced by the first step (K limiting step) can be more reliably recovered.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、第３工程（Ｋ施用工程）は、例えば第１工程（Ｋ制限工程）と同程度の期間行うことができ、３ヶ月以内の期間行われることが好ましく、１ヶ月以上３ヶ月以内の期間行われることがより好ましい。 In the fruit tree cultivation method of the present invention, the third step (K application step) can be carried out for a period similar to, for example, the first step (K restriction step), and is preferably carried out for a period of three months or less. It is more preferable that the treatment is carried out for a period of not less than 1 month and not more than 3 months.
上記第３工程において、日長時間、光強度、潅水量、温度、相対湿度、ＣＯ２濃度、培地ｐＨ、培地ＥＣ（Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ Ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ（電気伝導度）：肥料濃度を推定できる）等の各種パラメーターを植物の生育に適した範囲に調節することが好ましい。また、このようなパラメーターは、光源、暖房機、冷房設備、送風機、除湿器、加湿器、換気扇、ドライミスト及び遮光カーテンといった各種の装置を単独で或いは組み合わせて使用することで実現することができる。そのためには、これら装置を組み込んだ人工光を利用した閉鎖系室や、これら装置を備える通常の太陽光を利用した温室が好ましいが、潅水量および養液の制御が可能な装置を備える露地も利用できる。
例えば、相対湿度は約３０〜８０％の範囲とすることが好ましく、ＣＯ２濃度は約４００〜６００μｍｏｌ・ｍｏｌ−１の範囲とすることが好ましく、培地ｐＨは約４．０〜５．５の範囲とすることが好ましく、培地ＥＣは約０．７〜１．２ｍＳ／ｃｍ程度とすることが好ましい。
In the third step, various parameters such as day time, light intensity, irrigation amount, temperature, relative humidity, CO 2 concentration, medium pH, medium EC (Electric Conductivity (electrical conductivity): fertilizer concentration can be estimated) are set. It is preferable to adjust the temperature to a range suitable for the growth of the plant. In addition, such parameters can be realized by using various devices such as a light source, a heater, a cooling facility, a blower, a dehumidifier, a humidifier, a ventilation fan, a dry mist, and a blackout curtain alone or in combination. .. For that purpose, a closed system room using artificial light incorporating these devices and a greenhouse using ordinary sunlight equipped with these devices are preferable, but there are also open fields equipped with devices capable of controlling the amount of irrigation and nutrient solution. Available.
For example, the relative humidity is preferably in the range of about 30-80%, the CO 2 concentration is preferably in the range of about 400-600 μmol · mol- 1 , and the medium pH is about 4.0-5.5. The range is preferably set, and the medium EC is preferably about 0.7 to 1.2 mS / cm.
本発明の果樹の栽培方法において、対象となる果樹は、特に制限されるものではないが、ブルーベリー、ラズベリー、ミカンやレモン等の柑橘類、桜桃、リンゴ、梨、ビワ、ブドウ、マンゴー、パパイヤ、ドラゴンフルーツ、バナナ等の果樹などが好適に挙げられる。 In the method for cultivating fruit trees of the present invention, the target fruit trees are not particularly limited, but are blueberries, raspberries, citrus fruits such as mandarins and lemons, cherry peaches, apples, pears, biwa, grapes, mangoes, papayas, and dragons. Fruit trees such as fruits and bananas are preferable.
以下に、実施例を挙げて本発明を更に詳しく説明するが、本発明は下記の実施例に何ら限定されるものではない。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
＜実験１＞
［材料及び方法］
材料：サザンハイブッシュブルーベリー「Ｓｈａｒｐｂｌｕｅ」を用いた。
期間：２０１５年５月６日〜７月１５日（７１日間）
場所：軒高温室
栽培方法：培地としてピートモスを用いたポットでの養液土耕栽培（植え替えから処理開始までは水道水による灌水を行った）。図１は、実験１の栽培方法の概略図を示す。
処理区：
・対照区：２０１５年５月６日から７月１５日まで（開花期から収穫期において）表１に示される１／２園試処方に従い調製された培養液（以下、単に「１／２園試処方」という）を用いて栽培を行った。
・Ｋ着色期制限区：２０１５年５月６日から６月１０日まで（開花期から着色期）１／２園試処方を用い、２０１５年６月１１日から７月１５日まで（着色期から収穫期において）表１に示されるＫ制限処方に従い調製された培養液（以下、単に「Ｋ制限養液」という）を用いて栽培を行った。
・Ｋ開花期制限区：２０１５年５月６日から７月１５日まで（開花期から収穫期において）Ｋ制限養液を用いて栽培を行った。
対照区及びＫ着色期制限区では６株の苗木、Ｋ開花期制限区では３株の苗木を対象に栽培が行われた。
<Experiment 1>
[Materials and methods]
Material: Southern high bush blueberry "Sharpblue" was used.
