JP2016190863A - オリゴ糖によるタンパク質の修飾及び標識方法 - Google Patents
オリゴ糖によるタンパク質の修飾及び標識方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016190863A JP2016190863A JP2016129992A JP2016129992A JP2016190863A JP 2016190863 A JP2016190863 A JP 2016190863A JP 2016129992 A JP2016129992 A JP 2016129992A JP 2016129992 A JP2016129992 A JP 2016129992A JP 2016190863 A JP2016190863 A JP 2016190863A
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、概して、新規なオリゴ糖結合におけるタンパク質の標識方法、糖鎖を修飾することによる抗体のヒト化方法、並びに修飾されたオリゴ糖と連結されている新規な抗体に関する。
単離若しくは合成されたタンパク質及び抗体(例えばIgG)は、治療用途、診断用途、及び研究用途で用いられている。検出可能な標識(例えばフルオロフォア)で抗体を標識することによって、抗体を、特に標的生体分子又は細胞の検出に用いることができる。抗体に結合性の物質(例えばビオチン)をタグとして結合させてもよく、その結果、それらは特に標的生体分子又は細胞に結合し、更にタグを付与された抗体と結合する物質を用いて(例えばストレプトアビジン)生体分子又は細胞の精製を実施することができる。抗体は通常、システイン若しくはリジン残基(Fabに存在しうる)、又は抗体の結合部位で標識されてもよい。この部位へのタグ又は標識付加により、抗体の結合特性が損なわれるか、又は少なくとも変化しうる。更に、各抗体に結合している標識分子の数を定量することは非常に困難である。
本発明は、概して、新規なオリゴ糖結合におけるタンパク質及び抗体のリモデリング及び標識方法、糖鎖形成を修飾することによる抗体のヒト化方法、並びに修飾されたオリゴ糖に結合する抗体又はタンパク質に関する。なお、抗体又はタンパク質(例えばIgG)は、インビトロ又はインビボでの方法を使用して標識される。
化学ハンドルを含む修飾された糖を、第1のタンパク質上のGlcNAc残基に結合させる工程と、
前記第1のタンパク質を、前記化学ハンドルと反応し得る、リポーター分子、担体分子、又は固体支持体を混合する工程、
を含み、前記リポーター分子、担体分子、又は固体支持体が、前記化学ハンドルの位置でタンパク質と結合し、それにより糖修飾タンパク質が形成される、糖修飾タンパク質の調製方法の提供に関する。
第2のタンパク質上に存在するオリゴ糖を、GlcNAc−GlcNAc結合の位置で切断し、GlcNAc残基を有するオリゴ糖を得る工程と、
前記オリゴ糖を、前記化学ハンドルと反応し得る、リポーター分子、固体支持体、又は担体分子と結合させる工程。
序論:
様々なグリコシダーゼ酵素(エンド−Hなど)は、N結合型オリゴ糖を切断することができ、他の酵素(Gal−Tなど)は、選択されたオリゴ糖を、−OH基を含むアクセプター分子へ転移させることができる。最も効率的なアクセプター分子は、N−アセチルグルコサミン及びグルコースである。あるいは、アクセプター(例えばタンパク質)に対して、選択された糖を代謝的標識により導入することもできる。オリゴ糖を有するタンパク質(例えば治療用抗体)の修飾、又はオリゴ糖を有する固形基質へのタンパク質の接合を含む幾つかの用途へのこの酵素又は代謝系の使用に関して、本明細書に記載する。若干の用途においては、適当なアクセプター分子でコーティングした固体支持体面のための相補的化学ハンドルを有するタンパク質への、オリゴ糖の転移を行ってもよい。更に、検出分子(例えば質量分析による検出、精製及び評価を効率化する、蛍光若しくは蛍光発生化合物、又はタンパク質)へ、糖を転移してもよい。適当なアクセプターOH基に加えて、親和性ペプチドタグ、化学反応性基(active chemical moiety)(例えばアジド、アルキン)又はビオチンを有する大型の分子への転移も可能である。
本発明を詳細に記載する前に、本発明が具体的な組成又は工程に限定されず、適宜変化させることができることを理解すべきである。単数形の「1つの(a)」、「1つの(an)」、「当該(the)」という用語を本明細書及び添付の特許請求の範囲で用いる場合、特に明記しない限りは、複数形をも包含するものとする。すなわち、例えば「リガンド」という用語には複数のリガンドが包含され、「抗体」という用語には複数の抗体が包含される。
抗体及び抗体産生細胞の調製:
