JP2018100290A - 第Xa因子阻害剤に対する抗体およびその使用の方法 - Google Patents
第Xa因子阻害剤に対する抗体およびその使用の方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】抗凝固療法の主要な制限の1つは、治療に関連する出血の危険性、および過剰投薬の場合または緊急外科的処置が必要な場合において、抗凝固活性を迅速に反転させる能力の制限である。したがって、すべての形態の抗凝固療法に対する特異的かつ有効な解毒剤が非常に望ましい。本発明は、第Xa因子を標的とする抗凝固剤に対する解毒剤に関する。解毒剤は、第Xa因子阻害剤と結合してそれを実質的に中和するが、集合してプロトロンビナーゼ複合体を形成しない第Xa因子タンパク質誘導体である。本明細書に記載の誘導体は、内因性の凝固活性を欠くか、それが減少している。本明細書では、現在第Xa因子阻害剤を用いた抗凝固療法を受けている患者において出血を停止または予防する方法を開示する。
【選択図】なし
Description
本願は、2007年9月28に出願された米国仮特許出願第60/976,343号および2008年8月20日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/090,574号の利益を、米国特許法§119(e)のもとに主張する。米国仮特許出願第60/976,343号および同第61/090,574号の両方は、その全体が参照として援用される。
本発明の好ましい実施形態では、例えば以下が提供される:
(項目1)
第Xa因子阻害剤と結合し、そしてプロトロンビナーゼ複合体を集合して形成しない第Xa因子タンパク質誘導体の有効量を対象に投与することを含む、前記第Xa因子阻害剤を用いた抗凝固療法を受けている前記対象において出血を防止または減少する方法。
(項目2)
前記第Xa因子阻害剤と結合し、そしてプロトロンビナーゼ複合体を集合して形成しないXaタンパク質誘導体の有効量を対象に投与することを含む、前記対象において体外から投与した第Xa因子阻害剤と選択的に結合してそれを阻害する方法。
(項目3)
前記第Xa因子タンパク質誘導体が、直接または間接的に前記第Xa因子阻害剤と結合する、項目1または項目2に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記誘導体が、凝固促進活性が減少しているか、または凝固促進活性を有さない、項目3に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記誘導体が、Gla欠損第Xa因子タンパク質誘導体またはデス−Gla第Xa因子タンパク質である、項目1から4のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記誘導体が修飾された活性部位を有する、項目1から5のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記誘導体が、配列番号3の少なくともアミノ酸残基46〜448またはその均等物を含む、項目1から6のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記誘導体が、配列番号3の少なくともアミノ酸残基46〜139および195〜448またはその均等物を含む、項目1から7のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記誘導体が、fXaの軽鎖を欠き、前記重鎖中に存在するセリンプロテアーゼ触媒ドメインを含有する、項目1から8のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記誘導体が、配列番号5のアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチドである、項目1から9のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記誘導体が、タンパク質分解活性を欠くが、結合に必要な構造的特徴を維持するように任意選択で化学的にまたは組換えによって修飾された触媒ドメインを含み、前記ドメインが、
a.血漿カリクレイン、トロンビン、およびトリプシンからなる群から選択される哺乳動物プロテアーゼ;または
b.細菌プロテアーゼのサブチリシン
