JP2017516833A - ニコチンアミドリボシド類似体ならびにその医薬組成物および使用 - Google Patents
ニコチンアミドリボシド類似体ならびにその医薬組成物および使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017516833A JP2017516833A JP2016571240A JP2016571240A JP2017516833A JP 2017516833 A JP2017516833 A JP 2017516833A JP 2016571240 A JP2016571240 A JP 2016571240A JP 2016571240 A JP2016571240 A JP 2016571240A JP 2017516833 A JP2017516833 A JP 2017516833A
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- Prior art keywords
- nicotinamide riboside
- compound
- branched
- linear
- acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 231
- 235000020956 nicotinamide riboside Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 145
- 239000011618 nicotinamide riboside Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 145
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 53
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- 208000001145 Metabolic Syndrome Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 201000000690 abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 207
- -1 Nicotinamide riboside hydride Chemical class 0.000 claims description 188
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 76
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、生物の細胞および組織におけるニコチン酸アミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NAD+)のレベルの上昇に使用するための、エステル類およびカーボネート類を含むニコチンアミドリボシド類似体の組成物に関する。新規な組成物は医薬組成物および栄養補助食品を含み、NAD+レベルを上昇させることによる生物における疾患または病態を治療または予防するための関連の方法。
20世紀の初めに、ビタミンB3は、ペラグラ患者の食事から除く成分として特定された。ニコチン酸またはナイアシンの補給はペラグラの症状を改善し、それが普及していた地域では、この病態の発症を防いだ。ナイアシンの生化学的役割は、1930年代に、細胞呼吸に不可欠な化合物であるニコチン酸アミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NAD+)の生合成に重要であることが判明した際に解明された(Preiss, J.; Handler, P. Biosynthesis of Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide I. Identification of Intermediates J. Biol. Chem. 1958 233, 488-492.; Preiss, J.; Handler, P. Biosynthesis of Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide II. Enzymatic Aspects J. Biol. Chem. 1958 233, 493-500)。細胞呼吸におけるNADの正確な役割は十分に理解されている。グルコースおよび脂肪酸は酸化され、NADはヒドリド相当物を受け取ることができ、その結果、それはNADHへと還元される。NADHはヒドリド相当物を供与し、その結果、再びNADへと酸化される。これらの還元−酸化サイクルはヒドリドイオンの一時的保存にNADを用いるが、それらはNADを消費しない。異なる様式で、エネルギー生産に直接関連しない目的でNADを用いる他の酵素も存在する。ポリ−ADPリボースポリメラーゼ(PARP)、ADPリボーストランスフェラーゼ(ART)、およびサーチュインは総て、ニコチンアミドをNADから遊離する反応を触媒する。この反応は、ATPの加水分解と同様にかなりの量のエネルギーを生成する。逆反応は容易には起こらないので、NADは他の機構によって補充されなければならない(Bogan, K. L.; Brenner, C. Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, and Nicotinamide Riboside: A Molecular Evaluation of NAD+ Precursor Vitamins in Human Nutrition Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2008, 28, 115-130)。
本発明は、下記:
本明細書で使用する場合、以下の用語および句は以下に示す意味を持つものとする。そうではないことが定義されない限り、本明細書で使用される技術用語および科学用語は総て、当業者に一般に理解されているのと同じ意味を有する。
一側面において、本発明の化合物、または本発明の化合物を含んでなる組成物は、癌、神経変性疾患、ならびに炎症性障害および病態を含む疾患および障害を治療および/または予防するために使用され得る。本明細書に開示される化合物は、本明細書に開示される医薬組成物および/または1以上の方法において使用するために好適であり得る。
本明細書に記載の化合物は、1以上の生理学上または薬学的に許容可能な担体または賦形剤を用い、常法で処方することができる。例えば、化合物およびそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩および溶媒和物は、例えば、経口、または注射(例えば、SubQ、IM、IP)、吸入または吹送(経口または経鼻のいずれか)、口内、舌下、経皮的な、鼻腔、非経口、直腸または局所投与による投与のために処方され得る。特定の実施態様では、化合物は、標的細胞が存在する部位、すなわち、特定の組織、器官、または体液(例えば、皮膚、血液、脳脊髄液など)に局所投与され得る。
特定の側面において、本発明は、例えば、NADのin vivoレベル(例えば、細胞内NADレベル、組織もしくは血漿中のNADのレベル、および/または生物体の総NADレベル)を上昇させることにより、NADレベルの上昇から利益を得るであろう疾患または障害を治療または予防する方法を提供する。単一の機構に限定されることを望むものではないが、NADレベルの上昇は、例えば、SIRT1およびまたはSIRT3を活性化することにより、1以上のサーチュインタンパク質のレベルおよび/または活性を調節する働きをする。
本発明の一側面において、NADレベルの上昇から利益を受けるであろう疾患または障害は、老化および/またはストレスに関連する。よって、一実施態様において、本発明は、細胞を本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物または美容組成物と接触させることにより、細胞の寿命を延長する、細胞の増殖能を拡大する、細胞の老化を緩慢にする、細胞の生存を増進する、細胞における細胞老化を遅延させる、カロリー制限の効果を模倣する、ストレスに対する細胞の耐性を高める、または細胞のアポトーシスを防ぐ方法を提供する。
好ましい実施態様では、本発明は、必要とする対象に、NADのレベルを上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤または医薬組成物もしくは美容組成物を投与することにより、ミトコンドリア病または障害を治療および/または予防するための方法を提供する。好適なミトコンドリア病または障害には、そうではないことが本明細書に記載されていない限り、レーベル遺伝性視神経症(LHON)、ミトコンドリア脳筋症乳酸アシドーシスおよび脳卒中様エピソード(MELAS)、ミオクロヌス癲癇および赤色ぼろ線維疾患(MERRF)、およびリー症候群(LS)、シャルコー・マリー・トゥース疾患、タイプ2A2、バース症候群、脂肪酸酸化障害、遺伝型の難聴および失明、毒性化学物質および/または薬物により誘発される代謝異常(例えば、シスプラチン誘発性難聴、ゲンタマイシン誘発性難聴)が含まれる。
別の実施態様では、本発明は、必要とする対象に、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤または医薬組成物を投与することにより、心血管疾患を治療および/または予防するための方法を提供する。
NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物または美容組成物は、最近、ある用量の放射線または毒素を受容したまたは受容した可能性のある対象に投与されてよい。1つの実施態様では、ある用量の放射線または毒素を、業務関係または医療処置、例えば、原子力発電所での業務、航空機での飛行、X線、CATスキャン、または医療画像用の放射性色素の投与の一環として受け、このような実施態様では、化合物は予防的手段として投与される。別の実施態様では、放射線または毒素暴露を、意図的ではなく、例えば、産業的事故、自然放射線を受ける場所での居住、テロリストの行為または放射性もしくは毒性材料を含む戦争行為の結果として受ける。そのような場合、本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤または医薬組成物もしくは美容組成物が、好ましくは、アポトーシス、および続いて起こる急性放射線症候群の発生を阻止するために、暴露後、可能な限りすぐに投与される。