本発明のオリゴ糖の切断及び置換に用いられる抗体は、当業者に公知のあらゆる手段を使用して調製することが可能である。抗体産生及び標識のための手順に関する一般的な情報は、例えば、Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Chap.14(1988)に記載されている。インビボでの代謝的標識用の抗体を発現する細胞株は、当業者に公知のあらゆる手段を使用して調製できる。治療用途で、患者に頻繁に投与する場合には、キメラ抗体、ヒト化抗体、及び完全なヒト抗体が好適である。キメラ及びヒト化モノクローナル抗体(ヒト由来及び非ヒト由来の部分を含む)は、標準的な組換えDNA技術を使用して作製することが可能である。係るキメラ及びヒト化モノクローナル抗体は公知技術の組換えDNA技術によって調製することが可能であり、例えば以下の文献に記載されている方法を使用して行ってもよい:Robinsonら、PCT/US86/02269号、Akira,ら、欧州特許出願公開第184,187号、Taniguchi,M.,欧州特許出願公開第171,496号、Morrisonら、欧州特許出願公開第173,494号、Ncubcrgcrら、国際公開第86/01533号、Cabillyら、米国特許第4,816,567号、Cabillyら、欧州特許出願公開第125,023号、Betterら、Science 240:1041−1043(1988)、Liuら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 84:3439−3443(1987)、Liuら、J.Immunol 139:3521−3526(1987)、Sunら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 84:214−218(1987)、Nishimuraら、Canc.Res.47:999−1005(1987)、Woodら、Nature 314:446−449(1985)、及びShawら、J.Natl.Cancer Inst.80:1553−1559(1988)、Morrison,S.L.,Science 229:1202−1207(1985)、Oiら、BioTechniques 4:214(1986)、Winter米国特許第5,225,539号、Jonesら、Nature 321 :552−525(1986)、Verhoeyanら、Science 239:1534、及びBeidlerら、J.Immunol.141:4053−4060(1988)。
本発明の糖タンパク質成分は、いかなる糖タンパク質であってもよく、例えばホルモン、酵素、抗体、ウイルス受容体、ウイルス表層糖タンパク質、寄生体糖タンパク質、寄生体受容体、T細胞受容体、MHC分子、免疫調節因子、腫瘍抗原、ムチン、阻害剤、成長因子、栄養因子、リンホカイン、サイトカイン、トキソイド、神経成長ホルモン、血液凝固因子、接着分子、多剤耐性タンパク質、アデニル酸シクラーゼ、骨形成タンパク質及びレクチンなどが挙げられる。
オリゴ糖は、N−アセチルグルコサミン二糖結合(GlcNac−GlcNac)によって、免疫グロブリンガンマ(IgG)抗体上のアスパラギン残基に結合する。一般に、各IgGは、IgGのネック部の付近に、オリゴ糖がGlcNac−GlcNac結合するための2つの部位を有する。エンドグリコシダーゼ処理(例えばエンドグリコシダーゼH(エンドH))により、2つのGlcNac糖の間が切断される。各糖の切断末端は「還元端」と呼ばれる。オリゴ糖を第1のIgGから切断し、切断されたオリゴ糖を回収することにより、還元端GlcNAcを有するオリゴ糖が得られる。次に、第2のIgGをエンドグリコシダーゼ(例えばエンドH)で処理する。次に、この第2のIgG(還元端を有するGlcNAcを有する)を回収する。次に第1のオリゴ糖に結合しているGlcNAc残基の還元端、及び第2のIgGに結合しているGlcNAc残基オリゴ糖の還元端を処理し、第1のオリゴ糖を第2のIgGに結合させる。
オリゴ糖は、抗体のFc部分上のアスパラギン残基を介してIgGに結合する(図1B)。アミノ酸の位置において、2つのGlcNAc糖は各々β(1−4)結合している。酵素エンド−Hはこの結合を切断し、その結果、1つのGlcNAc残基がIgG上のアスパラギンに結合したままとなり、一方で、もう1つのGlcNacは残りのオリゴ糖に結合したままとなる。オリゴ糖に結合するGlcNAcは反応性の還元端を有し、それは他の糖残基を変質させることなく、選択的に修飾されうる。
酵素ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼは通常、UDP−ガラクトースから末端GlcNAc残基へガラクトースを転移させる。Khidekelら(J.Am.Chem.Soc.2003,125:16162−16163、Hsieh−Wilson,L.,ら、米国特許出願公開第20050130235,2005年6月16日公開、米国特許出願第10/990,767号)では、変異酵素(Y289L変異体)を用いてアセトン含有ガラクトース基質をGlcNAc残基へ転移させている。アジド含有ガラクトース基質(UDP−GalNAz)は、変異体ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼによるGlcNAc部位への転移により合成できる。
糖の還元端は、選択的に修飾されうる反応部位である。幾つかの糖(例えばスクロース)は還元端を有さず、遊離還元端を有する糖よりも安定性が高い。酵素エンド−HによるGlcNAc−GlcNAc結合の切断により、オリゴ糖GlcNAcの還元端が露出する。
