JP2019500369A - 神経性状態および神経変性状態の治療としての長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニスト - Google Patents
神経性状態および神経変性状態の治療としての長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニスト Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
この出願は、米国特許法§119(e)の下、2015年12月23日に出願された米国仮出願第62/387,319号(これは、その全体が参考として本明細書に援用される)への優先権の利益を主張する。
この発明は、National Institutes of Health(NIH)によって付与されたR21 CA 198243およびP50 CA103175の下、政府の支援を受けてなされた。政府は、本発明に一定の権利を有する。
特に明記されているかまたは文脈から明白でない限り、本明細書で使用される場合、「約」という用語は、当技術分野における通常の許容度(tolerance)の範囲内、例えば、平均値から2標準偏差以内に入ると理解される。「約」とは、明示された値の10%、9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%、0.5%、0.1%、0.05%、または0.01%以内に入ると理解することができる。別段文脈から明らかでない限り、本明細書において提示される数値は全て、「約」という用語で修飾される。
パーキンソン病(PD、特発性または原発性パーキンソニズム、低運動性固縮症候群(hypokinetic rigid syndrome)(HRS)、または振戦麻痺としても公知)は、主に運動系に影響を及ぼす中枢神経系の変性疾患である。パーキンソン病の運動症状は、中脳の領域である黒質におけるドーパミン生成細胞の死に起因する。この細胞死の原因は、ほとんど理解されていない。疾患の経過の初期において最も明白な症状は動きに関連したものであり、これらとして、ふるえ、固縮、動きが遅いことならびに歩行(walking)および歩行(gait)が困難であることが挙げられる。後に、思考および行動の問題が生じる可能性があり、認知症が一般に疾患の進行期に生じ、うつ病が最も一般的な精神医学的症状である。他の症状としては、感覚、睡眠および感情的な問題が挙げられる。パーキンソン病は、高齢者により一般的であり、大多数の場合が50歳を過ぎてから生じ、若年成人で見られる場合は、若年発症PD(YOPD)と称される。
アルツハイマー病(AD)は、認知症の症例の60%〜70%を占める。アルツハイマー病は、多くの場合ゆっくりと開始するが、時間をわたって次第に悪化する慢性の神経変性疾患である。最も一般的な初期症状は、短期記憶喪失である。疾患が進行すると、症状として、言語の問題、気分変動、意欲低下、見当識障害、行動の問題、および身の回りの管理不十分が挙げられる。徐々に、体の機能が失われ、最終的に死に至る。進行の速度は変動し得るが、診断後の平均余命は3〜9年である。アルツハイマー病の原因はほとんど理解されていない。リスクの約70%は、多くの遺伝子が関与する遺伝的なものと考えられている。他の危険因子としては、頭部傷害、高血圧症、またはうつ病の病歴が挙げられる。疾患プロセスは脳内のプラークおよびもつれに関連する。
エクセナチド(BYETTA(登録商標)、Bydureonとして販売されている)は、2型糖尿病の処置に関して2005年4月に認可された、インクレチン模倣物の群に属するグルカゴン様ペプチド−1アゴニスト(GLP−1アゴニスト)薬品である。BYETTA(登録商標)の形態のエクセナチドは、いつでも、その日の最初の食事および最後の食事の前60分以内に腹部、大腿、または腕の皮下注射として(皮下に)投与される。2012年1月27日時点でBydureonの商標の下で週に1回の注射が認可されている。Bydureonは、Amylin Pharmaceuticalsにより製造され、Astrazenecaにより販売されている。
ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)は、工業製造から薬まで多くの適用を有するポリエーテル化合物である。PEGの構造(括弧内の繰り返し要素に留意されたい)は、:H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OHである。PEGは、その分子量に応じてポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)またはポリオキシエチレン(POE)としても公知である。PEG、PEO、またはPOEは、エチレンオキシドのオリゴマーまたはポリマーを指す。この3つの名称は化学的に同義であるが、歴史的に、生物医学分野ではPEGが好ましく、一方、PEOはポリマー化学の分野においてより広く用いられている。異なる適用には異なるポリマー鎖長が必要であるので、PEGは、分子質量が20,000g/mol未満のオリゴマーおよびポリマーを指し、PEOは分子質量が20,000g/molを超えるポリマーを指し、POEはあらゆる分子質量のポリマーを指す。PEGおよびPEOは、それらの分子量に応じて液体または低融点の固体である。PEGは、エチレンオキシドの重合によって調製され、300g/molから10,000,000g/molまでの広範囲の分子量にわたって市販されている。分子量が異なるPEGおよびPEOは異なる適用に使用され、また、鎖長効果に起因して異なる物理特性(例えば、粘度)を有するが、それらの化学的性質はほぼ同一である。重合プロセスのために使用される開始剤に応じて、異なる形態のPEGも利用可能である−最も一般的な開始剤は、単官能性メチルエーテルPEG、またはメトキシポリ(エチレングリコール)、略してmPEGである。低分子量PEGは、より純粋なオリゴマーとしても入手可能であり、単分散、均一、または個別(discrete)と称される。非常に高純度のPEGは結晶性であり、結晶構造をX線回析によって決定することが可能になることが最近示されている。純粋なオリゴマーの精製および分離は難しく、この型の品質の価格は、多くの場合、多分散PEGの10〜1000倍である。
