JP2018019725A - 少量の末梢血からの人工多能性幹細胞の作製 - Google Patents
少量の末梢血からの人工多能性幹細胞の作製 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、全般的には分子生物学及び幹細胞の分野に関する。より具体的には、本発明は、体細胞、特に造血前駆細胞の再プログラミングに関する。
一般に、幹細胞は、一連の成熟した機能的細胞を生じさせ得る未分化細胞である。例えば、造血幹細胞は、最終分化したあらゆる様々なタイプの血液細胞を生じさせ得る。胚性幹(ES)細胞は胚由来で多能性であり、従って何れかの臓器もしくは組織型へ又は少なくとも潜在的には完全な胚へと発生する能力を保持している。
ATPase阻害剤及び/又はRho結合キナーゼ(ROCK)シグナル伝達阻害剤が含まれ得る。
例えば、本願発明は以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
a)造血前駆細胞を含むヒト末梢血細胞の細胞集団を提供し、
b)その造血前駆細胞の増殖を促進するための増殖条件下でその集団を培養し、
c)iPS再プログラミング因子を発現する外来性エピソーム性遺伝因子又は外来性RNA遺伝因子をその増殖造血前駆細胞に導入し、
d)ゼノフリー培養においてその増殖造血前駆細胞を培養し、それによりその造血前駆細胞からヒトiPS細胞を作製させる、
段階を含む、造血前駆細胞からヒトiPS細胞を作製するためのインビトロの方法。
(項目2)
前記細胞集団が、外部から加えられた顆粒球コロニー刺激因子(G−CSF)又は顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM−CSF)で細胞が動員されていない1以上の対象由来である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記細胞集団が、体積約10mL以下の血液試料中に含まれる、項目1から項目2の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記増殖条件が、幹細胞因子(SCF)、Flt−3リガンド(Flt3L)、トロンボポエチン(TPO)、インターロイキン3(IL−3)又はインターロイキン6(IL−6)を含む1以上のサイトカインを含む増殖培地を含む、項目1から項目3の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記増殖条件がNotch−1リガンドを含まない、項目1から項目4の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目6)
段階b)の前記増殖条件が、既知組成の細胞外マトリクスを含む、項目1から項目5の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目7)
段階b)の前記増殖条件がマトリクスを含まない、項目1から項目5の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目8)
段階b)における条件の又は段階d)の培養の酸素分圧が7%以下である、項目1から項目7の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記再プログラミング因子が、Sox、Oct、Nanog、Lin−28、Klf4、C−myc(又はL−myc)、SV40ラージT抗原又はそれらの組み合わせである、項目1から項目8の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記外来性エピソーム性遺伝因子又は外来性RNA遺伝因子が、1以上のポリシストロニックなカセットを有する、項目1から項目9の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記段階c)が、前記増殖段階b)の第3、4、5又は6日前後に行われる、項目1から項目10の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記段階c)の増殖造血前駆細胞の出発数が、約104個から約105個である、項目1から項目11の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記段階d)の培養が、既知組成の細胞外マトリクスを含む、項目1から項目12の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記既知組成の細胞外マトリクスが、単一タイプの細胞外マトリクスペプチドを有する、項目1から項目13の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目15)
前記既知組成の細胞外マトリクスがヒトフィブロネクチン断片である、項目1から項目14の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記段階の1以上における培地が化学的に既知組成である、項目1から項目15の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目17)
e)iPS細胞について選択することをさらに含む、項目1から項目16の何れかに記載の方法。