Period: May 6th to July 15th, 2015 (71 days)
Location: Eaves high temperature room Cultivation method: Hydroponic cultivation in pots using peat moss as a medium (irrigation with tap water was performed from replanting to the start of treatment). FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the cultivation method of Experiment 1.
Processing zone:
-Control plot: From May 6 to July 15, 2015 (from the flowering period to the harvest period), the culture solution prepared according to the 1/2 garden trial prescription shown in Table 1 (hereinafter, simply "1/2 garden"). Cultivation was carried out using "trial prescription").
・ K coloring period restricted area: From May 6th to June 10th, 2015 (flowering period to coloring period) 1/2 garden trial prescription, from June 11th to July 15th, 2015 (coloring period) Cultivation was carried out using a culture solution prepared according to the K-restricted formulation shown in Table 1 (hereinafter, simply referred to as "K-restricted nutrient solution").
-K flowering period restricted area: Cultivation was carried out using K restricted nutrient solution from May 6 to July 15, 2015 (from flowering period to harvest period).
Cultivation was carried out for 6 seedlings in the control group and the K coloring period restricted area, and 3 seedlings in the K flowering period restricted area.
［結果］
各器官のカリウム（Ｋ）含有量の測定結果を図２に示す。なお、第２−１図において、各器官の３つのバーは、左から対照区、Ｋ着色期制限区、Ｋ開花期制限区の測定結果を示す。
第２−１図は、カリウム減少率が、Ｋ開花期制限区＞Ｋ着色期制限区であり、また、葉＞根＞茎＞果実であったことを示す。
第２−２図は、Ｋ開花期制限区及びＫ着色期制限区で対照区より有意にカリウムが減少したが、Ｋ開花期制限区とＫ着色期制限区の間に有意な差はなかったことを示す。
[result]
The measurement results of the potassium (K) content of each organ are shown in FIG. In addition, in FIG. 2-1 the three bars of each organ show the measurement results of the control group, the K coloring period limiting group, and the K flowering period limiting group from the left.
FIG. 2-1 shows that the potassium reduction rate was K flowering period restricted group> K coloring period restricted group, and leaves>roots>stems> fruits.
In Fig. 2-2, potassium decreased significantly in the K flowering period restricted group and the K coloring period restricted group as compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference between the K flowering period restricted group and the K coloring period restricted group. Show that.
［考察］
Ｋ制限によって植物体の成育と果実品質に影響を及ぼすことなく、Ｋ制限区で可食部のカリウムが有意に減少した。これにより、ピートモス及びポットを利用した養液土耕栽培において低カリウム果実の生産が可能であることが示唆された。
カリウム含有量は、Ｋ制限期間が長いほど各器官で有意に減少し、特に葉で顕著だったが、可食部ではそれほど差がなかった。可食部のカリウム含有量についてＫ制限期間による有意な差はみられなかったが、制限期間が長いほどカリウムは減少した。
図示しないが、カルシウム含有量は、葉においてＫ開花期制限区が対照区よりも有意に増加した。制限したカリウムの代替要素としてカルシウムが考えられる。
[Discussion]
Potassium in the edible portion was significantly reduced in the K-restricted plot without affecting plant growth and fruit quality by K-restriction. This suggests that low-potassium fruits can be produced in hydroponics using peat moss and pots.
Potassium content decreased significantly in each organ as the K restriction period was longer, especially in the leaves, but not so much in the edible part. There was no significant difference in the potassium content of the edible portion depending on the K restriction period, but the longer the restriction period, the lower the potassium.
Although not shown, the calcium content was significantly increased in the leaves in the K flowering period restricted group than in the control group. Calcium can be considered as an alternative to restricted potassium.