HOCH2CH2OH+n(CH2CH2O)→HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H
PEG化の第1のステップは、一方の末端または両方の末端におけるPEGポリマーの適切な官能化である。各末端で同じ反応性部分を用いて活性化されたPEGは、「ホモ二官能性」として公知であり、存在する官能基が異なる場合には、PEG誘導体は「ヘテロ二官能性」または「ヘテロ官能性」と称される。PEGを所望の分子に付着させるために、PEGポリマーの化学的に活性なまたは活性化された誘導体を調製する。
下記の通り、エキセンディン−4類似体(例えば、エクセナチド)またはGLP−1類似体の収率を選択的PEG化によって上昇させることができ、薬品の処置効果を増大させることができる。そのような技術により、分子量、代謝部位の防御および免疫原性部位の阻害が増大し、それにより、in vivo半減期および安定性が増大し、免疫原性が低下する。さらに、PEGが結合したペプチドおよびタンパク質は、PEGによって分子量が増大していることに起因して、その腎臓排泄が低減し、したがって、PEG化には、効果を薬物動態的にかつ薬力学的に増大させるという利点がある。
血液脳関門(BBB)は、中枢神経系(CNS)において循環血液を脳細胞外液(BECF)から分離する高度に選択的な透過性関門である。血液脳関門は、非常に高い電気抵抗率を有する密着結合によって接続した脳内皮細胞によって形成される。血液脳関門を創出するためにアストロサイトが必要である。血液脳関門により、脂質可溶性分子、水、および一部の気体の受動拡散による通過、ならびに神経機能に極めて重要なアミノ酸およびグルコースなどの分子の選択的な輸送が可能になる。血液脳関門は、全ての脳毛細血管に沿って存在し、通常の循環中には存在しない毛細血管周囲の密着結合からなる。内皮細胞により、顕微鏡レベルの物体(例えば、細菌)および大きなまたは親水性分子の脳脊髄液(CSF)中への拡散は制限されるが、小さな疎水性分子(例えば、O2、CO2、ホルモン)の拡散は許容される。関門の細胞により、グルコースなどの代謝産物が、特定のタンパク質を用いて関門を横切って能動輸送される。
長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストであるNLY001は、休止状態のミクログリアから変換された活性化ミクログリアを標的とし、神経変性疾患における多数の炎症性および神経毒性メディエーターを同時に阻害したことが特定された。初代ミクログリアを、異常に凝集したタンパク質、例えばα−シヌクレインの予め形成された原線維(PFF)によって活性化すると、活性化ミクログリアによりGLP−1rのmRNAレベルが上方調節された(図2A、図2B、および図2C)。PDおよびADの患者由来の脳組織は、健康な脳組織と比較して上方調節されたGLP−1rを示す(図2A、図2B、および図2C)。重要なことに、ミクログリアをα−シヌクレインPFF(1μg/ml)およびNLY001(1μM)を用いて6時間にわたって処置すると、NLY001によりミクログリアの活性化が遮断され、TNF−α、IL−1α、IL−1βおよびIL−6を含めた多数の炎症性メディエーターの放出が有意に低減した。in vivoでは、皮下投与されたNLY001により、TNF−α、IL−1α、IL−1β、IL−6およびC1qのレベルが同時に阻害されたことが発見された(表1)。この結果から、長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストが、上方調節されたGLP−1rを介して活性化ミクログリアを選択的に標的とすることができ、神経変性疾患においてニューロン損傷を誘導する可能性がある多数の炎症性および毒性メディエーターの放出を同時にシャットダウンすることができることが示される。
α−シヌクレインPFFにより誘導されるミクログリア神経毒性に対するNLY001の効果を決定するために、NLY001を試験して、NLY001により、初代ニューロンが、α−シヌクレインPFFによって活性化されたミクログリアにより媒介されるニューロン細胞死から保護されるかどうかを確かめた。これに取り組むために、ミクログリア細胞を、α−シヌクレインPFF(1μg/ml)によって、NLY001(1μM)を伴ってまたは伴わずに、6時間にわたって活性化し、次いで、培養培地を洗い流した。その後、図3に記載されている通り、初代ニューロンを活性化ミクログリアと72時間にわたって共培養した。ニューロン毒性をPI染色によって評価した。
表2に要約されている通り、α−シヌクレインPFFにより活性化されたミクログリア細胞と共培養したニューロンでは細胞死の増大が示された。対照的に、ニューロンをPFFおよびNLY001を用いて処置したミクログリアと共培養した場合には、ニューロン細胞死の有意な低減が実証された。この結果は、NLY001により、神経変性疾患の進行中、異常に凝集したタンパク質によって活性化された変換したミクログリア細胞またはアストロサイトからニューロン細胞を保護することができることを意味する。
動物
実験手順は全て、Johns Hopkins Medical Institute Animal Care and Use Committeeにより承認されたLaboratory Animal Manual of the National Institute of Health Guide to the Care and Use of Animalsのガイドラインに従った。α−シヌクレインPFF誘導性PDマウスを調製した(Luk, K.C.ら、Science、2012年、338巻(6109号):949〜53頁)。α−シヌクレインPFFを定位注射するために、12週齢の雄マウスを、キシラジン(xylazene)およびケタミンを用いて麻酔した。注射カニューレ(26.5ゲージ)を線条体(前後、ブレグマから3.0mm;中外側、0.2mm;背腹側(dorsoventral)、2.6mm)中に片側性に(右半球に適用)定位的に適用した。注入を毎分0.2μlの速度で実施し、α−シヌクレインPFF(PBS中5μg/ml)2μlまたは同じ体積のPBSマウスに注射した。頭部の皮膚を縫合によって閉じ、外科手術後の創傷治癒および回復をモニターした。立体解析のために、線条体α−シヌクレインPFF注射の6カ月後に動物の心臓内に氷冷PBS、その後4%パラホルムアルデヒドを灌流し、固定した。脳を取り出し、免疫組織化学的検査または免疫蛍光法のために処理した。片側性線条体α−シヌクレインPFF注射の6カ月後に行動試験を実施した。図4Aに記載されている通り、NLY001(3mg/kg)による処置を片側性線条体α−シヌクレインPFF注射の1カ月後に、1週間当たり2回、達成した。