(項目18)
a)体積が10mL以下である、造血前駆細胞を含む末梢血試料を提供し;
b)iPS再プログラミング因子を発現する外来性エピソーム性遺伝因子又は外来性RNA遺伝因子をその造血前駆細胞に導入し;
c)ゼノフリー培養においてその造血前駆細胞を培養し、それによってその末梢血試料からヒトiPS細胞を生成させる、
段階を含む、末梢血試料からヒトiPS細胞を作製するためのインビトロでの方法。
(項目19)
前記段階b)の前に前記造血前駆細胞の増殖を促進するための増殖条件下でその造血前駆細胞を培養することをさらに含む、項目18に記載の方法。
(項目20)
造血前駆細胞を含むヒト末梢血細胞の細胞集団及びその子孫細胞と、ゼノフリー細胞外マトリクスと、ゼノフリー培地と、を含み、その造血前駆細胞が、再プログラミング因子を発現する1以上の外来性エピソーム性遺伝因子又は外来性RNA遺伝因子を含む、インビトロ細胞培養組成物。
本発明は、末梢血細胞の再プログラミングの全体的プロセス効率を改善するための方法及び組成物に関する。このような再プログラミングは、ゼノフリー又は既知組成条件下であり得、基本的に外来性レトロウイルス遺伝因子不含であり得、従ってより臨床的に意義のあるiPS細胞が作製される。
II.定義
III.血液細胞の再プログラミング
A.造血前駆細胞
造血幹細胞(HSC)は通常骨髄に存在するが、血液へと送り込まれ得、これは、末梢血中の多くのHSCを採取するために臨床的に使用される動員と呼ばれるプロセスである。最適な動員物質の1つは顆粒球コロニー刺激因子(G−CSF)である。
ヒト多能性幹細胞研究は、現代の生物学において最もダイナミックな分野の1つである。ヒトES細胞のようなヒトiPS細胞は殆どが、マウス胚繊維芽細胞(MEF)のフィーダー層下で得られ、培養されてきた。例えば、ヒト多能性幹細胞の治療可能性は、1種類の細胞型の喪失もしくは機能不全から生じる、パーキンソン病及び糖尿病などの疾病に対する分化細胞型の移植にある。しかし、これらの臨床応用は現在のところ、インビトロ誘導及び増殖相中の異種由来物質混入により限定的である。従来使用されてきたようなマウスフィーダー又は馴化培地は、非ヒト病原体を導入するリスクを有し、将来的な移植が不可能となる。従って、研究モデルと臨床応用との間のギャップを埋めるためには、ゼノフリープロセスの計画及び実施が必要である。従ってゼノフリー培地及びゼノフリー細胞外マトリクスなどのゼノフリー(XF;又は動物成分不含、ACF;又は動物由来物質不含)培養条件は、ヒトでの移植が望まれる再生幹細胞療法の開発において必須要素である。さらに、再プログラミング効率は、使用するMEFフィーダー細胞の違い又は何らかの動物由来製品により影響を受け得る。
A.造血前駆細胞増殖条件
出発細胞(つまり、再プログラミングしようとする増殖造血前駆細胞)及び最終的な再プログラム化細胞は、一般に、培養液及び条件について異なる要件を有する。細胞の再プログラミングが起こるようにしながら同時にこれを可能にするために、1以上の過渡的な培養条件が必要とされ得る。再プログラミングプロセスを開始させるために、播種から少なくとも、約又は最長0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8もしくは9日後、とりわけ播種から3、4、5又は6日後、典型的な実施態様においては播種から6日後、増殖させた造血前駆細胞に対して形質移入を行い得る。代替的な実施態様において、増殖段階は必ずしも必要でないことがある。例えば、非動員化末梢血からの精製から十分な造血前駆細胞が直接得られる場合、増殖段階なしで再プログラミングを開始することができる。しかし、例えば体積10mL以下の、体積が小さい末梢血を扱う場合、造血前駆細胞数を増加させ、従って再プログラミング効率を向上させるために増殖段階を使用し得る。
末梢血細胞の再プログラミングにおいて、接着細胞培養に対する基質とするために様々な既知組成のマトリクス成分を使用し得る。例えば、多能性細胞増殖に対する固体支持体を提供する手段として、培養表面を被覆するために、Ludwigら(2006a;2006b)(その全体において参照により組み込まれる。)に記載されるように、組み換えコラーゲンIV、フィブロネクチン、ラミニン及びビトロネクチンを組み合わせて使用し得る。
本発明のある態様において、再プログラミングプロセスの少なくとも一部の間、シグナル伝達カスケードに関与するシグナルトランスデューサーを阻害する1以上のシグナル伝達阻害剤の存在下又は非存在下で、例えばMEK阻害剤、GSK3阻害剤、TGF−β受容体阻害剤及び/又はミオシンII ATPase阻害剤又はこれらの同じ経路内のその他のシグナルトランスデューサーの阻害剤の存在下で、細胞を維持し得る。ある態様において、再プログラム化細胞及び得られるiPS細胞のクローン増殖を促進するために、HA−100又はH1152などのROCK阻害剤を使用し得る。再プログラミング効率を向上させるために、馴化ヒトES細胞培養液又は血清不含N2B27培地などの特異的再プログラミング培地と組み合わせて高濃度のFGFを使用することもできる。好ましい態様において、培地は既知組成又はゼノフリーである。