のいずれかに由来する、項目1から10のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記誘導体が、修飾された軽鎖を有する配列番号7のアミノ酸配列またはその均等物を含む、項目1から11のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記誘導体が、リン脂質膜結合が減少するように修飾された軽鎖を含む、項目1から12のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記修飾された軽鎖が、野生型ヒト第Xa因子タンパク質の前記Gla−ドメインと比較して、前記Gla−ドメイン中に少なくとも1つのアミノ酸置換、付加、または欠失を含む、項目1から13のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目15)
前記誘導体が、未カルボキシル化、低カルボキシル化、および脱カルボキシル化第Xa因子タンパク質からなる群から選択される、項目1から14のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記誘導体が、修飾されている配列番号7の前記重鎖またはその均等物を含む、項目1から15のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目17)
前記誘導体が、Glu216、Glu218、Arg332、Arg347、Lys351、およびSer379からなる群から選択されるアミノ酸の少なくとも1つのアミノ酸置換によって修飾されている、項目1から16のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目18)
Ser379がデヒドロ−アラニンまたはアラニンへと修飾されている、項目1から17のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目19)
前記誘導体が、配列番号10のアミノ酸配列またはその均等物を有するデス−Glaアンヒドロ−fXaである、項目1から18のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目20)
前記誘導体が、配列番号11のアミノ酸配列またはその均等物を有するデス−Gla fXa−S379Aである、項目1から19のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目21)
前記誘導体が、ATIII、補因子fV/fVaおよび/またはfVIII/fVIIIaとの相互作用が減少しており、配列番号7のアミノ酸配列またはその均等物を含む、項目1から20のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目22)
前記誘導体が、配列番号12もしくは13もしくは15のアミノ酸配列または配列番号12もしくは13もしくは15と少なくとも80%の相同性を有するポリペプチドを含む、項目1から21のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目23)
前記誘導体が、アミノ酸位置Arg306、Glu310、Arg347、Lys351、Lys414、またはArg424で少なくとも1つのアミノ酸置換を有する、項目1から22のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目24)
前記誘導体が、EGFドメイン中に修飾を有し、前記修飾が、EGF1ドメインの欠失、EGF2ドメインの欠失、ならびに前記EGF1およびEGF2ドメインの両方の欠失からなる群から選択される、項目1から23のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目25)
前記誘導体が、前記誘導体の循環半減期を延長させることができる部分とコンジュゲートしている、項目1から24のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目26)
前記部分が、ポリエチレングリコール、アシル基、リポソーム、カプセル封入剤、担体タンパク質、人工リン脂質膜、ナノ粒子、Fcペプチド断片、Fc担体ドメインおよびfXa誘導体を含むキメラタンパク質ならびにその組合せからなる群から選択される、項目25に記載の方法。
(項目27)
前記誘導体の循環半減期を延長させる薬剤を有効量投与することをさらに含む、項目1から26のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目28)
前記薬剤が、fXaの非活性部位またはα−2−マクログロブリンと結合したfXa誘導体を特異的に認識してそれと結合する抗fXa抗体である、項目27に記載の方法。
(項目29)
前記第Xa因子阻害剤が、フォンダパリヌクス、イドラパリナックス、ビオチン標識イドラパリナックス、エノキサパリン、fragmin、NAP−5、rNAPc2、組織因子経路阻害剤、DX−9065a、YM−60828、YM−150、アピキサバン、リバロキサバン、PD−348292、オタミキサバン、DU−176b、LY517717、GSK913893、ラザキサバン、低分子量ヘパリン、ベトリキサバンまたは製薬上許容されるその塩、およびその組合せからなる群から選択される、項目1から28のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目30)