アジド及び末端のアルキンは、銅触媒の存在下で、環付加反応を受ける。この環付加反応は、例えばSharplessらの方法を使用して実施でき(米国特許出願公開第20050222427号(2005年10月6日公開、PCT/US03/17311号、Lewis W Gら、Angewandte Chemie−Int’l Ed.41(6):1053、method reviewed in Kolb,H.C.,ら、Angew.Chem.Inst.Ed.2001,40:2004−2021)、その反応により、高収率で、かつヘテロ原子結合(炭素−炭素結合ではない)の副反応を生じさせることなく反応するように試薬を変化させ、化学物質のライブラリを調製することが可能となる。金属触媒及び還元剤の存在下で反応を実施する。例えば、Cu(II)を反応系に含有させ、還元剤(例えばアスコルビン酸、金属銅、キノン、ヒドロキノン、ビタミンK1、グルタチオン、システイン、Fe2+、Co2+)の存在下で、電位を印加してもよい。更に好適な還元剤としては、Al、Be、Co、Cr、Fe、Mg、Mn、Ni及びZnからなる群から選択される金属が挙げられる。係る環付加反応を触媒できる他の金属としては、例えばAu、Ag、Hg、Cd、Zr、Ru、Fe、Co、Pt、Pd、Ni、Rh及びWが挙げられる。当業者は、目的のリガンドの使用に応じて適切な金属を決定することができる。
エンドM(又はエンドA)は、グリコシルトランスフェラーゼ活性を有するエンドグリコシダーゼである。エンドHと同様に、当該酵素は2つの残基間の二糖類GlcNAc−GlcNAcを切断する。エンドMは更なる酵素活性を有し、すなわち、当該酵素は、GlcNAc残基を有するオリゴ糖を切断した後で、GlcNAc残基の還元端をOH基に結合させる。すなわち、本発明の他の方法は、切断されたオリゴ糖へのアルキンのインビトロ標識方法の提供に関する。1つの実施形態では、GlcNAc−GlcNAc結合を有するオリゴ糖を有するIgGを、OH−アルキンと共に、エンドMの存在下でインキュベートする。
抗体と、エンド−M又はエンド−Aと、単糖又はオリゴ糖を有するドナーを接触させ、接触溶液を調製する工程であって、当該抗体がアクセプターを有する工程と、
当該接触溶液を充分な時間インキュベートし、アクセプターと単糖又はオリゴ糖との間に共有結合を形成させる工程を含む。
当該治療用抗体と、エンド−M又はエンド−Aと、単糖又はオリゴ糖を有するドナーを接触させ、接触溶液を調製する工程であって、当該抗体がアクセプターを有する工程と、
当該接触溶液を充分な時間インキュベートし、アクセプターと単糖又はオリゴ糖との間に共有結合を形成させる工程と、ヒト化治療用抗体を得る工程を含む。
(a)エンド−M又はエンド−Aと、
(b)オリゴ糖又は単糖を含むドナーと、
(c)検出可能な糖修飾抗体を調製するための取扱説明書を含む。
(a)アクセプターを含有する抗体と、
(b)エンド−M又はエンド−Aと、
(c)オリゴ糖又は単糖を含むドナーと、
(d)溶媒。
インビボでの代謝的標識方法を用いて、抗体産生細胞(例えばハイブリドーマ細胞、及び抗体又は組換え抗体を産生する他の細胞)中で抗体を標識することができる。抗体産生細胞は、非天然の糖基質(例えば反応性化合物/親和性ハンドルを有する非天然の糖基質)を取り込むことができる。化学ハンドルとしては、限定されないが、例えばアジド、トリアリールホスフィン、又はアルキン残基であって、例えば「click」タイプの化学反応に関与できる基が挙げられる。具体的な実施形態では、当該非天然の糖は、細胞への取り込み効率上十分小さい修飾を有するのが好ましい。細胞内の代謝機構により、抗体に結合しているN結合型グリカン又はO結合型グリカンに当該基質が組み込まれる。インビボで標識された抗体が細胞から放出され分離された後、当該標識抗体を、化学ハンドルとの反応性を有する検出/親和性/固定化化合物を使用して直接標識してもよい。これらの化合物としては例えば、限定されないが、フルオロフォア、固体支持体樹脂、マイクロアレイスライド、又は親和性タグなどが挙げられる。
抗体産生細胞を非天然の糖の存在下でインキュベートすることにより、細胞表面糖タンパク質を修飾することができる(例えば米国特許第6,936,701号(Bertozziら)の方法を用いて非天然の糖の存在下で細胞をインキュベートしてもよい)。例えば、細胞を約72時間、非天然の糖(約20mM)とインキュベートする。