グリコーゲンシンターゼキナーゼ3(GSK−3)は、ある種のセリン及びスレオニンアミノ酸上での、特に細胞基質における、リン酸分子の付加を媒介するセリン/スレオニンタンパク質キナーゼである。GSK−3によるこれらの他のタンパク質のリン酸化は通常、標的タンパク質(「基質」とも呼ばれる。)を阻害する。述べられているように、GSK−3は、グリコーゲンシンターゼをリン酸化し、従って不活性化することについて知られている。これは、損傷を受けたDNA及びWntシグナル伝達に対する細胞応答の調節にも関連付けられている。GSK−3は、Ciをタンパク質分解して不活性化型にすることを標的としたヘッジホッグ(Hh)経路においてCiもリン酸化する。グリコーゲンシンターゼに加えて、GSK−3は他に多くの基質を有する。しかし、GSK−3は、基質を最初にリン酸化するための「プライミングキナーゼ」を通常必要とするという点でキナーゼの中では稀なものである。
マイトジェン活性化タンパク質キナーゼキナーゼ(MAPK/ERKキナーゼ又はMEK)又はMAPKカスケードのようなその関連シグナル伝達経路の阻害剤を含むMEK阻害剤を本発明のある態様で使用し得る。マイトジェン活性化タンパク質キナーゼキナーゼ(sic)は、マイトジェン活性化タンパク質キナーゼをリン酸化するキナーゼ酵素である。これはMAP2Kとしても知られている。細胞外刺激により、MAPキナーゼ、MAPキナーゼキナーゼ(MEK、MKK、MEKK又はMAP2K)及びMAPキナーゼキナーゼキナーゼ(MKKK又はMAP3K)から構成されるシグナル伝達カスケード(「MAPKカスケード」)を介してMAPキナーゼの活性化が導かれる。
TGF−β受容体阻害剤としては、一般にTGFシグナル伝達の何らかの阻害剤又はTGF−β受容体(例えばALK5)阻害剤に特異的な阻害剤を挙げることができ、これには、TGFβ受容体(例えばALK5)に対する抗体、TGFβ受容体(例えばALK5)のドミナントネガティブ変異型及びTGFβ受容体(例えばALK5)の発現を抑制するsiRNA及びアンチセンス核酸を挙げることができる。典型的なTGFβ受容体/ALK5阻害剤としては、SB431542(例えばInmanら、2002参照)、3−(6−メチル−2−ピリジニル)−N−フェニル−4−(4−キノリニル)−1H−ピラゾール−1−カルボチオアミドとしても知られるA−83−01(例えば、Tojoら、2005参照、例えばToicris Bioscienceから市販されている。);2−(3−(6−メチルピリジン−2−イル)−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−1,5−ナフチリジン、Wnt3a/BIO(例えば、参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる、Daltonら、WO2008/094597参照)、BMP4(Dalton、上出参照)、GW788388(−(4−[3−(ピリジン−2−イル)−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル]ピリドム(pyridm)−2−イル}−N−(テトラヒドロ−2H−ピラン−4−イル)ベンズアミド)(例えば、Gellibertら、2006参照)、SM16(例えば、Suzukiら、2007参照)、IN−1130(3−((5−(6−メチルピリジン−2−イル)−4−(キノキサリン−6−イル)−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)メチル)ベンズアミド)(例えば、Kimら、2008参照)、GW6604(2−フェニル−4−(3−ピリジン−2−イル−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)ピリジン)(例えば、de Gouvilleら、2006参照)、SB−505124(2−(5−ベンゾ[l,3]ジオキソール−5−イル−2−tert−ブチル−3H−イミダゾール−4−イル)−6−メチルピリジン塩酸塩)(例えばDaCostaら、2004参照)及びピリミジン誘導体(例えば、参照により本明細書中に組み込まれるStieflら、WO2008/006583で列挙されるもの参照)が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
多能性幹細胞、特にヒトES細胞及びiPS細胞は、細胞剥離及び解離時にアポトーシスの影響を受け易く、これはクローン単離又は増殖及び分化誘導に重要である。最近、ROCK−関連シグナル伝達経路に対する阻害剤であるRho結合キナーゼ(ROCK)阻害剤、例えばRho特異的阻害剤、ROCK特異的阻害剤又はミオシンII特異的阻害剤など、小さなクラスの分子が、解離した多能性幹細胞のクローン効率及び生存性を向上させることが分かった。本発明のある態様において、多能性幹細胞の培養及び継代及び/又は幹細胞の分化に対してROCK阻害剤を使用し得る。従って、接着培養又は懸濁培養など、多能性幹細胞が増殖し、解離し、凝集物を形成するか又は分化を引き起こす何らかの細胞培養液中にROCK阻害剤が存在し得る。
前駆細胞様状態の維持に有利に働くように再プログラミングする前に増殖段階中全体及びおそらくは再プログラミング段階の少なくとも一部において、低酸素を使用し得る。最初に、細胞が増殖する際、細胞はより前駆細胞様の状態からより分化した状態に移行する傾向がある(即ちCD34発現レベルが時間とともに低下する。)。低酸素条件は、造血前駆細胞(HP)の典型的な微小環境を模倣しており、前駆細胞の分化を遅延させると思われる(Eliasson及びJonsson、2010)。本明細書中で使用される低酸素は、約2%のレベルであり得るか又は約1から7%の範囲内であり得る。さらなる態様において、低O2は、iPS形成を促進するために再プログラミング段階中にも使用し得る(Yoshidaら、2009)。