特定の態様において、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物は、神経変性疾患、および中枢神経系(CNS)または末梢神経系(PNS)に対する外傷性または物理的損傷を受けている患者を処置するために使用することができる。神経変性疾患は、一般に、萎縮および/または脳細胞の死滅によるものであり得、健常者における老化に起因し得るものよりはるかに顕著である、ヒトの脳の質量および体積の減少を含む。神経変性疾患は、特定の脳領域の進行性の変性(例えば、神経細胞の機能不全および死滅)のために、長期の正常な脳機能の後に徐々に進行する。脳変性の実際の端緒は、臨床発現の何年も前に起こる。神経変性疾患の例には、限定されるものではないが、アルツハイマー病(AD)、パーキンソン病(PD)、ハンチントン病(HD)、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS;ルー・ゲーリグ病)、びまん性レビー小体病、舞踏病有棘赤血球増加症、原発性側索硬化症、眼疾患(眼性神経炎)、化学療法誘発性神経障害(例えば、ビンクリスチン、パクリタキセル、ボルテゾミブによる)、糖尿病誘発性神経障害およびフリートライヒ運動失調が含まれる。NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物は、これらの障害および以下に記載する他の障害を処置するために使用することができる。
4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−イル)−3−シクロプロピル−フェノール 6−[2−シクロプロピル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロプロピル−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、3−[3−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2yl)−4−シクロプロピル−フェノキシ]−ピロリジン−1−カルボン酸 tert−ブチル エステル 6−[2−シクロプロピル−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−シクロブチル−フェノール 6−[2−シクロブチル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロブチル−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロブチル−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−シクロペンチル−フェノール 6−[2−シクロペンチル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロペンチル−4−(2−ピロリジン−1イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、3−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ]−ピロリジン−1−カルボン酸 tertブチルエステル 6−[4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、4−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ−]−ピペリジン−1−カルボン酸 tertブチルエステル 6−[2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピペリジン−4−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、
6−[4−(アリルオキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−6−アリル−フェノール 12および4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−2−アリル−フェノール 13 4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−6−プロピル−フェノール 6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−メトキシ−5−プロピル−フェニル]−ピリジン−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(ピペリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(1−メチル−アゼチジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(1−メチル−ピペリジン−4−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン 6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(2−メチル−2−アザ−ビシクロ[2.2.1]ヘプト−5−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{4−[2−(ベンジル−メチル−アミノ)−エトキシ]−2−メトキシ−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、2−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−5−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−フェノール 2−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ]−アセトアミド 6−[4−(2−アミノ−エトキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{4−[2−(3,4−ジヒドロ−1h−イソキノリン−2−イル)−エトキシ]−2−メトキシ−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、2−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ]−エタノール 6−{2−メトキシ−4−[2−(2,2,6,6−テトラメチル−ピペリジン−1−イル)−エトキシ]−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{4−[2−(2,5−ジメチル−ピロリジン−1−イル)−エトキシ]−2−メトキシ−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{4−[2−(2,5−ジメチル−ピロリジン−1−イル)−エトキシ]−2−メトキシ−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、2−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ]−1−(2,2,6,6−テトラメチル−ピペリジン−1−イル)−エタノン 6−[2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−2−イル−メトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−プロポキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{4−[2−(ベンジル−メチル−アミノ)−エトキシ]−2−プロポキシ−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン 6−[4−(2−エトキシ−エトキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−イソプロポキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−エトキシ−エトキシ)−2−イソプロポキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、
6−[2−メトキシ−4−(3−メチル−ブトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−エトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{4−[2−(ベンジル−メチル−アミノ)−エトキシ]−2−エトキシ−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−エトキシ−4−(3−メチル−ブトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、1−(6−アミノ−3−アザ−ビシクロ[3.1.0]ヘクス−3−イル)−2−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ]−エタノン 6−[2−エトキシ−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、3−{2−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−エトキシ−フェノキシ]−エチル}−3−アザ−ビシクロ[3.1.0]ヘクス−6−イル−アミン、1−(6−アミノ−3−アザ−ビシクロ[3.1.0]ヘクス−3−イル)−2−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ]−エタノン 3−{2−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ]−エチル}−3−アザ−ビシクロ[3.−1.0]ヘクス−6−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロポキシ−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{4−[2−(ベンジル−メチル−アミノ)−エトキシ]−2−イソプロポキシ−フェニル−}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−メトキシ−5−プロピル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[5−アリル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[5−アリル−2−メトキシ−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[3−アリル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−エトキシ−4−(ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロポキシ−4−(ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(ピペリジン−4−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(2,2,