反応性化学ハンドルを組み込むことができる非天然の糖基質を合成し、クリック化学反応に用いることができる。アジド/アルキン環付加反応を用いて、親和性プローブ(ビオチン)、色素、ポリマー(例えばポリ(エチレングリコール)若しくはポリデキストラン)、又は他の単糖(例えばグルコース、ガラクトース、フコース、O−GlcNAc、適切な化学ハンドルを有するマンノース由来の糖)を取り込ませることができる。具体的実施形態では、これらのハンドルとしては、例えばアジド、トリアリールホスフィン又はアルキン残基が挙げられる。化学ハンドルはまた、シュタウディンガー反応し得るアジド基であってもよい(Saxon,E.,ら、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2002,124(50):14893−14902参照)。シュタウディンガー反応は三価のリン化合物と有機アジドとの間の反応を含み(Staudingerら、Hclv.Chim.Acta 1919,2:635)、多くの用途に用いられている(Gololobovら、Tetrahedron 1980,37,437)、(Gololobovら、Tetrahedron 1992,48,1353)。ホスフィンは、隣接アシル基(例えばエステル、チオエステル、又はN−アシルイミダゾール)を有してもよく(すなわちホスフィノエーテル、ホスフィノチオエーテル、ホスフィノイミダゾール)、それによりアザ−イリド中間体をトラップし、加水分解時に安定なアミド結合を形成する。ホスフィンは、典型的にはホスフィンを安定化させる意味でジアリールホスフィン又はトリアリールホスフィンであってもよい。
様々な標識又はタグ(リポーター分子、固体支持体及び担体分子)を、本発明のインビトロ切断オリゴ糖に連結若しくはコンジュゲートさせ、更にそれを本発明に係る切断されたIgGに結合させてもよい。これらの標識又はタグを、代謝的標識の後、細胞から単離したインビボ糖修飾IgGに結合させて標識若しくはタグ付与してもよく、当該標識又はタグは、代謝的標識の間に組み込まれた非天然の糖上の化学/親和性ハンドルと結合させてもよい。
本発明のリポーター分子は、本発明の修飾された糖タンパク質に結合できる、当業者に公知のいかなる直接又は間接的に検出可能なリポーター分子であってもよい。当該リポーター分子としては、クロモフォア、フルオロフォア、蛍光タンパク質、リン光色素、タンデム色素、粒子、ハプテン、酵素、及び放射性同位元素が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。好適なリポーター分子としては、フルオロフォア、蛍光タンパク質、ハプテン、及び酵素が挙げられる。
第2の組成物中のコンジュゲートの担体分子(又は固体支持体)は、同じ又は異なる分子であってもよい。様々な担体分子の特性に関連する本明細書における考察は、通常、他の実施形態と同様に本発明の本実施形態にも適用できる。
本発明では、種々の固体支持体が利用できる。本発明の使用に適する固体支持体は、典型的には液相において実質的に不溶であり、化学ハンドルと反応し得る置換基を有する。好ましい実施形態では、当該固体支持体は、アルキン又は活性化アルキンを含み、修飾された糖と反応してもよいか、又はその逆であってもよい。本発明の固体支持体は、特定の種類の支持体に限定されず、半固体状の支持体であってもよい。むしろ、当業者に公知の従来技術の多くの支持体が利用できる。すなわち、有用な固体支持体としては、固体及び半固体状のマトリックス(例えばエーロゲル及びヒドロゲル、樹脂、ビーズ、バイオチップ(薄膜コート付きバイオチップなど)、ミクロ流体チップ、シリコンチップ、マルチウェルプレート(またマイクロタイタープレート又はマイクロプレートとも呼ばれる)、膜、導電性及び非伝導性金属、ガラス(顕微鏡スライドガラスなど)、並びに磁性支持体などが挙げられる。有用な固体支持体のより具体的な例としては、シリカゲル、高分子膜、粒子、誘導体化されたプラスチック薄膜、ガラスビーズ、コットン、可塑性ビーズ、アルミナゲル、多糖(例えばセファロース)、ポリ(アクリレート)、ポリスチレン、ポリ(アクリルアミド)、ポリオール、アガロース、アガー、セルロース、デキストラン、デンプン、フィコール、ヘパリン、グリコーゲン、アミロペクチン、マンナン、イヌリン、ニトロセルロース、ジアゾセルロース、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン(ポリ(エチレングリコール)など)、ナイロン、ラテックスビーズ、磁気ビーズ、パラ磁性ビーズ、超常磁性ビーズ、デンプンなどが挙げられる。
タンパク質及び抗体のインビボでの代謝的標識に用いるコンポーネントを含むキットもまた提供される。係るキットは、例えば、化学/親和性ハンドル(例えばアジド、トリアリールホスフィン又はアルキン)標識された非天然の糖を含んでもよい。係るキットは更に、例えば、細胞から単離された、代謝的標識された抗体を標識若しくは精製するための試薬を含んでもよい。例えば、キットは、非天然のオリゴ糖(例えばGalNAz、ManNAz又はGlcNAz)を含んでもよい。当該キットは、フルオロフォア標識又は親和性タグ(非天然オリゴ糖上の化学的/親和性ハンドルと反応性を有する)を更に含んでもよい。当業者であれば、例えば、修飾された抗体を標識又はタグ付与するために使用できる様々な標識又はタグ(例えば、限定されないが本明細書において列挙されているもの)を想起すると考えられる。例えば、当該標識又はタグはアルキンと結合でき、それにより、代謝的に標識された抗体上のアジドと接触することでclickタイプの化学反応を行うことができる。