本発明のある態様において、再プログラミング因子は、1以上の外来性エピソーム遺伝因子に含まれる発現カセットから発現される(参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる米国特許公開第2010/0003757号及び米国出願第61/258,120号参照)。
これらの再プログラミング法は、基本的に外来性ベクター又はウイルス性エレメント不含のiPS細胞を作製するために、エピソームとして複製可能なベクターである、染色体外で複製するベクター(即ちエピソーム性ベクター)を使用し得る(参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる米国出願第61/058,858号;Yuら、2009参照)。アデノウイルス、サル空胞ウイルス40(SV40)もしくはウシ乳頭腫ウイルス(BPV)などの多くのDNAウイルス(BPV)又は出芽酵母ARS(自律複製配列)含有プラスミドは、哺乳動物細胞において染色体外で又はエピソームとして複製する。これらのエピソーム性プラスミドは本質的に、ベクターの組み込みに付随するこれらの欠点が全くない(Bodeら、2001)。例えば、上記で定義されるようなエプスタインバーウイルス(EBV)を含むリンパ球向性ヘルペスウイルスに基づく系又は上記で定義されるようなエプスタインバーウイルス(EBV)は染色体外で複製し、体細胞への再プログラミング遺伝子の送達に役立ち得る。
ヒトヘルペスウイルス4(HHV−4)とも呼ばれるエプスタインバーウイルス(EBV)は、(単純ヘルペスウイルス及びサイトメガロウイルスを含む)ヘルペスファミリーのウイルスであり、ヒトにおいて最も一般的なウイルスの1つである。EBVは、細胞分裂中の細胞内でのその複製及びその保持のための2つの基本的特性にのみ依存して(Yatesら、1985;Yatesら、1984)、そのゲノムを染色体外で維持し、効率的な複製及び維持のために宿主細胞の機構とともに働く(Lindner及びSugden、2007)。一方のエレメントは、一般にoriPと呼ばれ、シスに存在し、複製開始点となる。他方の因子、EBNA−1は、oriP内の配列に結合することによって、トランスで機能してプラスミドDNAの複製及び維持を促進する。非限定例として、本発明のある態様は、これらの2つの特性を取り上げ、従来のプラスミドを上回りこれらの遺伝子の複製及び持続的発現を促進するために、体細胞の再プログラミングに必要な遺伝子を往復させるベクターとの関連で、それらを使用する。
C.複製開始点
D.トランス作用因子
重要なこととして、oriPに基づくエピソーム性ベクターの複製及び維持は不完全であり、細胞へそれが導入されてから最初の2週間内に細胞から急激に失われるが(細胞分裂1回あたり25%);しかし、プラスミドを保持する細胞ではその喪失はそれほど多くない(細胞分裂1回あたり3%)(Leight及びSugden、2001;Nanbo及びSugden、2007)。プラスミドを有する細胞に対する選択が排除されると、得られる娘細胞内にプラスミドが以前に存在したという痕跡を残すことなく、時間経過とともに各細胞分裂中にプラスミドが失われ、プラスミド全てが排除される。本発明のある態様は、iPS細胞を作製するために遺伝子を送達するための現在のウイルスによるアプローチに代わるものとして、oriPに基づく系の、この痕跡を残存さないという特性を利用する。他の染色体外ベクターもまた宿主細胞の複製及び増殖中に失われ、これも本発明において使用し得る。ある態様において、外来性エピソーム性ベクターエレメントの除去又は基本的に外来性遺伝因子不含であるiPS細胞の選択のための方法が使用され得る。
ある実施態様において、細胞において上述のような再プログラミング因子をコードする核酸配列に加えてさらなるエレメントを含むように再プログラミングベクターを構築し得る。これらのベクターの構成成分及び送達方法の詳細は下記で開示する。
当業者は、標準的な組み換え技術を通じてベクターを構築するために十分な知識を有しているであろう(例えば、両者とも参照により本明細書中に組み込まれるManiatisら、1988及びAusubelら、1994参照)。
ベクターに含まれる真核発現カセットは、特に、(5’から3’方向で)タンパク質コード配列に操作可能に連結される真核転写プロモーター、介在配列を含むスプライスシグナル及び転写終結/ポリアデニル化配列を含有する。
「プロモーター」は、開始及び転写速度が調節される核酸配列領域である調節配列である。これは、制御タンパク質及び分子がRNAポリメラーゼ及び他の転写因子などに結合して核酸配列の特異的転写を開始させ得る遺伝因子を含有し得る。「操作可能に配置される」、「操作可能に連結される」、「制御下」及び「転写制御下」という句は、プロモーターが、転写開始及び/又はその配列の発現を調節するために核酸配列に対して正しい機能的位置及び/又は向きにあることを意味する。