6,6−テトラメチル−ピペリジン−4−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロポキシ−4−(ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、3−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−メトキシ−フェノキシ]−アゼチジン−1−カルボン酸 tert−ブチルエステル 6−[4−(アゼチジン−3−イル−オキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−アゼチジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロポキシ−4−(ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロポキシ−4−(ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(2−メチル−2−アザ−ビシクロ[2.2.1]ヘプト−5−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピペリジン−4−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(1−エチル−ピペリジン−4−イル−オキシ)−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[5−アリル−2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2,6−ジメチル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2,6−ジメチル−4−(3−ピペリジン−1−イル−プロポキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2,6−ジメチル−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{2,6−ジメチル−4−[3−(4−メチル−ピペラジン−1−イル)−プロポキシ]−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2,6−ジメチル−4−(2−モルホリン−4−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−{4−[2−(ベンジル−メチル−アミノ)−エトキシ]−2,6−ジメチル−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、2−[4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3,5−ジメチル−フェノキシ]−アセタミド 6−[4−(2−アミノ−エトキシ)−2,6−ジメチル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、2−(2,5−ジメチル−ピロリジン−1−イル)−6−[2−イソプロピル−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン 6−{4−[2−(3,5−ジメチル−ピペリジン−1−イル)−エトキシ]−2−イソプロピル−フェニル}−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2−イソプロピル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−tert−ブチル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−tert−ブチル−4−(2−ピロリジン−1−イル−エトキシ)−フェニル−]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ピロリジニル−エトキシ)−2,5−ジメチル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−2,5−ジメチル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−(4−フェネチルピペラジン−1−イル)−エトキシ)−2,5−ジメチル−フェニル−l]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロプロピル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−1−メチル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[シクロブチル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−1−メチル−エトキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(アリルオキシ)−2−シクロブチル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2イルアミン、2−アリル−4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−3−シクロブチル−フェノールおよび2−アリル−4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2−イル)−5−シクロブチル−フェノール 4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−イル)−5−シクロブチル−2−プロピル−フェノール 4−(6−アミノ−ピリジン−2イル)−3−シクロブチル−2−プロピル−フェノール 6−[2−シクロブチル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−1−メチル−エトキシ)−5−プロピル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロブチル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−1−メチル−エトキシ)−3−プロピル−l−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロブチル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−5−プロピル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロブチル−4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−3−プロピル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2−シクロブチル−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−5−プロピル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[シクロブチル−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−3−プロピル−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、2−(4−ベンジルオキシ−5−ヒドロキシ−2−メトキシ−フェニル)−6−(2,5−ジメチル−ピロール−1−イル)−ピリジン 6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−5−エトキシ−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[5−エチル−2−メトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピペリジン−4−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[5−エチル−2−メトキシ−4−(ピペリジン−4−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[2,5−ジメトキシ−4−(1−メチル−ピロリジン−3−イル−オキシ)−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミン、6−[4−(2−ジメチルアミノ−エトキシ)−5−エチル−2−メトキシ−フェニル]−ピリジン−2−イル−アミンが含まれる。