例えば、本発明の方法では、本明細書において記載されているGal−T酵素を用いることにより、糖タンパク質又は抗体上の末端糖残基を直接標識することが可能となる。あるいは、例えばエンド−Hによって糖基を切断し、次に、例えばエンド−M又はエンド−A(両方とも糖の切断及び転移を触媒できる)を用いて、化学ハンドルを含む糖をタンパク質又は抗体に付加させる。他の実施形態では、化学ハンドルを含む糖を、代謝的標識により糖タンパク質又は抗体に付与する。なお、「糖」とは単糖又はオリゴ糖を示す。
第1のタンパク質上に存在するオリゴ糖を、GlcNAc−GlcNAc結合において切断し、還元端を有するGlcNAc残基を含むタンパク質を得る工程と、
化学ハンドルを有する修飾された糖を、前記GlcNAc残基の還元端に結合させる工程と、
前記第1のタンパク質を、前記化学ハンドルと反応し得る標識を有する修飾されたオリゴ糖と混合する工程を含み、
前記修飾されたオリゴ糖は前記化学ハンドルの部位でタンパク質に結合し、それにより糖修飾タンパク質が形成される。
第2のタンパク質上に存在するオリゴ糖をGlcNAc−GlcNAc結合の位置において切断し、還元端を有するGlcNAc残基を有するオリゴ糖を得て、
前記オリゴ糖を、前記化学ハンドルと反応し得る標識を用いて標識することにより得られる。
前記エンドグリコシダーゼMは、前記OH−アルキンを、前記切断されたGlcNAc残基の還元端に結合させ、
前記修飾されたオリゴ糖は、アジド残基で標識されている。
前記第2の抗体の前記切断は、OH−アルキンの存在下で実施され、前記エンドグリコシダーゼMは、前記OH−アルキンを、前記切断されたGlcNAc残基の還元端に結合させ、それによりアルキン修飾されたオリゴ糖が得られ、
前記第1の抗体上の前記修飾された糖上の前記化学ハンドルがアジドである。
モノクローナル及びポリクローナル抗体の、エンドHグリコシダーゼによるオリゴ糖の切断の有無によるHPLC解析
糖鎖除去反応:
90μLの還元及びアルキル化された抗体(1mg/ml)を、40μL 0.5Mクエン酸ナトリウム(pH5.5)及び10μL エンドHf(1,000,000U/mL、New England BioLabs社製)に添加した。密封し、37℃で、48時間インキュベートした。サンプルを遠心分離して沈殿物を除去し、次にHPLC上へ直接注入した。Waters600E LCシステム、Agilent Zorbax 300SB−CNカラム(4.6×150mm、3.5μm)、0.8mL/分の流速で75℃で逆相HPLCを実施した。移動相の組成を、溶媒A:0.1%のTFAを含有する水、及び溶媒B:80%のn−プロパノール、10%のアセトニトリル、10%の0.1%のTFAを含有、とした(条件はRehderら、J.Chrom.A,1102(2006)164−175に記載のものを採用した)。分離は、30分にわたる、20〜40%のBの直線勾配を使用して実施した。結果を図1及び図2に示す。
エンドHグリコシダーゼによるオリゴ糖の切断を伴う及び伴わない、ニワトリ抗ヤギ抗体の酵素標識
ニワトリ抗ヤギIgGを、VivaSpin 5000 MWCOフィルタカラム上で、50mMのMES(pH6.5)バッファーで洗浄した。糖鎖除去のため、1mg/mLの洗浄済IgGのアリコートを、47.5U/μLのエンドH(New England BioLabs社)を含有する50mMのMES(pH6.5)で、37℃で24時間インキュベートした。洗浄済(脱グリコシル化されていない)又は、エンドHf処理されたIgGを更にClick−iT O−GlcNAc酵素標識キットを使用して非変性条件(50mMのMES(pH6.5)中の0.5mg/mlのIgG、120mMのNaCl、11mMのMnCl2、0.1mMのZnCl2、50μMのUDP−GalNAz、5U/mLのAntarcticホスファターゼ、並びに0.65mg/mLのGalT酵素、4℃で一晩インキュベート)でアジド標識した。0.5mLのスピンカラムにパックしたP10サイズ樹脂にサンプルを通し、50mMのトリス(pH8)中に精製した。抗体を含む収集フラクションを、TAMRA Click−iT(商標)検出キット(C33370)で標識し、0.5mLのスピンカラムにパックしたP10サイズ樹脂にサンプルを通し、50mMのトリス(pH8)中に再度精製した。その約250ngを、MOPSバッファーを使用した4〜12%のビス−トリスゲルで分析した。BioRadFXイメージャーで、532nmのレーザー、及び555nmロングパス発光フィルタ使用してゲルをイメージングした(図3A)。SYPRO(登録商標)Rubyプロテインゲル染色を用いてゲルを後染色し、488nmのレーザー及び555nmのロングパス発光フィルタを使用してイメージングした(図3B)。
アジド糖による抗体の代謝的標識
マウスM96ハイブリドーマ細胞を、5日間にわたり、アジド糖アナログ、Ac4GalNAz、Ac4ManNAz、又はAc4GlcNAzで処理した。細胞上清(アジド標識されたモノクローナル抗体を含む)を回収し、タンパク質をクロロホルム/メタノールで沈殿させた。沈殿ペレットを50μLの1%のSDS、100mMのトリス(pH8)で再可溶化し、TAMRA Click−iT(商標)検出キット(C33370)で標識し、1μgを、MOPSバッファーを使用して4〜12%のビス−トリスゲルで分析した。532nmのレーザー及び555nmのロングパス発光フィルタを使用して、BioRadFXイメージャーでゲルをイメージングした(図4A)。SYPRO(登録商標)Rubyプロテインゲル染色でゲルを後染色し、488nmのレーザー及び555nmのロングパス発光フィルタ(図4B)を使用してイメージングした。