前記第Xa因子阻害剤が、ベトリキサバン、リバラオキサバン、アピキサバン、低分子量ヘパリン、およびその組合せから選択される、項目29に記載の方法。
(項目31)
前記対象が、出血、重要臓器内への出血、再手術または新しい治療手順を要する出血、および関連する明白な出血を伴う2.0以上の出血指数からなる群から選択される臨床的な大量出血事象を起こしている、項目1から30のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目32)
前記対象が、持続性または再発性の鼻出血、治療手順を必要としない直腸または尿路の出血、実質的な注射部位の血腫、非注射部位での自発性血腫、小さな外傷に伴って発生する血腫、実質的な失血、および予定外の輸血を要する出血からなる群から選択される出血事象を起こしている、項目1から31のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目33)
前記誘導体を手術前に投与する、項目1から32のいずれかに記載の方法。
(項目34)
第Xa因子阻害剤と結合し、プロトロンビナーゼ複合体を集合して形成しない第Xa因子誘導体タンパク質と、製薬上許容される担体とを含む薬剤組成物。
(項目35)
配列番号12のアミノ酸配列または配列番号12と少なくとも80%の相同性を有するポリペプチドを含む、単離したポリペプチド。
(項目36)
配列番号12のアミノ酸配列を含む、単離したポリペプチド。
(項目37)
配列番号13のアミノ酸配列または配列番号13と少なくとも80%の相同性を有するポリペプチドを含む、単離した二本鎖ポリペプチド。
(項目38)
配列番号15のアミノ酸配列または配列番号15と少なくとも80%の相同性を有するポリペプチドを含む、単離したポリペプチド。
(項目39)
項目35から38のいずれか一項に記載のポリペプチドと共有または非共有結合した担体を含む、ペプチドコンジュゲート。
(項目40)
前記担体が、リポソーム、ミセル、製薬上許容されるポリマー、または製薬上許容される担体である、項目39に記載のペプチドコンジュゲート。
(項目41)
担体および項目35から38のいずれか一項に記載のポリペプチドを含む薬剤組成物。
(項目42)
項目35から38のいずれか一項に記載のポリペプチドをコードしているポリヌクレオチド。
(項目43)
項目35から38のいずれか一項に記載のポリペプチドと結合する抗体。
(項目44)
前記抗体が、ポリクローナル抗体、モノクローナル抗体、キメラ抗体またはヒト化抗体である、項目43に記載の抗体。
(項目45)
項目43に記載の抗体の生物活性断片。
(項目46)
検出可能に標識されている、項目43に記載の抗体。
(項目47)
項目43に記載の抗体および担体を含む組成物。
(項目48)
項目45に記載の抗体断片を含む組成物。
(項目49)
項目46に記載の抗体および前記抗体と特異的に結合するポリペプチドを含む、抗体−ペプチド複合体。
(項目50)
前記ポリペプチドが、それに対する抗体が産生されたポリペプチドである、項目49に記載の複合体。
(項目51)
前記抗体が、ポリクローナル抗体、モノクローナル抗体、キメラ抗体またはヒト化抗体である、項目49に記載の複合体。
(項目52)
項目35から38のいずれか一項に記載のポリペプチドをコードしているポリヌクレオチドを、原核または真核宿主細胞中で発現させることを含む、項目35から38のいずれか一項に記載のポリペプチドを調製する方法。
(項目53)
前記ポリペプチドが、配列番号12のアミノ酸配列を含み、前記ポリヌクレオチドが、配列番号16のヌクレオチド配列を含む、項目52に記載の方法。
(項目54)
前記宿主細胞がチャイニーズハムスター卵巣細胞である、項目52に記載の方法。
(項目55)
前記ポリペプチドを単離することをさらに含む、項目52から54のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目56)
項目35から38のいずれか一項に記載のポリペプチドをコードしているポリヌクレオチドを含む、単離した原核または真核宿主細胞。
(項目57)
担体および項目56に記載の原核または真核宿主細胞を含む組成物。
(項目58)
項目41に記載の組成物を対象に有効量投与することを含む、第Xa因子阻害剤を用いた抗凝固療法を受けている前記対象において出血を防止または減少する方法。
(項目59)
項目41に記載の組成物を対象に有効量投与することを含む、第Xa因子阻害剤を用いた抗凝固療法を受けている前記対象において、体外から投与した第Xa因子阻害剤と選択的に結合してそれを阻害する方法。