α−シヌクレインPFF注射後6カ月の時点でビヒクル(PBS)またはNLY001で処置したマウスにおいて4つの異なる行動試験を行った。
A53T α−シヌクレイントランスジェニックマウス(A53T)をJackson Lab(B6;Prnp−SNCA*A53T、PMID:12084935)から得た。当該マウスはC57BL/6マウス(Jackson Lab)と交配したものであり、本試験のために生成された。図4Bに記載されている通り、NLY001およびPBSを野生型(WT)対照マウスおよびA53T PDマウスに、6カ月齢を過ぎてから、10カ月齢および死亡日まで皮下処置した(3mg/kg、週に2回)。
動物:3×Tg ADマウスをJackson Labから得た。これらの広く使用されているマウスは、家族性アルツハイマー病に関連する3つの変異、AAP Swedish、MAPT 3P01LおよびPSEN1 M126Vを含有する。3×Tgマウスは、プラークおよびもつれ病理の両方を示す。B−アミロイド沈着は、進行性であり、4カ月のうち3カ月の早さで細胞内に出現し、細胞外沈着が前頭皮質内に6カ月までに出現し、12カ月までにより広範囲になる。本研究では、6カ月齢の雄3×Tg ADマウスを使用した。図7に記載されている通り、7カ月齢を過ぎた野生型(WT)対照マウスおよび3×Tg ADマウスに、NLY001およびPBS(1mg/kgおよび10mg/kg、週に2回)を5カ月にわたって皮下処置した。
本発明がその詳細な説明と併せて記載されているが、前述の説明は、添付の特許請求の範囲によって定義される本発明の範囲を例示するものであり、限定するものではない。他の態様、利点、および改変は、以下の特許請求の範囲内に入る。
本発明は、例えば、以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
神経変性疾患または障害を処置する方法であって、神経変性疾患または障害に罹患しているかまたは罹患するリスクがある被験体に、長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストを含む薬学的有効量の組成物を投与して、前記神経変性疾患または障害の1つまたは複数の症状を緩和するステップを含む、方法。
(項目2)
それを必要とする被験体に、有効量の長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストを投与して、常在自然免疫細胞の活性化を遮断するステップを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
GLP−1rの上方調節を介して、異常に凝集したタンパク質による免疫細胞の活性化が阻害される、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目4)
長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストの前記量が、活性化された前記自然免疫細胞から分泌される炎症性および/または神経毒性メディエーターの分泌を阻害するのに有効である、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記自然免疫細胞が、ミクログリアおよび/またはアストロサイトである、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記異常に凝集したタンパク質が、α−シヌクレイン、β−アミロイドまたはtauである、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストが、TNF−α、IL−1α、IL−1β、IFN−γ、IL−6、およびC1qからなる群より選択される炎症性または神経毒性メディエーターを適切な対照と比較して低減するために有効な量で存在する、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目8)
長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストの前記有効量が、活性化ミクログリアおよび反応性アストロサイトの細胞集団を低減させる、項目5に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記神経変性疾患がパーキンソン病である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記神経変性疾患がアルツハイマー病である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記神経変性疾患がハンチントン病である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記神経変性疾患が筋萎縮性側索硬化症である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストが、PEG化GLP−1r類似体、Fc融合GLP−1類似体、アルブミン融合GLP−1類似体、またはその誘導体を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストが、PEG化エクセナチド類似体を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目15)
前記組成物が、経口投与、静脈内投与、局所投与、非経口投与、腹腔内投与、筋肉内投与、髄腔内投与、病巣内投与、頭蓋内投与、鼻腔内投与、眼内投与、心臓内投与、硝子体内投与、骨内投与、脳内投与、動脈内投与、関節内投与、皮内投与、経皮投与、経粘膜投与、舌下投与、経腸投与、唇下投与、吹送投与、坐薬投与、吸入投与、または皮下投与によって投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記組成物が皮下投与される、項目15に記載の方法。