＜実験２＞
［材料及び方法］
材料：サザンハイブッシュブルーベリー「Ｓｈａｒｐｂｌｕｅ」を用いた。
場所：軒高温室
方法：培地としてピートモスを用いた処理区（ピートモス区）及び培地としてサントリーミドリエ株式会社から購入した「パフカル」を用いた処理区（パフカル区）を用意した。各処理区では、ポットに土のみを入れ、各３ポットで実験が行われた。１／２園試処方を潅水してから１、３及び５日後、その後水道水を灌水してから、１、３及び５日後の排液ＥＣを測定した。結果を図３に示す。
<Experiment 2>
[Materials and methods]
Material: Southern high bush blueberry "Sharpblue" was used.
Location: Eaves high temperature room Method: A treatment group using peat moss as a medium (peat moss group) and a treatment group using "puff cal" purchased from Suntory Midorier Limited as a medium (puff cal group) were prepared. In each treatment plot, only soil was placed in pots, and experiments were conducted in 3 pots each. The drainage EC was measured 1, 3 and 5 days after irrigating the 1/2 garden trial prescription, and then 1, 3 and 5 days after irrigating tap water. The results are shown in FIG.
［結果及び考察］
パフカル区の排液ＥＣは、１／２園試処方のＥＣ近くまで上昇し、水道水を与えると急速に低下した。
１／２園試処方による灌水の５日後におけるパフカル区の排液ＥＣは、１／２園試処方のＥＣと同じ値を示した。この結果より、パフカルは、ピートモスより、養分を蓄積しない培地、すなわち、塩基置換容量が小さいと考えられる。
排液ＥＣの最大から処理終了時の減少率は、パフカル区＞ピートモス区であった。パフカルは、ピートモスより、培地の水洗が容易であることが考えられる。
[Results and discussion]
The drainage EC of the Puffkar plot rose to near the EC of the 1/2 garden trial prescription, and decreased rapidly when tap water was given.
The drainage EC of the Pafkar plot 5 days after irrigation with the 1/2 garden trial prescription showed the same value as the EC of the 1/2 garden trial prescription. From this result, it is considered that puff cal is a medium that does not accumulate nutrients, that is, has a smaller base substitution capacity than peat moss.
The rate of decrease from the maximum of drainage EC to the end of treatment was Puffkar group> Peat moss group. It is considered that puff cal is easier to wash the medium with water than peat moss.
＜実験３＞
［材料及び方法］
材料：（果樹）サザンハイブッシュブルーベリー「Ｓｈａｒｐｂｌｕｅ」を用いた。（培地）サントリーミドリエ株式会社から購入した「パフカル」を用いた。
期間：２０１７年２月２２日〜５月１６日（８４日間）
場所：軒高温室
栽培方法：ポットでの養液土耕栽培から２０１６年５月にパフカルに植え替えて、栽培を行い、２０１７年２月２２日から一部のポットに対してＫ制限処理を開始した。２０１７年２月２２日まではいずれも１／２園試処方にて栽培を行った。図４は、実験３の栽培方法の概略図を示す。
処理区：
・対照区：２０１７年２月２２日から５月１６日まで（着色期から収穫期において）１／２園試処方を用いて栽培を行った。
・Ｋ制限区：２０１７年２月２２日から５月１６日まで（着色期から収穫期において）Ｋ制限養液を用いて栽培を行った。
各処理区では、７株の苗木を対象に栽培が行われた。
<Experiment 3>
[Materials and methods]
Material: (Fruit tree) Southern high bush blueberry "Sharpblue" was used. (Medium) "Pafcal" purchased from Suntory Midorier Limited was used.
Period: February 22nd to May 16th, 2017 (84 days)
Location: Eaves high temperature room Cultivation method: From hydroponic soil cultivation in pots, replanted in puffal in May 2016 and cultivated, and from February 22, 2017, K restriction treatment is applied to some pots. It started. Until February 22, 2017, all of them were cultivated according to the 1/2 garden trial prescription. FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the cultivation method of Experiment 3.
Processing zone:
-Control plot: From February 22 to May 16, 2017 (from the coloring period to the harvest period), cultivation was carried out using the 1/2 garden trial prescription.
-K-restricted area: Cultivation was carried out using K-restricted nutrient solution from February 22 to May 16, 2017 (from the coloring period to the harvest period).
In each treatment plot, 7 seedlings were cultivated.
