JP2017216484A - C方向において+/−15度より少ないミスカットを有するm面基板上の半極性iii族窒化物光電子デバイス - Google Patents
C方向において+/−15度より少ないミスカットを有するm面基板上の半極性iii族窒化物光電子デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017216484A JP2017216484A JP2017177712A JP2017177712A JP2017216484A JP 2017216484 A JP2017216484 A JP 2017216484A JP 2017177712 A JP2017177712 A JP 2017177712A JP 2017177712 A JP2017177712 A JP 2017177712A JP 2017216484 A JP2017216484 A JP 2017216484A
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Abstract
【解決手段】GaNのミスカット上に成長された光電子デバイスであって、ミスカットは、GaNのm面から、GaNのc方向に、x度でミスカットされた(GaNの)半極性GaN結晶面を含み、ここで、−15<x<−1および1<x<15である、光電子デバイス。半極性結晶面は、{30−31}面、{30−3−1}面、{40−41}面、または{40−4−1}面である。半極性結晶面は、微斜面、ミスカット、または軸外フリースタンディングGaN基板の上表面である。
【選択図】図2
Description
本願は、同時係属および同一人に譲渡されたPo Shan Hsu、Kathryn M.Kelchner、Robert M.Farrell、Daniel Haeger、Hiroaki Ohta、Anurag Tyagi、Shuji Nakamura、Steven P.DenBaars、およびJames S.Speckによる米国仮特許出願第61/310,638号(名称「SEMI−POLAR III−NITRIDE OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES ON M−PLANE SUBSTRATES WITH MISCUTS LESS THAN +/− 15 DEGREES IN THE C−DIRECTION」、2010年3月4日出願、代理人整理番号30794.366−US−P1(2010−543−1))の米国特許法第119条第(e)項に基づく利益を主張する。上記出願は、本明細書に参照することによって援用される。
Daniel F.Feezell、Mathew C.Schmidt、Kwang Choong Kim、Robert M.Farrell、Daniel A.Cohen、James S.Speck、Steven P.DenBaars,およびShuji Nakamuraによる米国特許出願第12/030,117号(名称「Al(x)Ga(1−x)N−CLADDING−FREE NONPOLAR GAN−BASED LASER DIODES AND LEDS」、2008年2月12日出願、代理人整理番号30794.222−US−U1(2007−424))。この出願は、Daniel F.Feezell、Mathew C.Schmidt、Kwang Choong Kim、Robert M.Farrell、Daniel A.Cohen、James S.Speck、Steven P.DenBaars、およびShuji Nakamuraによる米国仮特許出願第60/889,510号(名称「Al(x)Ga(1−x)N−CLADDING−FREE NONPOLAR GAN−BASED LASER DIODES AND LEDS」、2007年2月12日出願、代理人整理番号30794.222−US−P1(2007−424−1))の米国特許法第119条第(e)項に基づく利益を主張する;
Arpan Chakraborty、You−Da Lin、Shuji Nakamura、およびSteven P.DenBaarsよるPCT国際特許出願第US2010/37629号(名称「ASYMMETRICALLY CLADDED LASER DIODE」、2010年6月7日出願、代理人整理番号30794.314−US−WO(2009−614−2))。この出願は、Arpan Chakraborty、You−Da Lin、Shuji Nakamura、およびSteven P.DenBaarsによる米国仮特許出願第61/184,668号(名称「ASYMMETRICALLY CLADDED LASER DIODE」、2009年6月5日出願、代理人整理番号30794.314−US−P1(2009−614−1))の米国特許法第119条第(e)項に基づく利益を主張する;