(項目17)
前記組成物が、丸剤、カプセル剤、錠剤、顆粒剤、散剤、塩、結晶、液剤、血清、シロップ剤、懸濁剤、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、ペースト剤、フィルム、パッチ剤、および吸入剤からなる群より選択される形態で投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目18)
前記組成物が、1カ月に1回から4回の間投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目19)
前記組成物が、週に1回投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目20)
前記組成物が、2週間ごとに投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目21)
前記組成物が、およそ1カ月に1回投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目22)
前記組成物が、2カ月に1回投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目23)
投与するステップが、6カ月に1回〜3回の範囲で投与することを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目24)
前記組成物のin vivoでの半減期が、非ヒト霊長類またはヒトにおいて12時間から200時間の間である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目25)
前記組成物が、ヒトに0.001mg/kgから100mg/kgの間の範囲内の用量で投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目26)
前記組成物が、ヒトに0.001mg/kgから10mg/kgの間の範囲内の用量で投与される、項目25に記載の方法。
(項目27)
前記組成物が、前記被験体に約10年の期間にわたって投与される、項目28に記載の方法。
(項目28)
処置の効果が少なくとも1年にわたって持続する、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目29)
アルファ−シヌクレインの予め形成された原線維により誘導されるドーパミン作動性ニューロンの喪失からの保護をなす、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目30)
アルツハイマー病ニューロンにおけるアミロイド−ベータおよび/またはtau毒性からの保護をなす、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目31)
前記被験体において、対照と比べて、運動技能、記憶技能および認知技能が改善される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目32)
前記被験体において、対照と比べて、シナプスおよび/またはシナプス機能が保護される、神経発生が増強される、アポトーシスが低減する、ニューロンが酸化ストレスから保護される、プラーク形成が低減する、および慢性炎症応答が防止される、項目1に記載の方法。
Claims (32)
- 神経変性疾患または障害を処置する方法であって、神経変性疾患または障害に罹患しているかまたは罹患するリスクがある被験体に、長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストを含む薬学的有効量の組成物を投与して、前記神経変性疾患または障害の1つまたは複数の症状を緩和するステップを含む、方法。
- それを必要とする被験体に、有効量の長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストを投与して、常在自然免疫細胞の活性化を遮断するステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- GLP−1rの上方調節を介して、異常に凝集したタンパク質による免疫細胞の活性化が阻害される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストの前記量が、活性化された前記自然免疫細胞から分泌される炎症性および/または神経毒性メディエーターの分泌を阻害するのに有効である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記自然免疫細胞が、ミクログリアおよび/またはアストロサイトである、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記異常に凝集したタンパク質が、α−シヌクレイン、β−アミロイドまたはtauである、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストが、TNF−α、IL−1α、IL−1β、IFN−γ、IL−6、およびC1qからなる群より選択される炎症性または神経毒性メディエーターを適切な対照と比較して低減するために有効な量で存在する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストの前記有効量が、活性化ミクログリアおよび反応性アストロサイトの細胞集団を低減させる、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患がパーキンソン病である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患がアルツハイマー病である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患がハンチントン病である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患が筋萎縮性