JP2020507019A - 構造体の製造方法 - Google Patents
構造体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、構造体の製造方法に係り、
(S1)金属前駆体溶液及び炭素系高分子溶液を二重ノズル電界紡糸装置に注入し、電界紡糸してコア−シェルの形態を有するチューブ前駆体を形成する段階;
(S2)上記チューブ前駆体を熱処理して上記チューブ前駆体のコアを炭化させる第1熱処理段階;及び
(S3)上記第1熱処理されたチューブ前駆体を熱処理してチューブ構造体を形成する第2熱処理段階;を含み、
(S4)上記チューブ構造体の内部にリチウム金属を形成する段階;をさらに含むこともできる。
(S1)段階では、金属前駆体溶液及び炭素系高分子溶液を電界紡糸してチューブ前駆体を形成することができる。
(S2)段階では、上記チューブ前駆体を熱処理してコアを炭化させることができ、これを第1熱処理段階と言う。この時、第1熱処理時の加熱温度は、200℃ないし700℃、好ましくは、200℃ないし600℃、より好ましくは、200℃ないし500℃であってもよく、昇温しながら熱処理することであってもよい。上記第1熱処理時の昇温過程において、上記チューブ前駆体のコアに含まれた高分子が除去され、金属前駆体が還元されて金属が形成されてもよい。
(S3)段階では、上記第1熱処理されたチューブ前駆体を加熱して第2熱処理をし、上記チューブ前駆体のシェルを炭化させて炭素を含むチューブを形成することができる。
(S4)段階では、上記チューブの内部にリチウム金属を形成させてもよい。
本発明は、電極活物質を担持することができる構造体に係り、例えば、上記構造体が負極活物質としてリチウム金属を担持する場合、リチウム金属電池の負極でリチウム金属がデンドライト(dendrite)形態で成長することを防止すると同時に、上記リチウム金属と電解液が直接反応することを防止することができる構造体に関する。
a=L/Dex
LiaNi1−x−yCoxMnyMbO2
本発明は、また電極活物質を担持して電池の安全性を向上させることができる構造体に係り、例えば、上記構造体が負極活物質としてリチウム金属を担持する場合、リチウム金属電池の負極でリチウム金属がデンドライト(dendrite)形態で成長することを防止すると同時に、上記リチウム金属と電解液が直接反応することを防ぐことができる。
α=VLi/VF
上記VFは、下記式3によって計算される:
[式3]
VF=π(Din/2)2L
1−1.電界紡糸によるチューブ前駆体形成
金属前駆体であるHAuCl4 0.5重量%、高分子であるPMMA 11重量%を溶媒88.5重量%に溶解させて金属前駆体溶液を製造した。この時、溶媒はジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)とアセトンを85重量%:15重量%の重量比で混合した混合溶媒を使用した。
−電界紡糸 power 14.5kV
−紡糸溶液 output(flow rate):Core=0.9mL/h(1.3/2raito)
Shell=1.4ml/h
280℃のファーネスで上記チューブを第1熱処理し、チューブ前駆体のコアに含まれたPMMAを取り除いて昇温しながら、HAuCl4を還元させてチューブ前駆体シェルの内部表面にAu粒子を形成した。
その後、850℃で上記チューブ前駆体のPANを炭化させ、構造体を製造した。
上記実施例1で製造されたAuが内部表面に形成されたチューブの内部に電解メッキを通してリチウム金属を形成させた。この時、リチウムソースとしては、リチウム塩のLiClO4を使った。
実施例1で製造された構造体、導電材であるSuper−P carbon及びバインダーであるPVdFを95:2.5:2.5の重量比で混合した後、これをCu集電体に塗布及び乾燥して負極を製造した。
電解液として、DME(1、2−dimethoxyethane)とDOL(1、3−dioxolane)の混合溶媒(体積比1:1)に1M LiTFSI(lithiumbis−trifluoromethanesulfonimide)が溶解された電解液と、1% LiNO3電解液を混合して使用した。
分離膜は、ポリエチレン分離膜を使用した。
裸銅箔(Bare Cu foil)を準備した。
実施例1と同様の方法で、チューブの内部表面に金属を含まないチューブ形状の構造体を製造した。
Nature Energy、1(3)、16010(2016)に開示されている内容を参照にして、下記(a)ないし(e)段階によって、内部表面にAu粒子が形成された球(sphere)を製造した。
イソプロパノールアルコール(IPA、Fisher Scientific)80ml及び水12mlの混合物でオルトケイ酸テトラエチル(TEOS。Aldrich)を加水分解及び撹拌しながら、NH3H2O(EMD Millipore)8mlを添加した。常温で2時間反応させ、TEOSをシリカ球に分解した。
クエン酸ナトリウム溶液(Alfa、10%)1mlを水100mlで希釈し、加熱した後、HAuCl4(Aldrich、0.5M)を注入した。5分間反応した後、常温に冷却して金ナノ粒子を得た。
金ナノ粒子コロイド分散液をシリカ分散液に添加し、シリカ球が白からピンクに、最後は紫色に変わるまで置いた後、遠心分離してシリカ球を分離した。
ホルムアルデヒド樹脂コーティングのため、超音波を利用してシリカ球を水240mlに分散した後、CTAB(Cetyl TrimethylAmmonium Bromide、10mM)8ml及びNH3H2O 0.8mlを添加して10分間撹拌し、シリカ球の表面電荷がCTABに完全に入れ替わるようにした。その後、レゾルシノール(resorcinol、Aldrich)300mg及びホルムアルデイド溶液(Aldrich、37%水溶液)を添加した後、8時間撹拌した。上記樹脂コーティングの厚さは、レゾルシノールとホルムアルデヒドの量を同時に変化させ、容易に調節することができる。