他の側面では、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物は、血液凝固障害(または止血障害)を治療または予防するために使用することができる。本明細書で互換的に使用される場合、「止血」、「血液凝固(blood coagulation)」、および「血液凝固(blood clotting)」は、血管収縮および凝固の生理特性を含む出血の制御を意味する。血液凝固は、損傷、炎症、疾患、先天性欠損、機能不全または他の障害の後、哺乳動物の循環の健全性を維持することを補助する。凝固の開始の後、血液凝固は、特定の血漿プロ酵素のそれらの酵素形態への一連の活性化により進行する(例えば、Coleman, R. W. et al.(編) Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Second Edition, (1987)参照)。第XII因子、第XI因子、第IX因子、第X因子、第VII因子およびプロトロンビンを含むこれらの血漿糖タンパク質は、セリンプロテアーゼのチモーゲンである。これらの血液凝固酵素のほとんどは、膜表面で、第VIII因子および第V因子などのタンパク質補因子とともに組み立てられて複合体となった場合にのみ、生理的規模で有効となる。他の血液因子は、凝血の形成を調節し、局在化するか、または血餅を溶解する。活性化されたCタンパク質は、凝血促進成分を不活性化する特異的酵素である。カルシウムイオンは、多くの成分反応に関与する。全タンパク質成分が血中に存在する場合には内因性経路の後に、または細胞膜タンパク質組織因子が重要な役割を果たす場合には外因性経路の後に、血液凝固が起こる。凝血形成は、フィブリノーゲンがトロンビンにより切断されてフィブンを形成した際に起こる。血餅は、活性化された血小板とフィブリンとから構成される。
別の側面では、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物は、対象における体重増加または肥満を治療または予防するために使用され得る。例えば、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物は、遺伝性肥満、食事による肥満、ホルモン関連肥満、薬剤の投与に関連する肥満を治療もしくは予防するため、対象の体重を減らすため、または対象の体重増加を減らすもしくは予防するために使用され得る。そのような処置を必要とする対象は、肥満の、肥満となる可能性のある、過体重の、過体重となる可能性のある対象であり得る。肥満または過体重となる可能性のある対象は、例えば、家族歴、遺伝、食事、活動程度、薬剤摂取、またはこれらの様々な組合せに基づいて特定することができる。
別の側面において、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物は、代謝性障害、例えば、インスリン抵抗性、前糖尿病状態、II型糖尿病、および/またはそれらの合併症を治療または予防するために使用され得る。NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤または医薬組成物の投与は、対象におけるインスリン感受性を増強し、かつ/またはインスリンレベルを低下させる。このような治療を必要とする対象は、インスリン抵抗性またはII型糖尿病の他の前兆症状のある対象、II型糖尿病を有する対象、またはこれらの病態のいずれかを発症する可能性のある対象であり得る。例えば、対象は、インスリン抵抗性のある、例えば、インスリンの循環レベルが高く、かつ/または高脂血症、異常脂質形成、高コレステロール血症、耐糖能異常、高血糖値、他のX症候群の発現、高血圧、アテローム性動脈硬化症、および脂肪異栄養症などの病態を伴う対象であり得る。
他の側面では、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物は、炎症に関連する疾患または障害を治療または予防するために使用することができる。NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物は、炎症誘発の開始前、開始時、または開始後に投与してよい。予防的に使用する場合、本組成物は好ましくは炎症応答または症状より先に提供する。本組成物の投与は、炎症応答または症状を予防または減弱し得る。
NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物または美容組成物は、ウイルス感染(例えば、インフルエンザ、ヘルペスまたは乳頭腫ウイルスによる感染)を治療もしくは予防するために、または抗真菌剤として使用され得る。特定の実施態様では、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物または美容組成物は、例えば、アシクロビル、ガンシクロビルおよびジドブジンを含むウイルス疾患の治療のための別の治療薬との併用薬物療法の一部として投与され得る。別の実施態様では、NADのレベルおよび/またはサーチュインタンパク質の活性を上昇させる本発明のニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびカーボネート製剤ならびに医薬組成物または美容組成物は、他の抗真菌薬、例えば、シクロピロックス、クロトリマゾール、エコナゾール、ミコナゾール、ナイスタチン、オキシコナゾール、テルコナゾール、およびトルナフタートなどの局所抗真菌薬、またはフルコナゾール(ジフルカン)、イトラコナゾール(スポラノックス)、ケトコナゾール(ニゾラール)、およびミコナゾール(モニスタットI.V.)などの合成抗真菌薬との併用薬物療法の一部として投与され得る。
工程1. α/β−D−リボフラノース−1,2,3,5−テトラ−O−イソブチレート。 1.24g(6.09mmol)の1−O−メチル−α/β−D−リボフラノースに、25mL(150mmol)の無水イソ酪酸および1.0mL(11mmol)のイソ酪酸を加えた。この反応物を100℃で2時間加熱した後、それを周囲温度まで冷却した。次に、0.3mL(5.6mmol)の98%H2SO4を加え、この溶液を周囲温度で2時間撹拌た。アリコートでの1H NMR分光法により決定したところ、反応はこの時以降完了していた。混合物全体を50mLの氷冷1.2M NaHCO3(水溶液)に注ぎ、混合物をCH2Cl2(2×50mL)で抽出した後、合わせたCH2Cl2層をH2Oで逆抽出した。必要であればエマルションを崩壊させるために抽出液を濾過した。有機層をNa2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、真空濃縮し、油状物を得た。これを、80mLのペンタン、240mLの、ペンタン中0%から10%酢酸エチルの勾配、240mLの、ペンタン中10%から25%酢酸エチルの勾配、および240mLの、ペンタン中25%酢酸エチルで溶出するシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(80gカラム)により精製した。生成物含有 画分をTLC(10%酢酸エチル/ペンタン)により確認し、プールし、濃縮して油状物を得た。αおよびβアノマーは分離状態で維持されず、一緒にプールしてアノマー生成物混合物を得た。イソ酪酸の最後の痕跡を除去するために、この油性生成物混合物を酢酸エチルに取った後、1.2M NaHCO3(水溶液)、およびブラインで抽出した。有機層をNa2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、真空濃縮して油状物を得た。これを高真空下(<1mmHg、周囲温度)で3日間乾燥させ、2.40g(74%)の生成物を極めて薄い黄色の油状物として得た。
工程1. α/β−D−リボフラノース−1,2,3,5−テトラ−O−ベンゾエート。2.11g(12.85mmol)の1−O−メチル−α/β−D−リボフラノースに、58g(257mmol)の無水安息香酸を加えた。この反応物を100℃で撹拌および加熱し、これにより無水物が融解し、出発材料をゆっくり溶かした。1.5時間後、この反応物を周囲温度まで冷却したが、なお液体のままであった。この溶液に0.30mL(5.6mmol)の98%H2SO4を加えた後、反応物を周囲温度で18時間撹拌した。この間に、反応は固化した。この固体混合物を100mLのCH2Cl2に溶かした後、1.2M NaHCO3(1×100mL)で抽出した。水層をCH2Cl2(1×100mL)で逆抽出した後、合わせた有機層を1.2M NaHCO3(1×100mL)、およびブライン(1×100mL)で洗浄し、真空濃縮した。粗混合物を、220mLのペンタン、次いで、660mLの、ペンタン中0%から10%の酢酸エチルの勾配、660mLの酢酸エチル、次いで、660mLの、ペンタン中、10%から25%酢酸エチルの勾配、および660mLの、ペンタン中25%酢酸エチルで溶出するシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(220gカラム)により精製した。生成物は25%酢酸エチル:ペンタン中に溶出した。一部の生成物はまた、前の溶媒中に無水安息香酸とともに溶出した。この生成物−無水安息香酸混合物を第2のシリカゲルカラムにより精製した後、総ての生成物含有画分を合わせ、濃縮した。同じ溶出系を用いてさらなるシリカゲルカラム(80g)に流し、3.54g(49%)の生成物を無色の油状物として得た。
5mLのDMF中、250mg(0.82mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドの溶液に、1.14mL(12.0mmol)の2−クロロピリジン、次いで、0.62mL(6.00mmol)の塩化n−ブチリルを加えた。この反応物を周囲温度で30分間撹拌した後、余分な酸塩化物を消費するために2mLのCH3OHを加えた。粗反応物を下記の溶出系を用いて逆相HPLCにより精製した。溶媒A=H2O中0.1%TFA、溶媒B=CH3CN;1分間100%A、0%B、7分で0から30%B、7分で30から100%B。生成物はおよそ7分後に溶出した。生成物含有画分を真空濃縮し、油性残渣を得た。これを水に溶かし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、157mg(42%)の未食の半固体を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C15H21N2O6:325.1;実測値:325.2(M)+。