および、 Arpan Chakraborty、You−Da Lin、Shuji Nakamura、およびSteven P.DenBaarsによる米国特許出願第12/795,390号(名称「LONG WAVELENGTH NONPOLAR AND SEMIPOLAR (Al,Ga,In)N BASED LASER DIODES」、2010年6月7日出願、代理人整理番号30794.315−US−U1(2009−616−2))。この出願は、同時係属および同一人に譲渡されたArpan Chakraborty、You−Da Lin、Shuji Nakamura、およびSteven P.DenBaarsによる米国仮特許出願第61/184,729号(名称「LONG WAVELENGTH m−PLANE (Al,Ga,In)N BASED LASER DIODES」、2009年6月5日出願、代理人整理番号30794.315−US−P1(2009−616−1))の米国特許法第119条第(e)項に基づく利益を主張する。
本発明は、半極性光電子デバイスおよびそれらの製造方法に関し、より具体的に、c方向において+/−15度より少ないミスカットを有するm面基板上の半極性III族窒化物光電子デバイスに関する。
(注記:本願は、括弧内の1つ以上の参照番号(例えば、[x])によって、本明細書を通して指示されるように、いくつかの異なる刊行物を参照する。このような参照番号に従って順序付けられたこれらの異なる刊行物の一覧は、以下の「参考文献」の項に列挙される。これらの刊行物はそれぞれ、参照することによって本明細書に組み込まれる。)
次世代ディスプレイテクノロジー(例えば、ミニチュアモバイルプロジェクターおよび高精細度飛点ディスプレイ)に対して期待された高い市販需要は、直接放射の緑色レーザーダイオード(LD)の開発を著しく加速させた。このような用途に対する技術基準は、LDが高効率、信頼性、コンパクト、および変調応答能力を有することを要求する[1]。ウルツ鉱(Al,Ga,In)Nベースの材料システムは、緑色光電子デバイスの先行候補として広く賛同されているが、その結晶面のエピタキシー成長に対する最適化が依然達成されていないことが一般的な合意である。
本発明は、m面から、c方向にx度のミスカットを有するGaN基板上に成長された半極性(Al,Ga,In)Nベースの光電子デバイスを開示する(ここで、−15<x<−1および1<x<15)。
例えば、本願発明は以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
光電子デバイスであって、該光電子デバイスは、
GaNの半極性結晶面上にエピタキシー成長された1つ以上のIII族窒化物層を含み、
該半極性結晶面は、該GaNのm面から、該GaNのc方向に、x度で配向されており、ここで、−15<x<−1および1<x<15である、デバイス。
(項目2)
前記半極性結晶面は、{30−31}面、{30−3−1}面、{40−41}面、または{40−4−1}面である、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目3)
前記半極性結晶面は、微斜面、ミスカット、または軸外フリースタンディングGaN基板の上表面である、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目4)
前記III族窒化物層は、Mathews−Blakeslee臨界厚さ以上の厚さを有する1つ以上のInGaN層を含み、該臨界厚さは、GaNのm面から、該GaNのc方向に、15度以上で配向された該GaNの半極性結晶面上に蒸着されたInGaN層に対するものである、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目5)
前記光電子デバイスは、レーザーダイオードであり、前記1つ以上のInGaN層は、モーダル閉じ込めを該レーザーダイオードに提供するInGaN導波管を含む、項目4に記載のデバイス。
(項目6)
前記III族窒化物は、1つ以上のInGaN量子井戸を含む光を放射するInGaN活性層をさらに含み、該量子井戸のうちの1つ以上は、少なくとも16%のインジウム組成と、4nmより大きい厚さとを有する、項目5に記載のデバイス。
(項目7)
前記InGaN層は、少なくとも7%のインジウム組成を有する、項目4に記載のデバイス。
(項目8)
前記光電子デバイスは、GaN基板のミスカットまたは微斜面の表面上に成長され、該ミスカットまたは微斜面の表面は、前記半極性結晶面を含み、前記III族窒化物層は、
1つ以上のn型(Al,In,Ga)N層と、
1つ以上のp型(Al,In,Ga)N層と、
該n型(Al,In,Ga)N層と該1つ以上のp型(Al,In,Ga)N層との間の1つ以上のInGaN量子井戸層を含むInGaN活性層と
をさらに含み、
該n型(Al,In,Ga)N層、該p型(Al,In,Ga)N層、および該InGaN量子井戸層は、該半極性結晶面の半極性配向を有し、該InGaN量子井戸層は、少なくとも477nmの波長においてピーク光放射またはピーク光吸収を有している、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目9)