［結果］
果実品質及び可食部のカリウム含有量の測定結果を図５に示す。図５は、対照区とＫ制限区の間に果実品質の差はないが、可食部のカリウム含有量では、対照区と比較してＫ制限区で有意に減少したことを示す。
葉及び可食部のカリウム、カルシウム及びマグネシウム含有量の測定結果を図６に示す。図６から分かるように、カリウム含有量は、葉及び可食部ともにＫ制限区で有意に減少した。カルシウム含有量は、葉についてＫ制限区で増加したが、可食部ではＫ制限区で減少した。マグネシウム含有量は、葉及び可食部ともに対照区とＫ制限区で差はなかった。
[result]
The measurement results of the fruit quality and the potassium content of the edible portion are shown in FIG. FIG. 5 shows that there was no difference in fruit quality between the control group and the K-restricted group, but the potassium content in the edible portion was significantly reduced in the K-restricted group as compared with the control group.
The measurement results of the potassium, calcium and magnesium contents of the leaves and the edible part are shown in FIG. As can be seen from FIG. 6, the potassium content was significantly reduced in the K-restricted group in both the leaves and the edible part. Calcium content increased in the K-restricted plot for leaves, but decreased in the K-restricted plot for edible parts. There was no difference in magnesium content between the control group and the K-restricted group in both the leaves and the edible part.
［考察］
Ｋを制限しても果実品質に影響はなく、可食部のカリウム含有量を有意に減少させることができた。培地としてパフカルを用いることにより、低カリウム果実の生産の可能性が示唆された。
可食部のカリウム含有量は、対照区と比較して有意に減少したが、さらに減少させるためには更なる改良を行う必要がある。
カルシウム含有量は、葉についてＫ制限区で有意に増加した。これは、制限したカリウムの代替要素としてカルシウムが考えられる。
パフカルは、あまり養分を蓄積させない培地であるものの、多少は養分が蓄積しているものと考えられた。そのため、実験１のＫ着色期制限区と同程度のカリウム減少率に留まったものと考えられる。
[Discussion]
Limiting K did not affect fruit quality and could significantly reduce the potassium content of the edible portion. The use of puffal as the medium suggested the possibility of producing low-potassium fruits.
The potassium content of the edible portion was significantly reduced as compared with the control group, but further improvement is required to further reduce it.
Calcium content was significantly increased in the K-restricted plot for leaves. It is possible that calcium is an alternative to restricted potassium.
Although puffal is a medium that does not accumulate much nutrients, it is considered that some nutrients are accumulated. Therefore, it is considered that the potassium reduction rate remained at the same level as that of the K coloring period restricted group in Experiment 1.
＜実験４＞
［材料及び方法］
材料：（果樹）サザンハイブッシュブルーベリー「Ｓｈａｒｐｂｌｕｅ」を用いた。（培地）サントリーミドリエ株式会社から購入した「パフカル」を用いた。
期間：２０１７年１０月３日〜１１月２８日（５７日間、このうち１０月３日〜７日の５日間は洗浄期間である）
場所：軒高温室
栽培方法：ポットでの養液土耕栽培を行い、Ｋ制限処理開始前にすべての対象に対して培地を水道水で洗浄し、培地中に蓄積したカリウムを洗い流した。水道水による洗浄を行うまではいずれも１／２園試処方にて栽培を行った。水道水による洗浄では、５日間で３０Ｌの水道水を灌水し、その結果、排液ＥＣは０．１６ｍＳ／ｃｍまで下がった。図７は、実験４の栽培方法の概略図を示す。
処理区：
・対照区：水道水による洗浄後、即ち２０１７年１０月８日から１１月２８日まで（着色期から収穫期において）１／２園試処方を用いて栽培を行った。
・Ｋ制限区：水道水による洗浄後、即ち２０１７年１０月８日から１１月２８日まで（着色期から収穫期において）Ｋ制限養液を用いて栽培を行った。
各処理区では、７株の苗木を対象に栽培が行われた。
<Experiment 4>
[Materials and methods]
Material: (Fruit tree) Southern high bush blueberry "Sharpblue" was used. (Medium) "Pafcal" purchased from Suntory Midorier Limited was used.
Period: October 3rd to November 28th, 2017 (57 days, of which 5 days from October 3rd to 7th are cleaning periods)
Location: Eaves high temperature room Cultivation method: Hydroponic soil cultivation was carried out in pots, and the medium was washed with tap water for all the subjects before the start of the K restriction treatment, and the potassium accumulated in the medium was washed away. Until washing with tap water, all were cultivated according to the 1/2 garden trial prescription. In the washing with tap water, 30 L of tap water was irrigated in 5 days, and as a result, the drainage EC decreased to 0.16 mS / cm. FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the cultivation method of Experiment 4.