(項目60)
前記第Xa因子阻害剤が、フォンダパリヌクス、イドラパリナックス、ビオチン標識イドラパリナックス、エノキサパリン、fragmin、NAP−5、rNAPc2、組織因子経路阻害剤、DX−9065a、YM−60828、YM−150、アピキサバン、リバロキサバン、PD−348292、オタミキサバン、DU−176b、LY517717、GSK913893、ラザキサバン、低分子量ヘパリン、ベトリキサバンまたは製薬上許容されるその塩、およびその組合せからなる群から選択される、項目58または59に記載の方法。
(項目61)
前記第Xa因子阻害剤が、ベトリキサバン、リバラオキサバン、アピキサバン、低分子量ヘパリン、およびその組合せから選択される、項目60に記載の方法。
(項目62)
前記誘導体を手術前に投与する、項目60に記載の方法。
本発明の実施では、別段に指定しない限りは、当分野の技術範囲内にある組織培養物、免疫学、分子生物学、微生物学、細胞生物学および組換えDNAの慣用技術を用いる。たとえば、Sambrook and Russell編(2001年)Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual、第3版;シリーズAusubelら編(2007年)Current Protocols in Molecular Biology;シリーズMethods in Enzymology(Academic Press, Inc.、N.Y.);MacPhersonら(1991年)PCR 1: A Practical Approach(IRL Press at Oxford University Press);MacPhersonら(1995年)PCR 2: A Practical Approach;Harlow and Lane編(1999年)Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual;Freshney(2005年)Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique、第5版;Gait ed.(1984年)Oligonucleotide Synthesis;米国特許第4,683,195号;Hames and Higgins編(1984年)Nucleic Acid Hybridization;Anderson(1999年)Nucleic Acid Hybridization;Hames and Higgins編(1984年)Transcription and Translation;Immobilized Cells and Enzymes(IRL Press(1986年));Perbal(1984年)A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning;Miller and Calos編(1987年)Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory);Makrides編(2003年)Gene Transfer and Expression in Mammalian Cells;Mayer and Walker編(1987年)Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology(Academic Press、London);Herzenbergら編(1996年)Weir’s Handbook of Experimental Immunology;Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual、第3版(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press(2002年))を参照されたい。
II.本発明の方法
本発明の一態様は、対象に、有効量の第Xa因子タンパク質誘導体を投与することによる、抗凝固療法を受けている対象において出血を防止または減少する方法に関する。一実施形態では、誘導体は修飾された活性部位および/または修飾されたGla−ドメインを有しており、したがって、凝固促進活性が減少しているか、または凝固促進活性を有さない。誘導体は解毒剤として作用し、阻害剤の抗凝固活性を実質的に中和する。一実施形態では、誘導体は、Gla欠損または無Gla−ドメインのどちらかである。対象はは、哺乳動物、またはより詳細にはヒトであり得る。
III.解毒剤
第Xa因子誘導体
本発明の一態様は、凝固fXaの阻害剤の活性を実質的に中和して出血を予防または停止するための安全かつ有効な解毒剤としての、Gla−ドメイン欠損fXaまたはデス−Gla fXaなどのfXa誘導体の使用である。本発明の解毒剤は、fXa阻害剤、特に活性部位特異的小分子阻害剤の抗凝固効果を反転させるために有効であることが企図される。