前記光電子デバイスは、レーザーダイオードであり、前記III族窒化物層は、
前記半極性結晶面の上または上方のn型GaN層と、
該n型GaN層の上または上方のn型InGaN導波管層であって、該n型InGaN導波管層は、少なくとも50nmの厚さと、7%以上のインジウム組成とを有する、n型InGaN導波管層と、
該n型InGaN導波管層の上または上方のInGaN活性層であって、該InGaN活性層は、少なくとも7%のインジウム組成と、4nmより大きい厚さとを有する1つ以上のInGaN量子井戸層を含む、InGaN活性層と、
該InGaN活性層の上または上方のp型InGaN導波管層と、
該p型InGaN導波管層の上または上方のp型GaN層であって、該p型InGaN導波管層は、少なくとも50nmの厚さと、7%以上のインジウム組成とを有する、p型GaN層と
を含み、
該III族窒化物層は、該半極性結晶面の半極性配向を有する、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目10)
前記半極性結晶面が、原子的特定面を含むことにより、前記III族窒化物層の平坦なエピタキシー成長が達成される、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目11)
前記半極性結晶面上に成長された前記デバイスは、レーザーダイオード、レーザー放射ダイオード、超放射ダイオード、半導体増幅器、フォトニック結晶レーザー、VCSELレーザー、太陽電池、または光検出器を含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目12)
前記デバイスは、前記半極性結晶面上に成長されたレーザーダイオードであり、該レーザーダイオードは、より高いゲインのために、該レーザーダイオードのc投影方向に配向された導波管を含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目13)
前記III族窒化物層のうちの1つ以上は、0.75nm以下の表面ラフネスを有する、項目1に記載のデバイス。
(項目14)
光電子デバイスを製造する方法であって、該方法は、
半極性結晶面上にIII族窒化物層をエピタキシー蒸着することを含み、
該半極性結晶面は、GaNのm面から、該GaNのc方向に、x度で配向されており、ここで、−15<x<−1および1<x<15である、方法。
(項目15)
前記半極性結晶面は、{30−31}面、{30−3−1}面、{40−41}面、または{40−4−1}面である、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記半極性結晶面は、微斜面、ミスカット、または軸外フリースタンディングGaN基板の上表面である、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目17)
前記III族窒化物層を蒸着することは、Mathews−Blakeslee臨界厚さ以上の厚さを有する1つ以上のInGaN層を蒸着することを含み、該臨界厚さは、GaNのm面から、該GaNのc方向に、15度以上で配向された該GaNの半極性結晶面上に蒸着されたInGaN層に対するものである、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目18)
前記光電子デバイスは、レーザーダイオードであり、前記1つ以上のInGaN層は、モーダル閉じ込めを該レーザーダイオードに提供するInGaN導波管を含み、該レーザーダイオードは、少なくとも460nmの波長においてレージングピークを有している、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目19)
前記III族窒化物を蒸着することは、1つ以上のInGaN量子井戸を含む光を放射するInGaN活性層を蒸着することをさらに含み、該量子井戸のうちの1つ以上は、少なくとも16%のインジウム組成と、4nmより大きい厚さとを有する、項目18に記載の方法。
(項目20)
前記InGaN層は、少なくとも7%のインジウム組成を有する、項目18に記載の方法。
(項目21)
前記光電子デバイスは、GaN基板のミスカットまたは微斜面の表面上に蒸着され、該ミスカットまたは微斜面の表面は、前記半極性GaN結晶面を含み、前記III族窒化物層を蒸着することは、
該半極性結晶面上に1つ以上のn型(Al,In,Ga)N層を蒸着することと、
該1つ以上のn型(Al,In,Ga)N層の上または上方に、1つ以上のInGaN量子井戸層を含むInGaN活性層を蒸着することと、
該InGaN量子井戸層上に1つ以上のp型(Al,In,Ga)N層を蒸着することと
をさらに含み、