代謝的標識及び糖タンパク質サブクラスの「クリック」検出
ジャーカット細胞を、40μM Ac4ManNAz又はAc4GalNAzで3日(A)、又は250μM Ac4GlcNAzで一晩(B)処理した。回収された細胞を50mMのトリスバッファー(プロテアーゼ及びホスファターゼ阻害剤を有する、pH8.0)中で超音波破壊し、ライゼートを高速遠心沈降(100K×g)に供した。ManN Az−及びGalNAz−処理した細胞からの膜ペレットタンパク質、およびGlcNAc−処理細胞からの上清の細胞溶解物をクロロホルム/メタノールにより沈殿させ、界面活性剤で溶解させ、1mMのCuSO4及び5mMのアスコルビン酸(1)の存在下で、蛍光アルキンプローブで標識した。標識され、沈殿させたタンパク質10μgを、1−D NuPAGE(登録商標)Novcx(登録商標)4〜12%ゲル(Invitrogcn社製)で電気泳動に供した。532nmの励起を使用し、Fuji FLA−3000スキャナ(Fuji)によりイメージングした(図5A)。次にゲルをSYPRO(登録商標)Ruby染色(Invitrogen)により後染色し、473nmで励起してイメージングした(図5B)。コントロールのレーンは、未処理細胞(但し蛍光プローブによる処理)の抽出液を表す(図5)。
二次元ゲルによるAc4GlcNAz処理されたジャーカット細胞の可溶性タンパク質の分離
ジャーカット細胞を、250μM Ac4GlcNAz又はDMSO担体(未処理コントロール)と共に一晩培養した。可溶性のライゼートタンパク質を、音波処理及び超遠心分離を用い、実施例4と同様に調製し、蛍光アルキンプローブで1時間標識した。標識されたタンパク質40μgを沈殿させ、7Mの尿素、2Mのチオ尿素、65mMのDTT、2%のCHAPS、1%のZwittergent 3−10、1%のpH3〜10の担体のアンホライトで再度溶解させ、pH3〜10のIEF条片で第1のディメンション、及びMOPSバッファーを有する4−12%のビス−トリスゲルで第2のディメンションで分離した。532nmで励起させたゲルを、SYPRO(登録商標)Ruby染色(Invitrogen)で後染色してイメージングし、更に473nmで励起させ、Fuji FLA−3000スキャナ(Fuji)を使用して再びイメージングした。図6を参照。
40及び50kDのアジド標識されたモデルタンパク質のゲル中検出
1つのN末アジドを有する40及び50kDモデルタンパク質それぞれ25pmolを、ジャーカット細胞ライゼート100μgに取り込ませた(上方パネル)場合と、そうでない場合(下方パネル)を示す。タンパク質を蛍光アルキンプローブで標識し、示すように連続希釈し、NuPAGE(登録商標)Novex(登録商標)4〜12%ゲルで電気泳動した。532nmの励起を行い、FLA−3000スキャナでイメージを得た(左パネル)。ゲルは、それから、SYPRO(登録商標)Ruby染色で染色し、473nmで励起し、イメージングした(右パネル)。標識されたタンパク質の検出感度は10フェムトモル未満であった。図7参照。
40及び50kdのアジド標識モデルタンパク質の標識効率は、複合タンパク質抽出液において不変であった
アジド標識された100ng(25pmol)若しくは10ng(2.5pmol)の各々40Kd及び50Kdタンパク質を、100、50、25、又は0μgコントロールジャーカットライゼート(左パネル)のバックグラウンドにおいて、蛍光アルキンプローブで標識した(標識の後、100μgのコントロールのライゼートを「0ライゼート」に添加し、沈殿による標識タンパク質の回収を促進した)。SYPRO(登録商標)Ruby全タンパク質染色によりゲルを後染色した。図8を参照のこと。
α−クリスタリンO−GlcNAcの酵素的標識及び検出
α−クリスタリンO−GlcNAcを、修飾されたb−GalT1酵素を使用して酵素的にアジド(UDP−GalNAz)標識した。その後、上記のようにタンパク質を蛍光アルキンプローブと反応させた。タンパク質を、示される希釈度で、1−D NuPAGE(登録商標)Novex(登録商標)4−12%ゲルで電気泳動した(2−10%のα−クリスタリンのみを、O−GlcNAc修飾し、それゆえ、O−GlcNAc部分の検出感度は、中程度−低度のフェムトモル範囲(10〜45fmol)であった)。図9を参照。
a−O−GlcNAcモノクローナル抗体CTD110.6と、GalT1酵素標識との比較