本発明のポリペプチド
特定の態様では、本発明は、配列番号12、13または15のアミノ酸配列を含む単離したポリペプチドに関する。また、本発明には、配列番号12、13または15と少なくとも80%の相同性を有するポリペプチドも包含される。
ポリペプチドコンジュゲート
本発明のポリペプチドおよびポリペプチド複合体は、意図する使用に応じて変動し得る、様々な配合物中で使用することができる。たとえば、1つまたは複数を、特定の目的に応じてその性質が変動し得る様々な他の分子と、共有または非共有結合(複合体形成)することができる。たとえば、本発明のペプチドは、それだけには限定されないが、天然および合成ポリマー、タンパク質、多糖類、ポリペプチド(アミノ酸)、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、ならびに脂質を含めた、巨大分子担体と共有または非共有的に複合体形成させることができる。ペプチドは、リポソーム内に導入するために、脂肪酸とコンジュゲートさせることができ、米国特許第5,837,249号を参照されたい。本発明のペプチドは、その様々なものが当分野で知られており、本明細書に記載されている固体担体と、共有または非共有的に複合体形成させることができる。本発明の抗原ペプチドエピトープは、MHC複合体などの抗原提示マトリックスと、共刺激分子を用いてまたは用いずに、会合させることができる。
宿主細胞
また、本発明のポリペプチドのうちの1つまたは複数を含む宿主細胞も提供する。一態様では、ポリペプチドは発現され、細胞表面上(細胞外)に存在する。本発明のポリペプチドを含有する適切な細胞には、それだけには限定されないが、細菌細胞、酵母細胞、昆虫細胞、動物細胞、哺乳動物細胞、ネズミ細胞、ラット細胞、ヒツジ細胞、サル細胞およびヒト細胞を含めた、原核および真核細胞が含まれる。細菌細胞の例には、Escherichia coli、Salmonella entericaおよびStreptococcus gordoniiが含まれる。細胞は、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC、米国メリーランド州Rockville)などの商業販売者から購入するか、または当分野で知られている方法を用いて単離物から培養することができる。適切な真核細胞の例には、それだけには限定されないが、293T HEK細胞、およびハムスター細胞系のCHO、BHK−21;NIH3T3、NS0、C127と呼ばれるネズミ細胞系、サル細胞系のCOS、Vero;ならびにヒト細胞系HeLa、PER.C6(Crucellから販売)U−937およびHep G2が含まれる。昆虫細胞の非限定的な例には、Spodoptera frugiperdaが含まれる。発現に有用な酵母の例には、それだけには限定されないが、Saccharomyces、Schizosaccharomyces、Hansenula、Candida、Torulopsis、Yarrowia、またはPichiaが含まれる。たとえば、米国特許第4,812,405号;第4,818,700号;第4,929,555号;第5,736,383号;第5,955,349号;第5,888,768号および第6,258,559号を参照されたい。
単離したポリヌクレオチドおよび組成物
また、本発明は、上記同定した配列またはその相補体に対する相補的ポリヌクレオチドも提供する。相補性は、中等度または高ストリンジェンシーの条件下における従来のハイブリダイゼーション用いて決定することができる。本明細書で使用する用語、ポリヌクレオチドとは、DNAおよびRNAならびに修飾されたヌクレオチドを意図する。たとえば、本発明は、アンチセンスポリヌクレオチド鎖、たとえば、これらの配列またはその相補体に対するアンチセンスRNAも提供する。
dsRNAおよびsiRNAの合成
dsRNAおよびsiRNAは、Micura(2002年)Agnes Chem. Int. Ed. Emgl.、41巻:2265〜2269頁;Betz(2003年)Promega Notes、85巻:15〜18頁;およびPaddison and Hannon(2002年)Cancer Cell.、2巻:17〜23頁に記載のように、化学的または酵素的にin vitroで合成することができる。化学合成は、Micura(2002年)、上記に記載されているように、どちらも当分野で周知の手動または自動の方法によって行うことができる。また、siRNAは、細胞の内部でshRNAの形態で、Yuら(2002年)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA、99巻:6047〜6052頁;およびMcManusら(2002年)RNA、8巻:842〜850頁に記載のように内在発現させることもできる。内在発現は、プラスミドに基づいた発現系を用いて、核内低分子RNAプロモーター、たとえば、RNAポリメラーゼIII U6もしくはH1、またはRNAポリメラーゼII U1を使用して、Brummelkampら(2002年)Science、296巻:550〜553頁(2002年);およびNovarinoら(2004年)J. Neurosci.、24巻:5322〜5330頁に記載のように達成されている。