5mLのDMF中、250mg(0.82mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドの溶液に、1.14mL(12.0mmol)の2−クロロピリジン、次いで、0.71mL(6.00mmol)の塩化n−ペンタノイルを加えた。この反応物を周囲温度で30分間撹拌した後、2mLのCH3OHを余分な酸塩化物を消費するために加えた。粗反応物を下記の溶出系を用いて逆相HPLCにより精製した。溶媒A=H2O中0.1%TFA、溶媒B=CH3CN;1分間100%A、0%B、7分で0から30%B、7分で30から100%B。生成物はおよそ7分後に溶出した。生成物含有画分を真空濃縮し、油性残渣を得た。これを水に溶かし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、173mg(44%)の無色の半固体を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C16H23N2O6:339.2;実測値:339.2(M)+。
5mLのDMF中、250mg(0.82mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドの溶液に、1.14mL(12.0mmol)の2−クロロピリジン、次いで、0.84mL(6.00mmol)の塩化n−ヘキサノイルを加えた。この反応物を周囲温度で30分間撹拌した後、余分な酸塩化物を消費するために2mLのCH3OHを加えた。この反応物を周囲温度で15分間撹拌した。粗反応物を下記の溶出系を用いて逆相HPLCにより精製した。溶媒A=H2O中0.1%TFA、溶媒B=CH3CN;1分間100%A、0%B、7分で0から30%B、7分で30から100%B。生成物はおよそ7分後に溶出した。生成物含有画分を真空濃縮し、少量の2−クロロピリジンを含有する油性残渣を得た。同じカラムで、1分間100%A、3分で0から30%B、12分で30から100%Bの勾配を用い、第2のHPLCを行った。純粋な生成物を含有する画分を真空濃縮し、油状物を得た。不純な生成物を含有する画分は、真空濃縮した後、残渣を第2のHPLC溶出系を用いて再精製した。合わせた精製生成物を水に溶かし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、128mg(44%)の無色の半固体を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C16H23N2O6:353.2;実測値:353.2(M)+。
5mLのDMF中、250mg(0.82mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドの溶液に、1.14mL(12.0mmol)の2−クロロピリジン、次いで、1.25mL(6.00mmol)の塩化n−デカノイルを加えた。この反応物を周囲温度で30分間撹拌した後、余分な酸塩化物を消費するために2mLのCH3OHを加えた。粗反応物を下記の溶出系を用いて逆相HPLCにより精製した。溶媒A=H2O中0.1%TFA、溶媒B=CH3CN;1分間100%A、0%B、3分で0から30%B、5分で30から100%B。生成物含有画分を真空濃縮し、油性残渣を得た。これを水に溶かし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、182mg(41%)の無色の蝋状固体を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C21H33N2O6:409.2;実測値:409.2(M)+。
5mLのDMF中、250mg(0.82mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドの溶液に、1.14mL(12.0mmol)の2−クロロピリジン、次いで、1.63mL(6.00mmol)の塩化n−テトラデカノイルを加えた。この反応物を周囲温度で30分間撹拌した後、余分な酸塩化物を消費するために2mLのCH3OHを加えた。粗反応物を下記の溶出系を用いて逆相HPLCにより精製した。溶媒A=H2O中0.1%TFA、溶媒B=CH3CN;1分間100%A、0%B、2分で0から30%B、7分で30から100%B、5分間100%B。生成物はおよそ9分に溶出した。生成物含有画分を真空濃縮し、油性残渣を得た。これを水に溶かし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、177mg(36%)の無色の蝋状固体を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C25H41N2O6:465.3;実測値:465.3(M)+。
5mLのDMF中、250mg(0.82mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドの溶液に、1.14mL(12.0mmol)の2−クロロピリジン、次いで、1.98mL(6.00mmol)の塩化オレオイルを加えた。この反応物を周囲温度で30分間撹拌した後、余分な酸塩化物を消費するために2mLのCH3OHを加えた。粗反応物を下記の溶出系を用いて逆相HPLCにより精製した。溶媒A=H2O中0.1%TFA、溶媒B=CH3CN;1分間100%A、0%B、3分で0から50%B、5分で50から100%B、6分間100%B。生成物は約7.5分に溶出した。生成物含有画分を真空濃縮し、油性残渣を得た。これを水に溶かし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、181mg(33%)の無色の蝋状固体を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C29H47N2O6:519.3;実測値:519.4(M)+。
3mLのCH2Cl2および3mLの1.2M NaHCO3中、177mg(0.306mmol)の3−カルバモイル−1−((2R,3R,4S,5R)−3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−((テトラデカノイルオキシ)メチル)テトラヒドロフラン−2−イル)ピリジン−1−イウム 2,2,2−トリフルオロアセテート(NRミリストイルレートトリフルオロアセテート)の溶液に、160mgの亜ジチオン酸ナトリウムを加えた。この反応物をN2下で18時間撹拌した後、反応物を10mLのCH2Cl2および10mLの1.2M NaHCO3で希釈した。これらの層を振盪させ、分離した後、水層をさらなるCH2Cl2(1×10mL)で抽出した。合わせた有機層をブラインで逆抽出し、エマルションを崩壊させるために濾過し、MgSO4で乾燥させ、濾過し、真空濃縮した。残渣をH2Oに懸濁させた後、CH3CNを加え、溶液を得た。この混合物を凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、46mg(32%)の生成物を淡黄色固体として得た。MS(ESI)理論値C25H42N2O6:466.3;実測値:467.3(M+H)+。
5mLのDMF中、250mg(0.82mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドの溶液に、1.14mL(12.0mmol)の2−クロロピリジン、次いで、0.52mL(6.0mmol)の塩化プロピオニルを加えた。酸塩化物を滴下した。この混合物を周囲温度で30分間撹拌した後、2mLのCH3OHを加え、混合物を−20℃で18時間保存した。粗反応物を下記の溶出系を用いて逆相HPLCにより精製した。溶媒A=H2O中0.1%TFA、溶媒B=CH3CN;1分間100%A、0%B、8分で0から30%B、7分で30から100%B。生成物含有画分を真空濃縮し、油性残渣を得た。これを水に溶かし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、58mg(16%)の無色の固体を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C14H19N2O6:311.1;実測値:311.1(M)+。
5mLのDMF中、250mg(0.82mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドの溶液に、1.14mL(12.0mmol)の2−クロロピリジン、次いで、1.08mL(6.0mmol)の塩化ノナノイルを加えた。この混合物を周囲温度で30分間撹拌した後、残留する酸塩化物を消費するために2mLのCH3OHを加えた。粗反応物を下記の溶出系を用いて逆相HPLCにより精製した。溶媒A=H2O中0.1%TFA、溶媒B=CH3CN;1分間100%A、0%B、3分で0から50%B、4分で50から100%B、8分間100%B。生成物含有画分を真空濃縮し、油性残渣を得た(いくつかの画分
が2−クロロピリジンを含有したが、これは40℃および<1mmHgでの真空濃縮中に除去することができた)。残渣を水に溶かし、凍結させ、凍結乾燥させ、177mg(40%)の無色の固体を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C20H31N2O6:395.2;実測値:395.2(M)+。
30mLのCH3CN中、500mg(1.72mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドクロリドの懸濁液に、16mg(0.14mmol)の4−(N,N−ジメチルアミノ)ピリジン、次いで、0.93mL(4.72mmol)の無水n−ペンタン酸を加えた。この反応物をN2下で18時間撹拌した後、溶媒を真空で除去したところ生成物混合物中に少量の無水物が残留していた。この残渣を30mLのH2Oに取り、懸濁液をヘプタン(6×40mL)で抽出してほとんどの残留無水物を除去した。水層を真空濃縮した後、残渣を、酢酸エチルで溶出するシリカゲルクロマトグラフィーにより精製した。生成物含有画分を濃縮し、156mg(17%)の淡黄色泡沫を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C26H39N2O8:507.3;実測値:507.3(M)+。(3−28−2013および3−29−2013上、RDC−529−49)