ある態様において、本発明に従い、プロテアーゼ切断部位(即ちプロテアーゼの認識部位を含む配列)又は少なくとも1つの自己切断ペプチドをコードする配列(複数であり得る。)によって、マーカー又は再プログラミングタンパク質をコードする遺伝子が互いに対して連結され得る。例えば、本発明のある態様において、少なくとも2つの再プログラミング因子遺伝子を含むポリシストロニックなメッセージを使用し得る(参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる米国仮出願第12/539,366号参照)。
ベクターは、多重制限酵素部位を含有する核酸領域であるマルチクローニング部位(MCS)を含み得、ベクターを消化するためにこれらのうち何れかを標準的な組み換え技術と組み合わせて使用することができる(例えば、参照により本明細書中に組み込まれるCarbonelliら、1999、Levensonら、1998及びCocea、1997参照)。「制限酵素消化」とは、核酸分子の特異的位置でのみ機能する酵素による核酸分子の触媒的開裂を指す。これらの制限酵素の多くは市販されている。このような酵素の使用は当業者により広く理解されている。外来性配列をベクターに連結できるようにするためにMCS内で切断する制限酵素を用いてベクターを直線化するか断片化することが多い。「ライゲーション」とは、互いに近接していてもよいし又は近接していなくてもよい2つの核酸断片の間でホスホジエステル結合を形成するプロセスを指す。制限酵素及びライゲーション反応を含む技術は組み換え技術の分野の熟練者にとって周知である。
転写された真核RNA分子の殆どはRNAスプライシングを受け、一次転写産物からイントロンが除去される。ゲノム真核配列を含有するベクターは、タンパク質発現に対する転写産物の的確なプロセシングを確実にするために、ドナー及び/又はアクセプタースプライシング部位を必要とし得る(例えば参照により本明細書中に組み込まれるChandlerら、1997参照)。
本発明のベクター又はコンストラクトは一般に少なくとも1つの終結シグナルを含む。「終結シグナル」又は「ターミネーター」は、RNAポリメラーゼによるRNA転写の特異的終結に関与するDNA配列からなる。従って、ある実施態様において、RNA転写産物の生成を終了させる終結シグナルが企図される。ターミネーターは、所望のメッセージレベルを達成するためにインビボで必要であり得る。
発現、特に真核発現において、一般に転写産物の的確なポリアデニル化をもたらすためにポリアデニル化シグナルが含まれる。ポリアデニル化シグナルの性質は、本発明を首尾よく実施するためにそれほど重要ではないと考えられるが、何らかのこのような配列が使用され得る。好ましい実施態様には、都合がよく、様々な標的細胞でよく機能することが知られている、SV40ポリアデニル化シグナル又はウシ成長ホルモンポリアデニル化シグナルが含まれる。ポリアデニル化は、転写産物の安定性を向上させ得るか又は細胞質輸送を促進し得る。
宿主細胞中でベクターを増殖させるために、ベクターは、複製が開始される特異的核酸配列である、1以上の複製開始部位(「ori」と呼ばれることが多い。)、例えば上述のようなEBVのoriPに対応する核酸配列又は分化プログラム化における機能が同等であるか又は向上している遺伝子改変oriPを含有し得る。あるいは、上述のような他の染色体外複製ウイルスの複製開始点又は自律複製配列(ARS)を使用することができる。
本発明のある実施態様において、発現ベクター中にマーカーを含むことによって、本発明の核酸コンストラクトを含有する細胞をインビトロ又はインビボで同定し得る。このようなマーカーは同定可能な変化を細胞に与え、これにより発現ベクターを含有する細胞を容易に同定できるようになる。一般に、選択マーカーは、選択を可能にする特性を与えるものである。正の選択マーカーは、マーカーが存在する場合に選択するものとするマーカーであり、一方で負の選択マーカーは、マーカーが存在する場合は選択しないものとするマーカーである。正の選択マーカーの例は薬剤耐性マーカーである。
本発明での体細胞への再プログラミングベクターの導入は、本明細書中で記載のように又は当業者にとって公知のように、細胞の形質転換のための核酸送達に対して何らかの適切な方法を使用し得る。このような方法としては、エクスビボ形質移入(Wilsonら、1989、Nabelら、1989)による、マイクロインジェクション(参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる、Harland及びWeintraub、1985;米国特許第5,789,215号)を含むインジェクション(それぞれ参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる、米国特許第5,994,624号、同第5,981,274号、同第5,945,100号、同第5,780,448号、同第5,736,524号、同第5,702,932号、同第5,656,610号、同第5,589,466号及び同第5,580,859号)による;エレクトロポレーション(参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる米国特許第5,384,253号;Tur−Kaspaら、1986;Potterら、1984)による;リン酸カルシウム沈殿法(Graham及びVan Der