2: RNA interference、Promega Corporation、(2005年)に記載のように、合成される別々の短いRNA鎖をアニーリングさせて、siRNAを形成する。
治療用抗体組成物
また、本発明は、本発明の治療方法において有用な、本発明のタンパク質またはポリペプチドと複合体を特異的に形成することができる抗体も提供する。用語「抗体」には、ポリクローナル抗体およびモノクローナル抗体、抗体断片、ならびにその誘導体(上述)が含まれる。抗体には、それだけには限定されないが、マウス、ラット、およびウサギまたはヒト抗体が含まれる。抗体は、細胞培養物中、ファージ中、または、それだけには限定されないが、ウシ、ウサギ、ヤギ、マウス、ラット、ハムスター、モルモット、ヒツジ、イヌ、ネコ、サル、チンパンジー、類人猿などを含めた様々な動物中で産生することができる。また、抗体は、治療ポリペプチドの同定および精製にも有用である。
また、本発明の抗体を修飾してキメラ抗体を作製することもできる。キメラ抗体とは、抗体の重鎖および軽鎖の様々なドメインが、複数種由来のDNAによってコードされている抗体である。たとえば、米国特許第4,816,567号を参照されたい。
用語「抗体誘導体」には、「直鎖状抗体」がさらに含まれる。直鎖状抗体を作製する手順は当分野で知られており、Zapataら(1995年)Protein Eng.、8巻(10号):1057〜1062頁に記載されている。手短に述べると、これらの抗体は、一対の抗原結合領域を形成する一対の直列型のFdセグメント(VH−CH1−VH−CH1)を含む。直鎖状抗体は二重特異性または単一特異性であり得る。
IV.治療
本発明は、抗凝固療法を受けている対象において出血を防止または減少する治療方法に関する。本発明の解毒剤または誘導体は、有害な血行動態副作用または傷害に対する増殖性の血管応答の再燃を引き起こさずに、fXa阻害剤の慣用の抗凝固特性を安全かつ特異的に中和することができる、待機的または緊急の状況で使用する短期間薬であり得ることが企図される。
a)ポリエチレングリコール;
b)アシル基;
c)リポソームおよびカプセル封入剤;
d)担体タンパク質;
e)人工リン脂質膜;
f)免疫グロブリン;および
g)ナノ粒子。
V.薬剤組成物
本発明は、fXa誘導体および製薬上許容される担体を含む組成物をさらに提供する。
VI.キット
本発明は、キットまたはパッケージをさらに提供する。一部の実施形態では、本発明のキットは、(a)血栓症を治療するために定型的に投与するfXa阻害剤を含有する第1の容器、および(b)(a)中に過量のfXa阻害剤が存在する場合、または出血を停止もしくは予防するために正常な止血を回復させる必要がある場合に使用する、本発明の解毒剤を含有する第2の容器を含む。他の実施形態では、キットは、これら(a)および(b)中の2つの薬剤をどのような場合に使用すべきかを説明するラベルをさらに含む。
キモトリプシン消化によるデス−Glaアンヒドロ−fXaの調製
デス−Glaアンヒドロ−fXaを、Morita, T.ら、J. Bio. Chem.、1986年、261巻(9号):4015〜4023頁の手順に従って、デヒドロアラニンが活性部位セリンを置き換えているアンヒドロ−fXaを、キモトリプシンと、0.05Mのトリス−HCl、0.1MのNaCl、pH7.5中、22℃で60分間インキュベートすることによって調製した。典型的な実験設定では、0.5ミリグラム/ミリリットル(mg/mL)のアンヒドロ−fXaを、5単位/ミリリットル(U/mL)のα−キモトリプシン−アガロースビーズと共に、穏やかに攪拌しながらインキュベートした。反応の終了時に、α−キモトリプシン−アガロースビーズを遠心分離または濾過によって除去した。次いで、これを過剰量の阻害剤4−アミジノ−フェニル−メタン−スルホニルフルオライド(APMSF)、トシル−L−リシンクロロメチルケトン(TLCK)、およびトシル−L−フェニルアラニンクロロメチルケトン(TPCK)と共にインキュベートして、残留fXa活性またはビーズから浸出した可能性のあるすべてのキモトリプシン活性を反応停止した。Gla−ドメイン断片および阻害剤を、Amicon超遠心分離濾過装置(YM10膜)によって、または慣用の透析によって、最終産物デス−Glaアンヒドロ−fXaから除去した。必要な場合は、濃縮または緩衝液交換も同時に達成した。Gla−ドメイン含有アンヒドロ−fXaを、Nogamiら、J. Biol. Chem.、1999年、274巻(43号):31000〜7頁によって報告されている手順に従って調製した。α−キモトリプシン−アガロースビーズはSigmaから購入し、特異的活性(U/mL)は、使用した特定のロット番号の製造者のデータに基づく。