30mLのCH3CN中、400mg(1.37mmol)のニコチンアミドリボシドクロリドの懸濁液に、16mg(0.14mmol)の4−(N,N−ジメチルアミノ)ピリジン、次いで、1.4mL(6.19mmol)の無水n−ヘキサン酸を加えた。この反応物をN2下で18時間撹拌した後、溶媒を真空で除去したところ、生成物混合物中に少量の無水物が残留していた。この残渣を30mLのH2Oに取り、懸濁液をヘプタン(6×40mL)で抽出してほとんどの残留無水物を除去した。水層を真空濃縮した後、残渣を、酢酸エチルで溶出するシリカゲルクロマトグラフィーにより精製した。生成物含有画分を濃縮し、208mg(26%)の淡黄色泡沫を得た。MS(ESI)理論値C29H45N2O8:549.3;実測値:549.3(M)+。
本実施例は、ニコチンアミドリボシドエステルおよびニコチンアミドリボシドヒドリドエステルは、ラット血漿とともにインキュベートした際にニコチンアミドリボシドへ変換され得ることを示す。
溶解度は有効な薬剤に重要な物理化学的パラメーターである。計算法を用いて溶解度を推定することができる。例えば、CLogPは、「計算された(calculated)」LogPである。LogPは、化合物の相対的極性と疎水性の分配係数の尺度である。化合物のLogPは、身体におけるその化合物の薬理学的特性、薬物動態的特性および薬力学的特性に影響を及ぼすので重要である。経口バイオアベイラビリティに理想的なCLogPの範囲は2〜4である。図4に示されるように、NRH−トリ−n−ブチレートおよびNRH−トリイソブチレートはいずれもこの範囲内のClogP値を有する。従って、本発明の例示的化合物は、医薬としての、特に、経口用途のそれらの使用に理想的な物理特性を有する。
化合物をリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に125mg/mLで懸濁させた。8個体のマウスに500mg/kgの試験化合物(40gのマウスにつき160μLのPBS中、20mg化合物)を強制経口投与により投与した。4個体のマウスは、投与後2時間でCO2窒息により安楽死させ、その後、残りの4個体を投与後6時間で安楽死させ、安楽死の直後に心臓穿刺、眼窩出血、または尾静脈切開により採血した。各マウスからおよそ600μLの血液を採取した。これらの血液サンプルを5容量の70%(1%スルホサリチル酸/1μM DTE/10μM CD−38阻害剤)/30%(37%10mM重炭酸アンモニウム水溶液/63%アセトニトリル)で希釈した。この混合物をブルテックスにかけた後、4℃、3000rpmで10分間遠心分離して透明な上清を得た。10μL部の上清を、以下の条件を用いてLCMSにより分析した。
C57BL/6 DIOマウスおよび痩せ型対照をTaconic(Hudson、NY)から購入した。総てのマウスに、離乳から6週齢まで、Purina 5001飼料を任意に与え、その後、DIOマウスは60%脂肪を含有する餌を任意に与えた。マウスが18週齢となった際に投与を開始した。マウスを8個体の群に分け、A群にはビヒクル(1:1(v:v)PEG400:水)を与え、B群には100mg/kgニコチンアミドリボシドヒドリドトリアセテートをビヒクル中の溶液として与え、C群には500mg/kgニコチンアミドリボシドヒドリドトリアセテートをビヒクル中の溶液として与え、D群(飼料を与えた痩せ型対照マウス)にはビヒクルを与えた。マウスには、6週間、1日1回、強制経口投与により投与を行った。3週間の投与の後に、体重、食後血糖、および食後血中インスリンレベルを、市販のキットを用いて測定した。4週間の投与の後に、空腹時血糖および空腹時血中インスリンレベルを測定した。ニコチンアミドリボシドおよびNADレベルは4週間の投与の後に、実施例21に記載したものと同じ抽出法およびLCMSプロトコールを用いて測定し、NADは、LC保持時間=2.5分、MSQ1ピーク、m/z=664(M+H)+、Q3ピーク、m/z=428(M−C11H13N2O4)を示した。統計分析は一元配置ANOVA、およびダネットの事後検定を用いて行った。
ニコチン酸アミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NAD)は、ADP−リボシルトランスフェラーゼ、ポリ(ADP−リボース)ポリメラーゼおよびサーチュインを含む多くの酵素の基質である。これらの酵素は、DNA修復、ストレス応答、シグナル伝達、転写、アポトーシス、代謝、分化、クロマチン構造、および寿命を含む多くの基礎的細胞プロセスに関与する。NAD+はトリプトファンまたはアスパラギン酸から誘導され得るか(de novo合成)またはナイアシン、ナイアシンアミド、NRHから誘導され得る(サルベージ経路)。皮膚細胞においてNADレベルを上昇させることが、細胞におけるDNA傷害の低減、より長い細胞寿命および老化速度の緩徐化を含む多くの皮膚利益をもたらし得るという仮説が立てられたが、直接的なエビデンスが必要である。細胞内NADレベルの生物学的影響に関する既存の知見と皮膚健康の利益の間の隔たりの橋渡しをするために、以下の例で、皮膚細胞の生物学が本発明のNR類似体の投与により有意に改善されるという生物学的エビデンスを提供する。
HaCaT細胞を従前に記載したような標準の細胞培養DMEM培地で、またはナシンアミド(nacinamide)を含まないEpilife培地(Life Technologies)で、実施例23に記載したように増殖させた。細胞を、種々の濃度のNRHまたはナイアシンアミド(NIA、DSM nutritional products)で3時間処理し、5mM EDTAを含有するPBSで2回洗浄した後、実施例23に記載したようにニコチン酸アミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NAD)測定を行った。酵素マスターミックスとACN抽出溶液の2:1比混合物をブランク参照として使用した。NAD(Sigma)を陽性対照として使用した。試験結果は図8に示され、これは、450μMのNRH処理はNADレベルを約6倍上昇させたが、ナイアシンアミドおよびCD38阻害剤であるN−(2−フルオロ−4−(メチルスルホニル)フェニル)−2−メチル−6−(チアゾール−5−イル)イソニコチンアミドは、試験した最高用量でも、Vit B3(ナイアシンアミドの酸形態)を含むDMEMで培養したHaCaT細胞においてNAD上昇をもたらさなかった(白いバーを参照)ことを示す。CD38阻害剤およびナイアシンアミドはいずれも、Vit B3欠損培養培地で培養したHaCaT細胞においてNADを増加させ、ナイアシンアミドによるNADの誘導は用量依存的であった(黒いバー)。しかしながら、ナイアシンアミドによるNADの誘導(最高約1.5倍)は、NRHによる誘導に比べて低かった。従って、NRHは、CD38阻害剤またはナイアシンアミドに比べてより強力なNAD誘導因子である。
HaCaT細胞を実施例1に記載したように標準の培養培地で増殖させ、12ウェルプレートにウェル当たり2×105細胞の密度で各ウェル1mlの培養培地に播種した。 NRH保存溶液は、エタノール中、100mM(25.6mg/ml)で調製し、−20℃で保存した。NRHエステルの保存溶液は、DMSO中、50mMで作製した(化合物情報に関しては図9Bを参照)。細胞を150μMのNRHエステルおよびNRHで6時間および16時間処理し、5mM EDTAを含有するPBSで2回洗浄した後、実施例23に記載したようにニコチン酸アミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NAD)測定を行った。試験結果を図9Aに示し、これは、NRHモノC16が150μMの他の総ての供試NRエステルに比べて高いNAD増強活性を示したことを示す。しかしながら、NRHモノC16の保存溶液を培地に加えた際に顕著な沈澱が生じ、これは溶解度の問題を示唆し、細胞に対するこの化合物のアベイラビリティが制限されていたかもしれない。150μMのNRモノオレエートTFAモノC16で処理した細胞は不健康に見え、この化合物により誘発される潜在的細胞傷害性を示唆する。陽性対照としてのNRH(150μM)は、NAD上昇に一貫して強い活性を示した。
HaCaT細胞を上記のように標準の培養培地で増殖させ、12ウェルプレートに、ウェル当たり2×105細胞の密度でウェル中1mlの培養培地に播種した。NRH保存溶液は、エタノール中、100mM(25.6mg/ml)で調製し、−20℃で保存した。NRH(200μM)を陽性対照として使用した。NRHモノC16に関連した潜在的溶解度の問題のために、脂肪酸不含ウシ血清アルブミン(脱脂BSA、Sigma)を化合物の担体として使用した。NRHモノC16保存溶液(100倍)を、処理前に脱脂BSA(1M)と合わせ、NRHモノC16保存溶液(10倍)とした。次に、NRHモノC16を培養培地に加えて最終BSA濃度を100μMとした。この方法を用いた場合、沈澱は見られなかった。脱脂BSAもまた、終濃度100μMで対照サンプルに加えた。細胞を、200μMのNRHおよび種々の濃度のNRHモノC16で6時間および24時間処理し、5mM EDTAを含有するPBSで2回洗浄した後、実施例1に記載したようにニコチン酸アミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NAD)測定を行った。試験結果は図10に示され、これは、NRHモノC16は用量依存的にNADレベルを上昇させたことを示す。しかしながら、それらのNAD増強活性は、同じ濃度のNRHのNAD増強活性よりもやや低い。6時間の処理に比べて、化合物を細胞とともに24時間インキュベートした後により高い活性が見られ、これはNRHエステル化合物が生物学的に活性となるためにはより長いインキュベーションが必要とされる可能性があることを示唆する。