Eb、1973;Chen及びOkayama、1987;Rippeら、1990)による;DEAE−デキストランと続いてポリエチレングリコールを使用すること(Gopal、1985)による;直接音波負荷(direct sonic loading)(Fechheimerら、1987)による;リポソーム介在性形質移入(Nicolau及びSene、1982;Fraleyら、1979;Nicolauら、1987;Wongら、1980;Kanedaら、1989;Katoら、1991)及び受容体介在性形質移入(Wu及びWu、1987;Wu及びWu、1988)による;微粒子銃(PCT出願第WO94/09699号及び同第95/06128号;米国特許第5,610,042号、同第5,322,783号、同第5,563,055号、同第5,550,318号、同第5,538,877号及び同第5,538,880号及びそれぞれ参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる。)による;炭化ケイ素繊維との撹拌(それぞれ参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる、Kaepplerら、1990;米国特許第5,302,523号及び同第5,464,765号)による;アグロバクテリウム介在性形質転換(それぞれ参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる、米国特許第5,591,616号及び同第5,563,055号)による;プロトプラストのPEG介在性形質転換(それぞれ参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる、Omirullehら、1993;米国特許第4,684,611号及び同第4,952,500号)による;乾燥/抑制介在性DNA取り込み法(desiccation/inhibition−mediated DNA
uptake)(Potrykusら、1985)及びこのような方法の何れかの組み合わせなどによる、DNAの直接送達が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。これらなどの技術の適用を通じて、細胞小器官、細胞、組織又は生物を安定的に又は一過性に形質転換し得る。
本発明のある実施態様において、例えばリポソームなどの脂質複合体中に核酸を封入し得る。リポソームは、リン脂質二重膜及び内部の水媒体を特徴とする小胞構造物である。多重膜リポソームは、水媒体により分離される複数の脂質層を有する。これらは、過剰な水溶液中でリン脂質を懸濁した際に自然に形成される。脂質成分は、閉鎖構造の形成前に自己再編成が起こり、脂質二重層の間に水及び溶解した溶質を捕捉する(Ghosh及びBachhawat、1991)。リポフェクタミン(Gibco BRL)又はSuperfect(Qiagen)と複合体化した核酸も企図される。リポソームの使用量は、リポソームの性質ならびに使用する細胞により変動し得、例えば細胞1,000,000個から10,000,000個あたり約5から約20μgのベクターDNAが企図され得る。
本発明のある実施態様において、エレクトロポレーションを介して細胞に核酸を導入する。エレクトロポレーションは、細胞及びDNA懸濁液の高電圧放電への曝露を含む。受容側の細胞は、機械的損傷によってより形質転換し易くなり得る。またベクターの使用量は、使用する細胞の性質により変動し得、例えば細胞1,000,000個から10,000,000個あたり約5から約20μgのベクターが企図され得る。
本発明の他の実施態様において、リン酸カルシウム沈殿法を用いて細胞に核酸を導入する。この技術を用いてヒトKB細胞にアデノウイルス5DNAが形質移入された(Graham及びVan Der Eb、1973)。またこの方式で、マウスL(A9)、マウスC127、CHO、CV−1、BHK、NIH3T3及びHeLa細胞にネオマイシンマーカー遺伝子が形質移入され(Chen及びOkayama、1987)、ラット肝細胞に様々なマーカー遺伝子が形質移入された(Rippeら、1990)。
別の実施態様において、DEAE−デキストランと、次いでポリエチレングリコールを用いて細胞に核酸を送達する。この方式において、レポータープラスミドがマウス骨髄腫及び赤白血病細胞に導入された(Gopal、1985)。
iPS細胞の作製は、誘導のために使用される再プログラミング因子にとって非常に重要である。本発明で開示される方法において、次の因子又はそれらの組み合わせが使用され得る。ある態様において、再プログラミングベクターにSox及びOct(特にOct3/4)をコードする核酸が含まれる。例えば、1以上の再プログラミングベクターが、Sox2、Oct4、Nanog及び場合によってはLin28をコードする発現カセット又はSox2、Oct4、Klf4及び場合によってはC−mycもしくはL−mycをコードする発現カセット又はSox2、Oct4及び場合によってはEsrrbをコードする発現カセット又はSox2、Oct4、Nanog、Lin28、Klf4と、C−myc又はL−mycの何れか及び場合によってはSV40ラージT抗原をコードする発現カセットを含み得る。同じ発現カセット、異なる発現カセット、同じ再プログラミングベクター又は異なる再プログラミングベクター中に、これらの再プログラミング因子をコードする核酸が含まれ得る。