乏血小板血漿(PPP)または多血小板血漿(PRP)におけるトロンビン産生アッセイ
本実施例では、ヒトの乏血小板血漿または多血小板血漿試料を、0.32%のクエン酸塩中に抜き取った健康なドナーの血液から調製した。PRPおよびPPPは、抗凝血処理した血液を、それぞれ約100×重力までまたは1000×重力で20分間、室温で遠心することによって調製した。75〜100マイクロリットル(uL)の血漿を、CaCl2およびZ−Gly−Gly−Arg−アミノメチルクマリン(Z−GGR−AMC、トロンビン蛍光原基質)と混合した。組織因子(Innovin、Dade Behring)を加えてトロンビンの産生を開始させた。典型的な実験では、反応混合物は、15ミリモーラー(mM)のCa2+、100マイクロモーラー(μM)のZ−GGR−AMC、および0.1ナノモーラー(nM)の組織因子(TF)(Innovin)を含有していた。トロンビンの形成は、37℃で蛍光定量的プレートリーダー(Molecular
Devices)によって連続的にモニターし、相対蛍光単位(RFU)を測定した。存在する場合は、トロンビン産生を開始させる前に、阻害剤および解毒剤を血漿と共に20分間、室温でプレインキュベートした。
凝固延長アッセイ
2つの凝固アッセイ様式を用いて、凝固延長に対する第Xa因子阻害剤および解毒剤の効果を試験した。第1の様式では、96ウェルプレートを用いて複数の試料を同時に測定した。第2のアッセイ様式では、aPTTを慣用の凝固装置(MLA Electra800自動凝固タイマー)で測定した。
デス−Glaアンヒドロ−fXaによる、ベトリキサバンによるfXaの阻害の反転
ベトリキサバンによるfXa活性の阻害およびその阻害効果の反転を測定するために、精製した活性fXa、様々な濃度のベトリキサバンおよび解毒剤デス−Glaアンヒドロ−fXaを、20mMのトリス、150mMのNaCl、5mMのCa2+、および0.1%のウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)に加えた。室温で20分間インキュベートした後、100μMのSpectrozyme−fXa(第Xa因子発色基質、Chromogenix)を混合物に加え、基質の切断速度を5分間、405ナノメートル(nm)でプレートリーダーによって連続的にモニターした。図5では、色素原活性を、どの阻害剤も存在しない場合の活性fXaに対して正規化した。生成物形成の初期速度を、阻害剤および解毒剤の濃度の関数として非線形回帰によって分析して、解毒剤に対するベトリキサバンの親和性を推定した(図8)。
脱カルボキシル化γ−カルボキシグルタミン酸残基を有するfXaの調製
脱カルボキシル化γ−カルボキシグルタミン酸残基を有するfXa誘導体は、fXaタンパク質を、たとえば、Bajajら、J. Biol. Chem.、1982年、257巻(7号):3726〜3731頁によって報告されている手順に基づいて処理することによって、調製することができる。2mLの0.1モーラーの炭酸水素アンモニウム、pH8.0中の、2〜5mgの精製または組換えfXaを凍結乾燥した。生じる散剤を20μM未満の真空下で密封し、110℃で様々な時間加熱して、脱カルボキシル化fXaが得られた。
組換えデス−Gla fXa−S379Aの調製
fXa誘導体は、突然変異誘発および分子生物学の一般手順に従って、適切な宿主生物中でfX(配列番号1、3)またはfXa誘導体(配列番号4、5、9、および11)を発現させるためのfX cDNA(配列番号2)に基づいた、以下の手順のうちの1つを用いた組換えDNA方法によって産生し得る。
CHO細胞中での組換えfXa突然変異体の発現
本実施例では、組換えタンパク質発現構築体および無Gla−ドメインfXa−S379A(キモトリプシンの番号付けでS195A)変異体を直接発現するための細胞系を記載する。組換え解毒剤は、pd−解毒剤を産生するために必要な活性化または化学修飾ステップを必要とせず、本明細書に記述するin vitroアッセイにおいて、血漿由来のタンパク質に対して比較可能な親和性を有する。
in vivoマウスモデル
解毒剤を投与したまたは投与していない、雄のC57Bl/6マウスにおけるベトリキサバンの薬物動態学および薬力学(PK−PD)のプロフィールを試験した。単一のベトリキサバンの経口投与を、対照群に0、15、25、および75mg/kgで投薬した。15mg/kgを解毒剤治療群に使用した。解毒剤(300ug/200μL)またはビヒクル(正常生理食塩水、200μL)の単一の静脈内(IV)注射を、1.5時間時点の5分前に投与した。