Aにおいては、α−クリスタリンO−GlcNAcを、修飾GalT1酵素で酵素的に標識し、ビオチン−アルキンプローブとその後反応させた。タンパク質を、示される希釈度で、1−D NuPAGE(登録商標)Novex(登録商標)4〜12% ビストリスゲルで電気泳動し、PVDF膜上へブロットした。次にPVDF膜をストレプトアビジン−HRPとインキュベートし、タンパク質をECL Plus(商標)(GE Biosystems社製)を使用して検出した。レーン2(NE)は、8pmoLの酵素無添加のコントロールを示す(Aにおいて、ウエスタンブロットによるO−GlcNAcの検出感度は、低度のフェムトモル範囲(3〜10fmol)である)。Bにおいては、無処理のα−クリスタリンを1−Dゲルで電気泳動し、上記の通りブロットした。PVDF膜を、製造者の指示に従い、O−GlcNAcウエスタンブロット検出キット(Pierce社製)を使用して処理した。キットでは、CTD110.6α−O−GlcNAcモノクローナル抗体を利用した。レーン2は、キットに添付のポジティブコントロール(O−GlcNAc−修飾BSA)5ngを含むレーンである。抗体検出系を使用しても、α−クリスタリンは検出されなかった。図10を参照。
同じ二次元ゲルにおける、O−GlcNAcタンパク質、リンタンパク質及び全タンパク質の多重検出:
Ac4GlcNAzでフィードしたジャーカット細胞から可溶性画分を抽出し、2時間にわたり、UV励起性のアルキン色素で標識した。上記のように、クロロホルム/メタノール沈殿させたタンパク質を二次元ゲルで電気泳動した。ゲルを水でリンスし、Lumi−Imager(商標)(Roche社)を用いて、UV照射及び600/bp放出によりイメージングした。次にゲルを、Pro−Q(登録商標)ダイアモンドリンタンパク質染色により染色し、FLA−3000レーザーイメージャーを用いて、532nmの励起/580 LP放出によりイメージングし、SYPRO(登録商標)Ruby全タンパク質染色により染色し、製造者の指示に従い、473nmの励起及び580nmのロングパス放出によって再度イメージングした。図11を参照。
O−GlcNAc修飾タンパク質及びコフィリンの、多重ウエスタンブロット検出
ジャーカット細胞の可溶性タンパク質25μgを上記のとおり二次元ゲル電気泳動に供し、更にPVDF膜にブロットした。PVDF膜は、α−コフィリンポリクローナル抗体とインキュベートし、更にGAR−HRP二次抗体を用い、ECL Plus(商標)検出(GE Biosystems社製)によって検出した。イメージング後、ブロット膜を、ストレプトアビジンAPとインキュベートし、O−GlcNAcタンパク質を、WesternBreeze(登録商標)化学発光検出キット(Invitrogen社製)を使用して検出した。図12を参照。
コントロール及び阻害剤処理された培養細胞抽出液における、O−GlcNAc修飾タンパク質のディファレンシャル検出
ジャーカット細胞をAc4GlcNAzで一晩培養し、PUGNAc処理の有無に関して解析した。PUGNAcは、一般的に用いられるO−GlcNAcアーゼの阻害剤である。可溶性のジャーカットライゼートを、蛍光アルキンで標識した。レーン1)回収前の3時間、50μM PUGNAc及び4mMのグルコサミンで処理した細胞、レーン2)無処理、レーン3から5)250μM Ac4GlcNAzで一晩培養した細胞、レーン6から8)250μM Ac4GlcNAzで一晩培養し、更に回収前の3時間、50μM PUGNAc及び更に250μM Ac4GlcNAzで処理した細胞、PUGNAcで処理したタンパク質(レーン6−8)は、未処理のコントロール(レーン3−5)よりも、O−GlcNAc染色の顕著な増加を示した。図13を参照。
糖タンパク質のゲル中での連結
ゲル中での連結に用いる蛍光アルキン化合物を、図18(AからD)に示す。更に、2つの強力な蛍光発生アルキンをE及びFに示す。TAMRA−アルキン化合物(上の左側フレームに示す)をゲル中染色試験に用い、反応性のアジド−スクシンイミジルエステルを使用してインビトロで、又はフィード細胞にアジド修飾した糖をフィードしてインビボで、アジド基をタンパク質に組み込ませた。
アジドオボアルブミン及びアジド−ミオグロビンをそれぞれ2.5μgずつ用い、80μgの非標識ジャーカットライゼートにスパイクした。次にライゼートを2時間にわたり、TAMRAアルキンで標識した。反応液の組成は、50mMトリス(pH8)、25%のプロピレングリコール、1mM CuSO4、5mMのアスコルビン酸ナトリウム、20μM TAMRAアルキンとした。キレーター(10mMのTPEN、EDTA、バトクプロイン二スルホン酸(BCS)又はネオクプロインのいずれか)を伴うおよび伴わない反応を実施した。コントロール反応を、CuSO4なしで実施した。標識後、サンプルを沈殿させ、各サンプル約30μgを、7mMの尿素/2mMのチオ尿素/65mMのDTT/2%のCHAPS/中に再度溶解させ、二次元ゲル(pH4〜7、IEF条片、MOPSバッファーを含む4〜12%のビストリスゲル)で分析した。TAMRAシグナルを、Fuji FLA3000を使用して、532nmの励起、580のロングパス放出によりイメージングし、更にゲルをSYPRO(登録商標)Ruby全タンパク質ゲル染色で後染色した(図14A)。その結果、キレーターの添加により、タンパク質分離の解像度が改善され、特にバトクプロイン二スルホン酸(BCS)、Cu(I)キレーターでは最高の結果が得られた。全タンパク質染色(図14B)を参照。
Click化学反応を用いた抗体の酵素的標識