本発明のある態様において、再プログラミング因子を造血前駆細胞に導入した後、上述のように細胞を培養する(場合によっては、形質移入細胞を濃縮するために、正の選択又はスクリーニング可能マーカーのようなベクターエレメントの存在に対して選択)。再プログラミングベクターは、これらの細胞において再プログラミング因子を発現させ、細胞分裂とともに複製し、分割し得る。あるいは、再プログラミングタンパク質を含有する培地を補充することにより、再プログラミングタンパク質がこれらの細胞及びそれらの子孫に入る。これらの再プログラミング因子は、自律的多能性状態を確立するために体細胞ゲノムを再プログラム化し、ベクターの存在に対する正の選択の解除後、外来性遺伝因子は、追加の再プログラミングタンパク質を添加する必要なく、時間とともに徐々に失われる。
先行研究で作製に成功したiPSCは、次の点において天然に単離された多能性幹細胞(マウス及びヒト胚性幹細胞、それぞれmESC及びhESCなど)と際立って類似しており、従って、天然に単離された多能性幹細胞に対するiPSCの同一性、確実性及び多能性が確認された。従って、本発明で開示される方法から作製される人工多能性幹細胞は、次の胚性幹細胞の特徴の1以上に基づき選択され得る。
形態:iPSCは、形態学的にESCと同様である。各細胞は、円形であり、核小体が2個あるか又は核小体が大きく、細胞質が僅かであり得る。iPSCのコロニーもまたESCのコロニーと同様であり得る。ヒトiPSCは、hESCと同様に、縁部が鋭角で、平らで密なコロニーを形成し、マウスiPSCは、mESCと同様のコロニーを形成し、hESCのコロニーよりも隆起し、凝集したコロニーを形成する。
プロモーター脱メチル化:メチル化は、DNA塩基へのメチル基の移行、一般にはCpG部位(隣接するシトシン/グアニン配列)におけるシトシン分子へのメチル基の移行である。遺伝子の幅広いメチル化は、発現タンパク質の活性を妨げるか又は発現を妨害する酵素を動員することによって、発現を妨害する。従って、遺伝子のメチル化は、転写を妨げることによって効果的に発現を抑制する。Oct4、Rex1及びNanogを含む多能性関連遺伝子のプロモーターはiPSCにおいて脱メチル化され得、それによりiPSCにおいてそれらのプロモーター活性及び多能性関連遺伝子の積極的な促進及び発現を示す。
本発明におけるoriPに基づくベクターなどの再プログラミングベクターは、染色体外で複製し得、何世代か後に宿主細胞から失われる。しかし、基本的に外来性ベクターエレメント不含である子孫細胞に対するさらなる選択段階により、このプロセスが容易になり得る。例えば、当技術分野で公知のように外来性ベクターエレメントの有無を調べるために、子孫細胞試料を抽出し得る(Leight及びSugden、2001)。
造血細胞、筋細胞(例えば心筋細胞)、ニューロン、繊維芽細胞及び表皮細胞及びそれら由来の組織又は器官を含むがこれらに限定されない細胞系統にiPS細胞を分化させるために、本発明とともに様々なアプローチを使用し得る。iPS細胞の造血系分化の典型的な方法には、例えば、両者ともそれらの全体において参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる米国出願第61/088,054号及び同第61/156,304号により開示される方法又は胚様体(EB)に基づく方法(Chadwickら、2003;Ngら、2005)が含まれ得る。Wangら、2007で例示されるように、血液系統分化のためにフィブロネクチン分化方法も使用し得る。iPS細胞の心臓分化の典型的な方法には、胚様体(EB)法(Zhangら、2009)、OP9間質細胞法(Narazakiら、2008)又は増殖因子/化学的手法(全てそれらの全体において参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる、米国特許公開第20080038820号、同第20080226558号、同第20080254003号及び同第20090047739号参照)が含まれ得る。
次の実施例は、本発明の好ましい実施態様を明らかにするために含まれる。当業者にとって当然のことながら、続く実施例で開示される技術は、発明者らにより本発明の実施の際に良好に作用することが分かった技術を表し、従って、その実施に対して好ましい方式を構成すると考えられ得る。しかし、当業者は、本開示に照らして、本発明の精神及び範囲から逸脱することなく、開示される具体的な実施態様において多くの変更をなし得、それでも同様の結果を得ることができることを認識されたい。
造血前駆細胞からのiPS細胞の作製
図1で示されるように、患者からの正常な非動員化末梢血を処理してPBMCを回収し、CD34を発現する細胞について濃縮するために精製した。次に、これらの細胞を増殖させるために播種し、播種からおよそ1週間以内に形質移入した。次いでこれらを形質移入後1日、インキュベート期間をおき、次いでおよそ1から2日の回復期をおいて、100%再プログラミング培地に移した。細胞が接着し、散開したコロニーが明らかになった時点で、iPS細胞の形成を支援するために培地をTESR2に徐々に移した。
ポリシストロニックな再プログラミングベクターを用いた造血前駆細胞からのiPS細胞作製の最適化