Processing zone:
-Control plot: After washing with tap water, that is, from October 8 to November 28, 2017 (from the coloring period to the harvesting period), cultivation was carried out using the 1/2 garden trial prescription.
-K-restricted area: After washing with tap water, that is, from October 8 to November 28, 2017 (from the coloring period to the harvesting period), cultivation was carried out using the K-restricted nutrient solution.
In each treatment plot, 7 seedlings were cultivated.
［結果］
果実品質及び可食部のカリウム含有量の測定結果を図８に示す。図８は、対照区とＫ制限区の間に果実品質の差はないが、可食部のカリウム含有量では、対照区と比較してＫ制限区で有意に減少したことを示す。
[result]
The measurement results of the fruit quality and the potassium content of the edible portion are shown in FIG. FIG. 8 shows that there was no difference in fruit quality between the control group and the K-restricted group, but the potassium content of the edible portion was significantly reduced in the K-restricted group as compared with the control group.
［考察］
Ｋを制限しても果実品質に影響はなく、可食部のカリウム含有量を有意に減少させることができた。パフカルと水洗の組み合わせは、可食部のカリウム含有量を５０％程度まで減少させることができる低カリウム果実生産の栽培システムであると考えられる。
上記より、培地の洗浄が低カリウム果実を生産する上で効果的であると考えられる。
なお、これまでの実験において、カリウム欠乏症は確認されていない。このため、実験５では、カリウム欠乏症がどの段階で発生するのかを確認する実験を行った。
[Discussion]
Limiting K did not affect fruit quality and could significantly reduce the potassium content of the edible portion. The combination of puff cal and water washing is considered to be a cultivation system for low potassium fruit production that can reduce the potassium content of the edible portion to about 50%.
From the above, it is considered that washing the medium is effective in producing low-potassium fruits.
In addition, potassium deficiency has not been confirmed in the experiments so far. Therefore, in Experiment 5, an experiment was conducted to confirm at what stage potassium deficiency occurs.
＜実験５＞
［材料及び方法］
材料：（果樹）サザンハイブッシュブルーベリー「Ｓｈａｒｐｂｌｕｅ」を用いた。（培地）サントリーミドリエ株式会社から購入した「パフカル」を用いた。
期間：２０１７年２月２２日〜１１月２８日（２８０日間）
場所：軒高温室
栽培方法：ポットでの養液土耕栽培。２０１７年２月２２日から５ヵ月間（着色期から収穫期の間）Ｋ制限養液を用いて栽培を行い（この期間をＫ制限期間とする）、２０１７年７月２７日から４ヵ月間１／２園試処方を用いて栽培を行った（この期間をＫ施用期間とする）。４株の苗木を対象に栽培が行われた。図９は、実験５の栽培方法の概略図を示す。
<Experiment 5>
[Materials and methods]
Material: (Fruit tree) Southern high bush blueberry "Sharpblue" was used. (Medium) "Pafcal" purchased from Suntory Midorier Limited was used.
Period: February 22nd to November 28th, 2017 (280 days)
Location: Eaves high temperature room Cultivation method: Hydroponic soil cultivation in pots. Cultivated using K-restricted nutrient solution for 5 months from February 22, 2017 (between the coloring period and harvesting period) (this period is referred to as the K-restricted period), and for 4 months from July 27, 2017. Cultivation was carried out using the 1/2 garden trial prescription (this period is referred to as the K application period). Cultivation was carried out on four seedlings. FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of the cultivation method of Experiment 5.
［結果］
処理開始前、Ｋ制限期間及びＫ施用期間の植物体の写真を図１０に示す。カリウム欠乏症は、Ｋ制限処理を開始してから３ヶ月後に出始め、５ヶ月後には植物体の全体にみられた。剪定してＫ施用後、カリウム欠乏症は現れなかった。
果実品質及び可食部のカリウム含有量の測定結果を図１１に示す。第１１−１表は、１果実重が対照区と比較してＫ制限期間の３ヶ月後から有意に減少し、糖度も減少傾向がみられたことを示す。第１１−１図は、Ｋ制限期間の２〜５ヶ月後の間で可食部のカリウムは有意に減少しなかったが、対照区と比べるとカリウムは３１〜４５％減少したことを示す。図１１の結果から、Ｋ制限期間は３ヶ月以内が適していると考えられる。なお、図１１において、対照区は、同時期・栽培方法の実験３における対照区の収穫果実の測定結果である。
葉におけるカリウム、カルシウム及びマグネシウムの含有量の経時的変化を図１２に示す。カリウムの含有量は、Ｋ制限期間の５ヶ月後まで減少し、Ｋ施用期間に切り替えてから増加した。カルシウムとマグネシウムの含有量は、Ｋ制限期間の５ヶ月後まで増加し、Ｋ施用期間に切り替えてから減少した。
葉におけるカリウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、鉄及びマンガン含有量の相対比の経時的変化を図１３に示す。各バーは、下から順にＫ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎの相対比を示す。図１３は、カリウムが減るとカルシウムが増え、カリウムが増えるとカルシウムが減ったことを示す。
[result]
Photographs of plants before the start of treatment, during the K restriction period and during the K application period are shown in FIG. Potassium deficiency began to appear 3 months after the start of K-restriction treatment and was observed throughout the plant 5 months later. After pruning and applying K, potassium deficiency did not appear.