該n型(Al,In,Ga)N層、該p型(Al,In,Ga)N層、および該InGaN量子井戸層は、該半極性結晶面の半極性配向を有し、該InGaN量子井戸層は、少なくとも477nmの波長においてピーク光放射またはピーク光吸収を有している、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目22)
前記光電子デバイスは、レーザーダイオードであり、前記III族窒化物層を蒸着することは、
前記半極性結晶面の上または上方にn型GaN層を蒸着することと、
該n型GaN層の上または上方にn型InGaN導波管層を蒸着することであって、該n型InGaN導波管層は、少なくとも50nmの厚さと、7%以上のインジウム組成とを有する、ことと、
該n型InGaN導波管層の上または上方にInGaN活性層を蒸着することであって、該InGaN活性層は、少なくとも7%のインジウム組成と、4nmより大きい厚さとを有する1つ以上のInGaN量子井戸層を含む、ことと、
該InGaN活性層の上または上方にp型InGaN導波管層を蒸着することと、
該p型InGaN導波管層の上または上方にp型GaN層を蒸着することであって、該p型InGaN導波管層は、少なくとも50nmの厚さと、7%以上のインジウム組成とを有する、ことと
を含み、
該III族窒化物層は、該半極性結晶面の半極性配向を有する、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目23)
前記半極性結晶面が、原子的特定面を含むことにより、前記III族窒化物層の平坦なエピタキシー成長が達成される、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目24)
前記半極性GaN結晶面上に蒸着された前記光電子デバイスは、レーザーダイオード、レーザー放射ダイオード、超放射ダイオード、半導体増幅器、フォトニック結晶レーザー、VCSELレーザー、太陽電池、または光検出器を含む、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目25)
前記光電子デバイスは、前記半極性結晶面上に成長されたレーザーダイオードであり、該レーザーダイオードは、より高いゲインのために、該レーザーダイオードのc投影方向に配向された導波管を含む、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目26)
前記半極性結晶面上に成長された前記III族窒化物層の臨界厚さを増大させるために、該半極性結晶面を選択することをさらに含む、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目27)
前記半極性結晶面および前記蒸着する状態は、前記III族窒化物層のうちの1つ以上が0.75nm以下の表面ラフネスを有するようなものである、項目14に記載の方法。
(Al,Ga,In)N光電子デバイスは、極性{0001}、非極性{11−20}および{10−10}、並びに半極性{10−1−1}、{11−22}および{20−21}のGaN結晶面上に成長される。
に難しい格子整合されたAlInGaNクラッド層を使用する。
GaN、アルミニウムおよびインジウムを取り込むその3元および4元化合物(AlGaN、InGaN、AlInGaN)が、本明細書に使用される場合、共通に用語(Al,Ga,In)N、III族窒化物、III族窒化物のグループ、窒化物、Al(1−x−y)InyGaxN(ここで、0<x<1、0<y<1)、またはAlInGaNを使用することを言う。これらの用語のすべては、単一種(Al、Ga、およびIn)のそれぞれの窒化物も、このIII族の金属種の2元、3元および4元組成も含むように等価的かつ広く構成されることが意図されている。従って、これらの用語は、化合物AlN、GaN、およびInNも、この命名法に含まれる種のように、3元化合物AlGaN、GaInN、およびAlInN、並びに4元族化合物AlGaInNも含む。(Ga,Al,In)構成種のうちの2つ以上が存在する場合に、(組成に存在する(Ga,Al,In)構成種の各々の相対的モル比の表示に対して)化学量論比も「非化学量論」比も含む可能な組成のすべては、本発明の広い範囲内に使用されることが可能である。従って、GaN材料への主要な参照において、本明細書の後の本発明の議論は、さまざまな他の(Al,Ga,In)N材料種の形成に適用可能であることが認識される。さらに、本発明の範囲内の(Ga,Al,In)N材料は、微粒のドーパントおよび/または他の不純物または包括的な材料をさらに含み得る。ホウ素(B)も含まれ得る。
基底(0001)面上の事前に存在するスレッディング転移(TD)のすべりによるヘテロ界面における応力解放のミスフィット転移(MD)の形成の可能性のために、半極性GaN結晶面上のLD構造の設計は、特有である[19]。このようなTDすべりのための駆動力は、基底面上の分解せん断応力に起因し、その大きさは、基底(0001)面から離れる半極性面の傾斜角の増加につれて減少する[20]。それ故、(c面に対して)80度と90度との間の傾斜角を有する半極性面上の歪(Al,Ga,In)N層のヘテロエピタキシー成長は、基底面上の分解せん断応力の急減な減少と、エピタキシー層の臨界厚さの同時の増加につながるはずである。