ポリシストロニックなメッセージを含有するOriPに基づく再プログラミングプラスミドの概略マップを図4で示す(セット1及びセット2の組み合わせ)。PBMCからの精製細胞を3日間又は6日間増殖させた。一連の投入細胞数に対して、GFPを発現する対照、oriP/EBNAlベースのプラスミドを用いて形質移入を行った。3日間及び6日間増殖させたドナーGG由来のPBMCに対して、上述のような再プログラミングプラスミドを用いて形質移入を行った。
次の参考文献は、これらが、本明細書中で記載されるものを補足する、代表的な手順又はその他の詳細を提供する程度に、参照により本明細書中に具体的に組み込まれる。
米国特許第4,714,680号
米国特許第5,478,838号
米国特許第5,728,581号
米国特許第4,683,202号
米国特許第4,684,611号
米国特許第4,952,500号
米国特許第5,302,523号
米国特許第5,322,783号
米国特許第5,384,253号
米国特許第5,464,765号
米国特許第5,538,877号
米国特許第5,538,880号
米国特許第5,550,318号
米国特許第5,563,055号
米国特許第5,563,055号
米国特許第5,580,859号
米国特許第5,589,466号
米国特許第5,591,616号
米国特許第5,610,042号
米国特許第5,656,610号
米国特許第5,702,932号
米国特許第5,736,524号
米国特許第5,780,448号
米国特許第5,789,215号
米国特許第5,925,565号
米国特許第5,928,906号
米国特許第5,935,819号
米国特許第5,945,100号
米国特許第5,981,274号
米国特許第5,994,624号
米国特許出願第12/478,154号
米国特許出願第61/058,858号
米国特許出願第61/088,054号
米国特許出願第61/156,304号
米国特許出願第61/258,120号
米国特許出願公開第20030211603号
米国特許出願公開第20070238170号
米国特許出願公開第20080038820号
米国特許出願公開第20080226558号
米国特許出願公開第20080254003号
米国特許出願公開第20090047739号
米国特許出願公開第2002/0076976号
米国特許出願公開第2003/0059913号
米国特許出願公開第2003/0087919号
米国特許出願公開第2004/0002507号
米国特許出願公開第2004/0002508号
米国特許出願公開第2004/0014755号
米国特許出願公開第2004/0039796号
米国特許出願公開第2005/0192304号
米国特許出願公開第2005/0209261号
米国特許出願公開第2008/004287号
米国特許出願公開第2007/0116680号
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ES2670842T3 (es) | 2018-06-01 |
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CA2802249A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
CN103003416A (zh) | 2013-03-27 |
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AU2011267849B2 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
AU2011267849A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
KR101861168B1 (ko) | 2018-05-31 |
US8691574B2 (en) | 2014-04-08 |
US20170088818A1 (en) | 2017-03-30 |
JP2015211695A (ja) | 2015-11-26 |
JP5984217B2 (ja) | 2016-09-06 |
KR20130087009A (ko) | 2013-08-05 |
DK2582794T3 (en) | 2018-05-22 |
US9447382B2 (en) | 2016-09-20 |
EP3382008A1 (en) | 2018-10-03 |
US20240228977A1 (en) | 2024-07-11 |
DK2582794T4 (da) | 2024-07-22 |
EP2582794A4 (en) | 2013-12-11 |
US20120009676A1 (en) | 2012-01-12 |
CN103003416B (zh) | 2016-11-16 |
JP2013528397A (ja) | 2013-07-11 |
EP2582794A2 (en) | 2013-04-24 |
WO2011159684A2 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
JP2021035399A (ja) | 2021-03-04 |
US20140234973A1 (en) | 2014-08-21 |
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