The measurement results of the fruit quality and the potassium content of the edible portion are shown in FIG. Table 11-1 shows that the weight of one fruit decreased significantly from 3 months after the K restriction period as compared with the control group, and the sugar content also tended to decrease. FIG. 11-1 shows that potassium in the edible portion did not decrease significantly between 2 and 5 months after the K restriction period, but potassium decreased by 31 to 45% as compared with the control group. From the results shown in FIG. 11, it is considered that the K restriction period should be within 3 months. In addition, in FIG. 11, the control group is the measurement result of the harvested fruit of the control group in Experiment 3 of the same period / cultivation method.
The time course of potassium, calcium and magnesium content in the leaves is shown in FIG. Potassium content decreased until 5 months after the K restriction period and increased after switching to the K application period. Calcium and magnesium content increased up to 5 months after the K restriction period and decreased after switching to the K application period.
The time course of the relative ratio of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese contents in the leaves is shown in FIG. Each bar shows the relative ratio of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in order from the bottom. FIG. 13 shows that when potassium decreased, calcium increased, and when potassium increased, calcium decreased.
［考察］
Ｋ欠乏症は、Ｋ制限期間を開始してから３ヶ月で出始め、５ヶ月後には植物体全体に拡がった。また、剪定して１／２園試処方を与えるとその後はＫ欠乏症がみられなかった。これらの結果から、Ｋ制限期間は３ヶ月以内が適しており、また、Ｋ施用を再開すればＫ欠乏症の発生はなくなるものと考えられる。
Ｋ制限期間を長くしても（２〜５ヶ月の間で）可食部のカリウム含有量は減少しなかった。カリウムが他の器官から果実に転流した可能性が考えられる。即ち、果実はsink activityが強い可能性がある。
葉のカリウム含有量は、Ｋ施用期間の開始から３ヶ月後には、Ｋ制限処理前と同程度まで増加（回復）した。また、葉のカルシウムとマグネシウムの含有量は、ピーク時（Ｋ施用期間の開始から５ヶ月後）より有意に減少（回復）した。このことから、葉のＫ・Ｃａ・Ｍｇにおいて、Ｋ制限期間での含有量の増加又は減少が、Ｋ施用期間により回復できることが分かる。
以上より、Ｋ制限期間は３ヶ月以内が適しており、また、その後のＫ施用によって植物体を回復させることができる。
多量要素は、Ｋ欠乏による増加または減少からの回復が早い。
[Discussion]
K deficiency began to appear 3 months after the start of the K restriction period and spread to the entire plant 5 months later. In addition, when pruned and given a 1/2 garden trial prescription, K deficiency was not observed thereafter. From these results, it is considered that the K restriction period is suitable within 3 months, and the occurrence of K deficiency will disappear if K application is resumed.
Increasing the K restriction period (between 2 and 5 months) did not reduce the potassium content of the edible portion. It is possible that potassium was translocated from other organs to the fruit. That is, the fruit may have a strong sink activity.
The potassium content of the leaves increased (recovered) to the same level as before the K restriction treatment 3 months after the start of the K application period. In addition, the calcium and magnesium contents of the leaves were significantly reduced (recovered) from the peak time (5 months after the start of the K application period). From this, it can be seen that the increase or decrease in the content of K, Ca, and Mg in the leaves during the K restriction period can be recovered by the K application period.
From the above, the K restriction period is suitable within 3 months, and the plant can be recovered by the subsequent application of K.
Multifactors recover quickly from an increase or decrease due to K deficiency.
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