HaCaT細胞は、実施例23に記載するように増殖させ、96ウェルプレート(Nunc(商標)黒、オプティカルボトムを有する、Thermo Fisher Scientific,Inc.、ウォルサム、MA)にてウェル当たり2×104細胞の密度で各ウェル100μlの培養培地に播種し、処理前に一晩増殖させた。NRHおよび他の試験化合物の保存溶液を調製し、図11に示されるように、96ウェル保存プレートにてDMEM培地で最終処理濃度の2倍に希釈した。HaCaT細胞は、すでに100μlの培地が入った各ウェルに試験化合物の希釈溶液(2倍)100μlを加えることにより、三反復で処理した。細胞を試験化合物の存在下で3時間インキュベートした。3時間のインキュベーションの終了時に、細胞を、Ca++およびMg++を含む200μlのDPBS(Life Technologies)で1回洗浄した後、250μMのH2O2(ROS(反応性酸素種)誘導剤として、Sigma)を含有する各ウェル100μlのDMEM培地を供給した。30分のインキュベーション後、細胞を、Ca++およびMg++を含む200μlのDPBSで1回洗浄し、この培地にCellROXディープレッド試薬(2.5mM保存溶液、Life Technologies)を終濃度5μMとなるように加えた。37℃、5%CO2で1時間のインキュベーション後、細胞をDPBSで3回洗浄し、蛍光シグナルをBiotek Synergy H4マイクロプレートリーダー(BioTek、ウィーヌースキ、VT)にて励起640nmおよび発光665nmで読み取った。非処理細胞を対照として用いた(1に対して正規化)。処理サンプルは総て非処理対照に対して正規化した。供試化合物のROSレベルを図11に示す。図11は、250μMのH2O2で処理したHaCaT細胞は約6倍のROSレベル増を示したことを示す。酸化防止剤の陽性対照であるヒドロキシテロソール(hydroxyterosol)0.005%はH2O2により誘導されるROSを低下させた。NRHは、H2O2により誘導されるROSに対して用量依存的阻害活性を示したが、ナイアシンアミドは4.5mMで、H2O2により誘導されるROSを阻害しなかった。
ヒト皮膚線維芽細胞は、上記の実施例23に記載されるように標準培養培地で増殖させ、12ウェルプレートにウェル当たり2×105細胞で播種し、一晩置いた。次に、細胞に新鮮培地を補給し、NRH(200μM)とともに、および伴わずにTNFα(10ng/ml)で30時間処理した。インキュベーションの終了時に、細胞を、Ca2+およびMg2+を含むHBSS(Life Technologies)で1回洗浄し、RNA単離およびQPCR分析を行った。COX−2遺伝子のQPCR結果は図12Aに示され、これは、皮膚線維芽細胞において、TNF−αはCOX−2遺伝子発現を誘導したが、NRH処理は基底のおよびTNF−αにより誘導されるCOX−2遺伝子発現を低減したことを示す。加えて、NRHはまた、NRF2の発現レベルをやや増強した。
ヒト皮膚線維芽細胞は、実施例1に記載されるように標準培養培地で増殖させ、12ウェルプレートにウェル当たり2×105細胞で播種し、一晩置いた。UVA暴露の前に、培養培地を除去し、各ウェルにPBS(500μl)を加えた。細胞を培養培地中200μMのNRHで5日間処理し、隔日で0日目と3日にのみに5J/cm2または7.5J/cm2のUVAに曝した。UV−A−Fフィルターを備えたNewport DS−101103 UV Solar Simulator(Sol−UV−A−F)(Newport Corporate)をUVAエミッターとして使用した。照射の測定はUVAプローブを備えたILT−1400−A線量計/光度計(SSL001A、international light technologies,Inc.)を用いて行った。UVA暴露後、各ウェルからPBSを除去し、NRHを含む培地を細胞に加えた。5日間の処理の後にRNA単離のために細胞を採取した。QPCR結果は図13A、13Bおよび13Cに示され、これらは、NRH処理が、UVA単独の場合に比べて、COX−2を低減し、NRF−2およびNQO−1を増加させたことを示し、NRHが炎症を軽減し、内因性の抗酸化酵素系を増強することを示唆する。
皮膚への太陽光の紫外線(UV)暴露は光老化、日焼け、DNA損傷および発癌を引き起こす。UV照射(UVR)もまた炎症を生じ、これはin vitroにおいて炎症性メディエーター、例えば、TNF−α、IL−8により測定することができる。in vitro再生ヒト表皮(RHE)モデルは、NRHの抗炎症効果を評価するために使用される。
X線回折(XRD): サンプルは、線源としての銅X線管とKβ線を除去するためのニッケルフィルターを備えたX’celerator 1−Dケイ素ストリップ検出器とを備えたPANalytical X’Pert Pro MPD−XRD(PW3040)X線粉末回折装置を用いて分析した。データは2〜50°2θで収集した。サンプルはケイ素ゼロバックグラウンドディスクに薄層として適用した。
NRH粒子は、光学顕微鏡による外観では、黄色、ガラス質で、透明であった。交差偏光下で見ると、これらの粒子は複屈折性ではなかった。光学顕微鏡により画像化されたNRH粒子(スケールバー:1目盛り=10ミクロン)を示す図15を参照。
本発明は、特に、ニコチンアミドリボシドNAD前駆体化合物、および塩ならびにその使用方法を提供する。本発明の特定の実施態様を述べてきたが、上記明細書は例示であって、限定的なものではない。本明細書を精査すると当業者には本発明の多くの変形が明らかになるであろう。本発明の全範囲は、特許請求の範囲およびそれらの均等物の全範囲、ならびに明細書およびそれらの変形を参照することにより決定されるべきである。
本明細書に記載された総ての刊行物および特許は、以下に挙げるものを含め、それらの各個の刊行物または特許が参照によって組み入れらることを明示的かつ個々に示された場合と同様に、その全体が参照によって本明細書に組入れられる。矛盾する場合には、本明細書のいずれの定義も含め、本明細書が優先する。
Claims (51)
- 下記構造式(I)もしくは(II)により表される立体異性体的に純粋な化合物またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩:
R1は、−C(=O)−X−(C1−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルキルまたは−C(=O)−X−(C2−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルケニルであり、
各R2は、水素、および−C(O)−X−(C1−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルキルまたは−C(O)−X−(C2−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルケニルから独立に選択され、かつ
Xは、共有結合またはOである]。 - 化合物が下記でない、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- 化合物が構造式(I)により表されるものである、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- 化合物が構造式(II)により表されるものである、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- R1が−C(=O)−(C1−C3直鎖または分岐)アルキルであり、かつ各R2が水素、および−C(=O)−(C1−C3直鎖または分岐)アルキルから独立に選択される、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- 化合物が下記である、請求項5に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- 化合物が下記である、請求項5に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- 化合物が下記である、請求項5に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- 化合物が下記である、請求項5に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- R1が−C(=O)−CH3であり、かつR2の各存在が水素(ニコチンアミドリボシドヒドリド5’モノアセテート)である、請求項4に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- 化合物が下記ではない、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- R1が−C(=O)−(C4−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルキルまたはアルケニルであり、R2の各存在がHである、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- 化合物が下記から選択される、請求項12に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- R1が−C(=O)−X−(C1−C10直鎖もしくは分岐)アルキルまたは−C(=O)−X−(C2−C10直鎖もしくは分岐)アルケニルである、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- R1が−C(=O)−X−(C11−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルキルまたは−C(=O)−X−(C11−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルケニルである、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- R1が、基C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、およびC10から選択される直鎖または分岐アルキルまたはアルケニルを含んでなる、請求項14に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- R1が、基C11、C12、C13、C14、C15、C16、C17、およびC18から選択される直鎖または分岐アルキルまたはアルケニルを含んでなる、請求項15に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- 塩素物、臭素物、ヨウ素物、ナイトレート、サルフェート、サルファイト、ホスフェート、カーボネート、ビカーボネート、メタンスルホネート(メシレート)、エタンスルホネート、プロパンスルホネート、ベンゼンスルホネート(ベンジレート)、パラ−トルエンスルホネート(トシレート)、チオシアネート、およびトリフルオロメタンスルホネートからなる群から選択される陰イオンを含んでなる、請求項1、2、3、5、または11〜17のいずれか一項に記載の薬学的に許容可能な塩。