側索硬化症である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストが、PEG化GLP−1r類似体、Fc融合GLP−1類似体、アルブミン融合GLP−1類似体、またはその誘導体を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記長時間作用型GLP−1rアゴニストが、PEG化エクセナチド類似体を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、経口投与、静脈内投与、局所投与、非経口投与、腹腔内投与、筋肉内投与、髄腔内投与、病巣内投与、頭蓋内投与、鼻腔内投与、眼内投与、心臓内投与、硝子体内投与、骨内投与、脳内投与、動脈内投与、関節内投与、皮内投与、経皮投与、経粘膜投与、舌下投与、経腸投与、唇下投与、吹送投与、坐薬投与、吸入投与、または皮下投与によって投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が皮下投与される、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、丸剤、カプセル剤、錠剤、顆粒剤、散剤、塩、結晶、液剤、血清、シロップ剤、懸濁剤、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、ペースト剤、フィルム、パッチ剤、および吸入剤からなる群より選択される形態で投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、1カ月に1回から4回の間投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、週に1回投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、2週間ごとに投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、およそ1カ月に1回投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、2カ月に1回投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 投与するステップが、6カ月に1回〜3回の範囲で投与することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物のin vivoでの半減期が、非ヒト霊長類またはヒトにおいて12時間から200時間の間である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、ヒトに0.001mg/kgから100mg/kgの間の範囲内の用量で投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、ヒトに0.001mg/kgから10mg/kgの間の範囲内の用量で投与される、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、前記被験体に約10年の期間にわたって投与される、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 処置の効果が少なくとも1年にわたって持続する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- アルファ−シヌクレインの予め形成された原線維により誘導されるドーパミン作動性ニューロンの喪失からの保護をなす、請求項1に記載の方法。
- アルツハイマー病ニューロンにおけるアミロイド−ベータおよび/またはtau毒性からの保護をなす、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記被験体において、対照と比べて、運動技能、記憶技能および認知技能が改善される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記被験体において、対照と比べて、シナプスおよび/またはシナプス機能が保護される、神経発生が増強される、アポトーシスが低減する、ニューロンが酸化ストレスから保護される、プラーク形成が低減する、および慢性炎症応答が防止される、請求項1に記載の方法。
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ES2968038T3 (es) | 2024-05-06 |
US20180369340A1 (en) | 2018-12-27 |
CA3009506A1 (en) | 2017-06-29 |
JP2020059735A (ja) | 2020-04-16 |
EA201891469A1 (ru) | 2018-12-28 |
EP3393496A1 (en) | 2018-10-31 |
PL3393496T3 (pl) | 2024-04-22 |
WO2017112889A1 (en) | 2017-06-29 |
DK3393496T3 (en) | 2023-11-13 |
KR20180096733A (ko) | 2018-08-29 |
CN108697768B (zh) | 2022-07-22 |
AU2016379403A1 (en) | 2018-07-19 |
US11123405B2 (en) | 2021-09-21 |
EP3393496A4 (en) | 2019-07-31 |
LT3393496T (lt) | 2023-12-11 |
CN108697768A (zh) | 2018-10-23 |
JP7026044B2 (ja) | 2022-02-25 |
DK3393496T5 (da) | 2024-09-16 |
AU2016379403B2 (en) | 2020-03-12 |
US20220111010A1 (en) | 2022-04-14 |
EP3393496B1 (en) | 2023-10-11 |
KR102508651B1 (ko) | 2023-03-13 |
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