解毒剤によるリバロキサバンおよびアピキサバンのin vitro反転
予想どおり、本発明によって企図される解毒剤は、他の活性部位特異的fXa阻害剤と結合してそれを中和することもできた。表15および16は、pd−解毒剤およびr−解毒剤による、ベトリキサバン、リバロキサバンおよびアピキサバンによる阻害のin vitro補正を示す。精製したfXa(3.0nM)、阻害剤(7.5nM)、および様々な濃度の解毒剤を、10分間、22℃で、20mMのトリス、150mMのNaCl、0.1%のBSA、pH7.4を含む緩衝液中でインキュベートした。fXa活性を実施例4と同様にアッセイした。
r−解毒剤によるベトリキサバンのin vitro反転
表17では、ベトリキサバンによる抗凝固の反転に対する組換え解毒剤タンパク質の効果を、ヒト血漿凝固アッセイで試験した。血漿のaPTT延長および阻害効果の反転に対する300nMおよび400nMのベトリキサバンの効果を、MLA Electra800自動凝固タイマーによって測定した。100μLのプールしたクエン酸塩で抗凝血処理したヒト血漿を、300nMまたは400nMのベトリキサバンおよび様々な濃度の解毒剤と混合した。aPTT試薬(Actin FS、Dade Behring)およびCaCl2を製造者の指示に従って加えた。
r−解毒剤による低分子量ヘパリン(「LMWH」)のin vitro反転
図18では、LMWHエノキサパリン(Sanofi−Aventis)の阻害効果を反転させるr−解毒剤の効果を、ヒト血漿の濁度変化によって試験した。エノキサパリン(0〜1.25U/mL)を、22℃で20分間、508nMのr−解毒剤を用いてまたは用いずにインキュベートした。濁度変化は、実施例3に記載の手順に従って測定した。508nMのr−解毒剤は、0.3125〜1.25U/mLのエノキサパリンの阻害効果を実質的に補正した(>75%)。
r−解毒剤によるリバロキサバンのin vitro反転
図20では、小分子第Xa因子阻害剤(リバロキサバン、Bay59−7939)による抗凝固の反転に対する組換え解毒剤タンパク質の効果を、ヒト血漿凝固アッセイで試験した。Perzbornら、J. Thromb. Haemost.、3巻:514〜521頁、2005年によって報告されているように、プロトロンビン時間の測定は、リバロキサバン抗凝固効果を評価する正確な方法である。プールしたヒト血漿のプロトロンビン時間(PT)延長および阻害効果の反転に対する1μMのリバロキサバンの効果を、MLA Electra800自動凝固タイマーによって測定した。100μLのプールしたクエン酸塩で抗凝血処理したヒト血漿を、リバロキサバンおよび様々な濃度の解毒剤と混合した。凝固時間を測定する前に、ウサギ脳トロンボプラスチンC Plus試薬(Dade Behring)を製造者の指示に従って血漿試料に加えた。1.9μMの組換え解毒剤を加えることで、1μMのリバロキサバンによって生じる抗凝固の100%の補正が生じた。
r−解毒剤によるアピキサバンのin vitro反転
表18では、アピキサバンによる抗凝固の反転に対する組換え解毒剤タンパク質の効果を、ヒト血漿凝固アッセイで試験した。Pintoら、J. Med. Chem.、55巻(22号):5339〜5356頁、2007年によって報告されているように、プロトロンビン時間(PT)の測定は、アピキサバンのex vivo抗凝固効果を評価する正確な方法である。プールしたヒト血漿のプロトロンビン時間(PT)延長および阻害効果の反転に対する1μMおよび1.5μMのアピキサバンの効果を、MLA Electra800自動凝固タイマーによって測定した。100μLのプールしたクエン酸塩で抗凝血処理したヒト血漿を、アピキサバンおよび様々な濃度の解毒剤と混合した。凝固時間を測定する前に、ウサギ脳トロンボプラスチンC Plus試薬(Dade Behring)を製造者の指示に従って血漿試料に加えた。1.9μMの組換え解毒剤を加えることで、1.5μMのアピキサバンによって生じる抗凝固の97%の補正が生じた。
デス−Glaアンヒドロ−fXaによるアルガトロバンのin vitro阻害
アルガトロバンによるトロンビン活性の阻害およびその阻害効果の反転を測定するために、精製したヒトトロンビン(5nM)、アルガトロバン(50nM)および様々な濃度の解毒剤デス−GlaアンヒドロfXaを、20mMのトリス、0.15MのNaCl、5mMの塩化カルシウム、0.1%のウシ血清アルブミン、pH7.4を含有する緩衝液に加えた。室温で20分間インキュベートした後、アミド分解基質S2288(200uM)を混合物に加え、p−ニトロアニリド基質の切断速度を405nmの吸光度によってモニターした。結果を図12に表す。
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