- トリフルオロアセテート、ホルメート、アセテート、プロピオネート、ブチレート、イソブチレート、ペンタノエート(バレレート)、イソペンタノエート、ヘキサノエート(カプロエート)、イソヘキサノエート、ヘプタノエート(エナンテート)、イソヘプタノエート、オクタノエート(カプリレート)、イソオクタノエート、ノナノエート(ペラルゴネート)、イソノナノエート、デカノエート(カプラート)、ラウレート、オレアート、パルミテート、ステアレート、ウンデシレネート、ベンゾエート、ニコチネート、ラクテート、グルクロネート、タルテート、マレート、スクシネート、フマレート、マロネート、タルテート、ヒドロキシスクシネート、2−オキソスクシネート、2−オキソグルタレート、アセトンジカルボキシレート、フタレート、オキサレート、アジペート、グルタレート、セバケート、マレエート、シトレート、エチレンジアミンテトラアセテート、アスパルテート、およびグルタメートからなる群から選択される陰イオンを含んでなる、請求項1、2、3、5、または11〜17のいずれか一項に記載の薬学的に許容可能な塩。
- 化合物が下記から選択される、請求項12に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- XがOであり、R1およびR2がそれぞれ独立に−C(O)−O−(C1−C18直鎖または分岐)アルキルまたはアルキレンである、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物。
- 化合物が下記である、請求項21に記載の立体異性体的に純粋な化合物:
- 組成物が5%未満のα−アノマーを含んでなる、請求項1に記載の立体異性体的に純粋なβ−アノマー化合物を含んでなる組成物。
- 請求項1〜22のいずれか一項に記載の化合物と薬学的に許容可能な担体とを含んでなる、医薬組成物または美容組成物。
- 組成物が酸素を排除するために密封される、請求項24に記載の医薬組成物または美容組成物。
- 組成物が気密カプセル中に処方される、請求項25に記載の医薬組成物。
- 薬学的に許容可能な担体が局所投与用に処方される、請求項24に記載の医薬組成物。
- 組成物が軟膏、ローション、クリーム、マイクロエマルション、ゲル、オイル、および溶液から選択される形態である、請求項27に記載の局所投与用医薬組成物。
- 抗炎症薬、鎮痛薬、抗菌薬、抗真菌薬、抗生剤、ビタミン、酸化防止剤、および日焼け止め剤から選択される付加的活性剤をさらに含んでなる、請求項27に記載の局所投与用医薬組成物。
- 薬学的に許容可能な担体が経口投与用に処方される、請求項24に記載の医薬組成物。
- 付加的な薬学上活性な薬剤をさらに含んでなる、請求項24に記載の医薬組成物。
- 下記構造式(I)もしくは(II)により表される立体異性体的に純粋なβ−アノマー化合物またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含んでなる医薬組成物または美容組成物:
R1は、−C(=O)−(C1−C5直鎖もしくは分岐)アルキルまたは−C(=O)−(C2−C5直鎖もしくは分岐)アルケニルであり、
各R2は、水素、および−C(O)−(C1−C5直鎖または分岐)アルキルまたはアルキレンから独立に選択される]。 - 1%未満のα−アノマーを含んでなる、請求項32に記載の医薬組成物。
- 組成物がパイロジェンフリーである、請求項32に記載の医薬組成物。
- 炎症、日光損傷、酸化ストレスまたは自然老化に関連するまたはそれらにより引き起こされる皮膚障害または疾患を処置する方法であって、それを必要とする対象の皮膚または粘膜組織に請求項27に記載の局所投与用医薬組成物を投与することを含んでなる、方法。
- 皮膚障害または疾患が接触皮膚炎、アレルギー性湿疹、光線性角化症、湿疹、天疱瘡、剥脱性皮膚炎、脂漏性皮膚炎、多形性紅斑、結節性紅斑、日光損傷、円板状紅斑性狼瘡、皮膚筋炎、乾癬、皮膚癌、および自然老化の影響から選択される、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 創傷または火傷を処置する方法であって、それを必要とする対象の皮膚または粘膜組織に請求項27に記載の局所投与用医薬組成物を投与することを含んでなる、方法。
- 対象の少なくとも1つの組織においてNADレベルを上昇させる方法であって、対象に請求項24に記載の組成物を投与することを含んでなる、方法。
- 組成物が経口投与される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 組成物が静脈内、腹膜内、または筋肉内投与される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 組成物が局所投与される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- それを必要とする対象に付加的治療薬を投与することをさらに含んでなる、請求項38に記載の方法。
- インスリン抵抗性、代謝症候群、糖尿病、またはその合併症に罹患しているもしくは感受性のある対象を処置するため、または対象においてインスリン感受性を高めるための方法であって、それを必要とする対象に請求項24に記載の組成物を投与することを含んでなる、方法。
- ミトコンドリア病または障害に罹患しているもしくはそれに感受性のある対象を処置するための方法であって、それを必要とする対象に請求項24に記載の組成物を投与することを含んでなる、方法。
- ミトコンドリア病または障害がレーベル遺伝性視神経症(LHON)、ミトコンドリア脳筋症乳酸アシドーシスおよび脳卒中様エピソード(MELAS)、ミオクロヌス癲癇および赤色ぼろ線維疾患(MERRF)、およびリー症候群(LS)からなる群から選択される、請求項44に記載の方法。
- 療法において使用するための、請求項1〜22のいずれか一項に定義される化合物。
- 炎症、日光損傷、もしくは自然老化に関連するもしくはそれにより引き起こされる皮膚障害もしくは疾患の処置;または創傷もしくは火傷の処置;または対象の少なくとも1つの組織におけるNADレベルの上昇;またはインスリン抵抗性、代謝症候群、糖尿病、もしくはその合併症の処置;またはインスリン感受性の増強;またはミトコンドリア病もしくは障害の処置において使用するための、請求項1〜22のいずれか一項に定義される化合物またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩。
- 炎症、日光損傷、もしくは自然老化に関連するもしくはそれにより引き起こされる皮膚障害もしくは疾患の処置;または創傷もしくは火傷の処置;または対象の少なくとも1つの組織におけるNADレベルの上昇;またはインスリン抵抗性、代謝症候群、糖尿病、もしくはその合併症の処置;またはインスリン感受性の増強;またはミトコンドリア病もしくは障害の処置において使用するための薬剤の製造における、請求項1〜22のいずれか一項に定義される化合物またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩の使用。
- 下記構造式(I)もしくは(II)により表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩:
R1は、−C(=O)−X−(C1−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルキルまたは−C(=O)−X−(C2−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルケニルであり、
各R2は、水素、および−C(O)−X−(C1−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルキルまたは−C(O)−X−(C2−C18直鎖もしくは分岐)アルケニルから独立に選択され、かつ
Xは、共有結合またはOである]。 - 請求項49に記載の化合物を含んでなる、組成物。
- 式(I)もしくは(II)の化合物のジアステレオマー混合物、またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含んでなる、請求項50に記載の組成物。
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JP2018505130A (ja) * | 2016-01-11 | 2018-02-22 | ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニー | 皮膚状態を処置する方法及びそのための組成物 |
JP2021525279A (ja) * | 2018-05-22 | 2021-09-24 | ジャンプスタート ファーティリティ ピーティーワイ リミテッド | 抗加齢剤としてのニコチン酸リボシドのアミノ酸塩 |
JP2023510034A (ja) * | 2020-04-03 | 2023-03-10 | 深▲せん▼市迪克曼科技開発有限公司 | ニコチンアミドリボースの有機酸塩、その組成物及び製造方法 |
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CA2951287A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 |
CN106715455A (zh) | 2017-05-24 |
WO2015186114A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 |
MX2016016071A (es) | 2017-07-11 |
US10485814B2 (en) | 2019-11-26 |
EP3152220A1 (en) | 2017-04-12 |
RU2016149767A (ru) | 2018-07-16 |
KR20170008320A (ko) | 2017-01-23 |
US20170189433A1 (en) | 2017-07-06 |
AU2015270090A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
JP6559713B2 (ja) | 2019-08-14 |
BR112016028672A2 (pt) | 2017-08-22 |
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