を用いて計算される。
図2は、デバイスを製造する方法を例示する。方法は、以下のステップを含み得る。
(形態品質および構造品質)
LD構造の形態的品質および構造的品質は、別個の(30−31)GaN基板上で同じ成長状態を反復することによって特徴付けられた。別個のMOCVD成長の間の不一致は、光ルミネセンス測定を介して最小限度まで示された。
電気測定およびルミネセンス測定のすべては、コーティングされていないミラーファセットを有するデバイスについてなされた。
バリエーションは、さまざまな可能なエピタキシー成長技術、レーザーデバイス構造、異なるドライエッチング技術を含み、誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)、反応イオンエッチング(RIE)、集光イオンビーム(FIB)、CMP、化学的補助イオンビームエッチング(CAIBE)、劈開によるファセットミラーの形成、レーザー切断によるファセットミラーの形成、導波管構造のバリエーション、2種類のエッチング技術または異なる角度によって作られたファセット(超放射ダイオード(SLD))、および同じ/2種類の誘電体を用いてコーディングされたファセットミラー等を含む。
・ミスカットは、{30−31}、{30−3−1}、{40−41}および{40−4−1}面等を含むが、それらに限定しない。他のミラー指数を有する数多くの半極性面が可能である。(30−31)、(30−3−1)、(40−41)、および(40−4−1)は、例として列挙されることに過ぎない。原子的特定面を用いて、平坦なエピタキシー成長が可能である。
現存の(Al,Ga,In)Nレーザーは、一般的に極性{0001}面、非極性{10−10}および{11−20}面、または半極性{11−22}および{20−21}面上に成長される。極性面および非極性面上に成長されたレーザーは、デバイス性能を劣化させる量子井戸内の分極関連電場という欠点を有する。非極性{10−10}デバイスおよび{11−20}デバイスには、分極関連効果がないが、{10−10}における高インジウム濃度の組込み、および{11−20}デバイスの高品質結晶成長が難しいことが知られている。
以下の参考文献は、参照することによって、本明細書に組み込まれる。
(結論)
ここで、本発明の好ましい実施形態の説明を結論付ける。本発明の1つ以上の実施形態の上述の説明は、例示および説明の目的のために提示されている。本発明を包括的または開示される正確な形態に制限することを意図するものではない。多くの修正例および変形例が、上述の教示に照らして可能である。本発明の範囲は、本発明を実施するための形態によってではなく、本明細書に添付の請求項によって制限されることが意図される。
Claims (1)
- 明細書に記載された発明。
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US9917422B2 (en) | 2018-03-13 |
US9077151B2 (en) | 2015-07-07 |
US20150255959A1 (en) | 2015-09-10 |
CN106972346B (zh) | 2019-12-10 |
US20110216795A1 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
JP6804413B2 (ja) | 2020-12-23 |
JP5972798B2 (ja) | 2016-08-17 |
JP2016129266A (ja) | 2016-07-14 |
CN102782966B (zh) | 2017-04-26 |
CN106972346A (zh) | 2017-07-21 |
EP2543119B1 (en) | 2020-02-12 |
US20180152004A1 (en) | 2018-05-31 |
TW201136080A (en) | 2011-10-16 |
EP2543119A4 (en) | 2015-08-12 |
KR20130005281A (ko) | 2013-01-15 |
KR101854419B1 (ko) | 2018-05-03 |
TWI560963B (en) | 2016-12-01 |
WO2011109754A1 (en) | 2011-09-09 |
CN102782966A (zh) | 2012-11-14 |
US11552452B2 (en) | 2023-01-10 |
EP2543119A1 (en) | 2013-01-09 |
JP2013521665A (ja) | 2013-06-10 |
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