リチウム金属が貯蔵される空間を形成するために、KOH(J.K.Baker、5M)を利用してエッチングし、シリカテンプレートを除去した。
負極製造
実施例1及び比較例2でそれぞれ製造された構造体、導電材であるSuper−P carbon、及びバインダーであるPVdFを95:2.5:2.5の重量比で混合した後、これをCu集電体に塗布及び乾燥して負極を製造した。
電解液でDME(1,2−dimethoxyethane)とDOL(1,3−dioxolane)の混合溶媒(体積比1:1)に1M LiTFSI(lithiumbis−trifluoromethanesulfonimide)が溶解された電解液と、1%LiNO3電解液を混合して使用した。
分離膜は、ポリエチレン分離膜を使用した。
上記製造例において、実施例1及び比較例2の構造体をそれぞれ利用して製造されたリチウム半電池と比較例1のCu集電体に対して充放電を実施した。
実験例1のリチウム半電池で充放電特性実験の前(Pristine)と充放電時、実施例1のチューブ型構造体が示す形態変化を観察した。
実験例1の充放電特性実験中、20回目の充電後、リチウム金属の成長形態を観察した。
11:チューブ
Dex:チューブ外径
Din:チューブ内径
12:中空
13:金属
14:電極活物質
Claims (12)
- (S1)金属前駆体溶液及び炭素系高分子溶液を二重ノズル電界紡糸装置に注入して、電界紡糸してコア−シェルの形態を有するチューブ前駆体を形成する段階;
(S2)前記チューブ前駆体を熱処理して前記チューブ前駆体のコアを炭化させる第1熱処理段階;及び
(S3)前記第1熱処理されたチューブ前駆体を熱処理してチューブ構造体を形成する第2熱処理段階;を含む構造体の製造方法。 - 前記金属前駆体溶液及び炭素系高分子溶液をそれぞれ前記二重ノズル電界紡糸装置の内側ノズル及び外側ノズルに注入させて電界紡糸する、請求項1に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記金属前駆体溶液は、金属前駆体0.1ないし5重量%;高分子1ないし20重量%;及び溶媒75ないし95重量%;を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記金属前駆体は、金属を含むアルコキシド、金属を含むアセチルアセテート、金属を含む硝酸塩、金属を含むシュウ酸塩、金属を含むハロゲン化物及び金属を含むシアン化物からなる群から選択される1種以上である、請求項1から3の何れか一項に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記金属は、Au、Zn、Mg、Ag、Al、Pt、Si及びCaからなる群から選択される1種以上である、請求項4に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記高分子は、ポリメチルメタクリレート(PMMA)、ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)、ポリビニルアセテート(PVAc)、ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)、ポリスチレン(PS)及びポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)からなる群から選択される1種以上である、請求項3に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記溶媒は、N−メチルピロリドン(Methylpyrrolidone:NMP)、ジメチルホルムアミド(Dimethylformamide:DMF)、ジメチルアセトアミド(dimethylacetamide:DMAc)、ジメチルスルホキシド(dimethyl sulfoxide:DMSO)及びテトラヒドロフラン(Tetrahydrofuran:THF)からなる群から選択される1種以上である、請求項3に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記炭素系高分子は、ポリアクリロニトリル(Polyacrylonitrile:PAN)、ポリアニリン(Polyaniline:PANI)、ポリピロール(Polypyrrole:PPY)、ポリイミド(Polyimide:PI)、ポリベンズイミダゾール(Polybenzimidazole:PBI)、ポリピロリドン(Polypyrrolidone:Ppy)、ポリアミド(Polyamide:PA)、ポリアミドイミド(Polyamide−imide:PAI)、ポリアラミド(Polyaramide)、メラミン(Melamine)、メラミン−ホルムアルデヒド(Melamineformaldehyde)及びフッ素雲母(Fluorine mica)からなる群から選択される1種以上である、請求項1から7の何れか一項に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記第1熱処理時の温度は、200ないし700℃である、請求項1から8の何れか一項に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記第2熱処理時の温度は、700℃超過、1000℃以下である、請求項1から9の何れか一項に記載の構造体の製造方法。
- 前記(S3)段階以後、
(S4)前記チューブ構造体の内部にリチウム金属を形成する段階をさらに含む、請求項1から10の何れか一項に記載の構造体の製造方法。 - 前記リチウム金属は、電解メッキ、非電解メッキまたは蒸着によって前記チューブ構造体の内部に形成される、請求項11に記載の構造体の製造方法。
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