ヤギIgG抗体を還元し、アルキル化し、更に2つの別々のアリコートに分け、エンドH酵素を使用して脱グリコシル化した。脱グリコシル化された抗体(2つの別々の調製物)を更に150μL反応液中で、33ng/μLのGalT1(Y289L)酵素及び500μMのUDP−GalNAz(0.5μg/μLヤギ抗体)を使用して、GalNAz標識した。反応液を4℃で一晩インキュベートした。4〜500ngのヤギ抗体(図示するゲルを参照、GalNAzを含まないコントロールか、又はアジド標識)を、4〜12%のビストリスゲルの各レーンにロードした。MESバッファーを使用して、200vで〜50分間、電気泳動を実施した。ゲルをTAMRA−アルキン染色し、532nm(励起)及び580nmの放出により、Fuji imagerを用いてイメージングした。一晩用のプロトコルを使用して、SYPRO Rubyによってゲルを後染色した。図17を参照。
Claims (22)
- 修飾された糖を含む化学ハンドルを、第1のタンパク質上のGlcNAc残基に結合させる工程と、
前記第1のタンパク質を、前記化学ハンドルと反応し得る、リポーター分子、担体分子、又は固体支持体と混合する工程を含む、糖修飾タンパク質の調製方法であって、
前記リポーター分子、担体分子、又は固体支持体が、前記化学ハンドルの位置でタンパク質に結合し、それにより糖修飾タンパク質が形成される、方法。 - 前記第1のタンパク質が抗体である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記結合工程の前に、第1のタンパク質上に存在するオリゴ糖をGlcNAc−GlcNAc結合の位置で切断し、GlcNAc残基を含むタンパク質を得る工程を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記オリゴ糖が、GlcNAc−GlcNAc結合の位置で、エンドグリコシダーゼH切断により切断される、請求項3記載の方法。
- 前記修飾された糖が、ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼ変異体を用いて前記GlcNAcに結合される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記変異体がY289L変異体である、請求項5記載の方法。
- 前記修飾された糖がアジド修飾された糖であり、かつ前記リポーター分子、担体分子、又は固体支持体がアルキン又は活性化アルキンで標識されている、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記アジド修飾された糖がUDP−GalNAzである、請求項7記載の方法。
- 以下の工程を更に含む、請求項1記載の方法:
第2のタンパク質上に存在するオリゴ糖を、GlcNAc−GlcNAc結合の位置で切断し、GlcNAc残基を有するオリゴ糖を得る工程と、
前記オリゴ糖を、前記化学ハンドルと反応し得る、リポーター分子、固体支持体、又は担体分子と結合させる工程。 - GlcNAc残基を有する前記オリゴ糖が重炭酸アンモニウムで処理され、かつ前記オリゴ糖がスクシンイミジルエステルによってアルキンに結合される、請求項9記載の方法。
- 前記第2のタンパク質が、前記第1のタンパク質と異なる細胞株又は異なる種類の細胞中で合成される、請求項9記載の方法。
- 前記第2のタンパク質が、ヒト細胞中で合成される、請求項9記載の方法。
- 前記修飾されたオリゴ糖が、蛍光色素、酵素、放射標識、金属キレーター、又は検出可能な基質からなる群から選択されるリポーター分子を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記修飾されたオリゴ糖が、治療薬、DNA、タンパク質、ペプチド、及び糖からなる群から選択される担体分子を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記糖修飾タンパク質が、修飾される前の第1のタンパク質と比較して、抗原性がより強くなるか又は弱くなる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記第1のタンパク質が、非ヒト供給源由来である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記糖修飾タンパク質がヒト化されている、請求項16記載の方法。
- 前記オリゴ糖が、GlcNAc−GlcNAc結合の位置で、エンドグリコシダーゼM切断により切断される、請求項3記載の方法。
- 前記オリゴ糖が、GlcNAc−GlcNAc結合の位置で、エンドグリコシダーゼM切断により切断され、その後前記オリゴ糖が第1のタンパク質へ転移する、請求項18記載の方法。
- 前記結合工程が、プロテアーゼを実質的に含まない溶液中で実施される、請求項1記載の方法。
- タンパク質産生細胞を非天然の糖の存在下でインキュベートする段階を含む、タンパク質に結合しているオリゴ糖を標識することによるタンパク質の標識方法であって、前記非天然の糖が化学ハンドルを含む、方法。
- 標識されたオリゴ糖を含む抗体。
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