JP2014038729A - 密閉型2次電池の溶接方法、密閉型2次電池及びキャップ体 - Google Patents
密閉型2次電池の溶接方法、密閉型2次電池及びキャップ体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2014038729A JP2014038729A JP2012179292A JP2012179292A JP2014038729A JP 2014038729 A JP2014038729 A JP 2014038729A JP 2012179292 A JP2012179292 A JP 2012179292A JP 2012179292 A JP2012179292 A JP 2012179292A JP 2014038729 A JP2014038729 A JP 2014038729A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cap body
- welding
- terminal
- secondary battery
- sealed secondary
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery
- H01M50/147—Lids or covers
- H01M50/148—Lids or covers characterised by their shape
- H01M50/15—Lids or covers characterised by their shape for prismatic or rectangular cells
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
- B23K26/24—Seam welding
- B23K26/28—Seam welding of curved planar seams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery
- H01M50/172—Arrangements of electric connectors penetrating the casing
- H01M50/174—Arrangements of electric connectors penetrating the casing adapted for the shape of the cells
- H01M50/176—Arrangements of electric connectors penetrating the casing adapted for the shape of the cells for prismatic or rectangular cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/547—Terminals characterised by the disposition of the terminals on the cells
- H01M50/55—Terminals characterised by the disposition of the terminals on the cells on the same side of the cell
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/552—Terminals characterised by their shape
- H01M50/553—Terminals adapted for prismatic, pouch or rectangular cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/562—Terminals characterised by the material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/564—Terminals characterised by their manufacturing process
- H01M50/566—Terminals characterised by their manufacturing process by welding, soldering or brazing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings, jackets or wrappings of a single cell or a single battery
- H01M50/147—Lids or covers
- H01M50/155—Lids or covers characterised by the material
- H01M50/157—Inorganic material
- H01M50/159—Metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
Abstract
【解決手段】一対の電極と電解液を収容するケースと、このケースを蓋する金属材料製のキャップ体と、このキャップ体に設けられた孔に挿入されると共に、前記一対の電極とそれぞれ接続され、前記キャップ体と熱拡散率が異なる金属材料からなる2つの端子とを備えた密閉型2次電池の溶接方法において、前記端子の先端側を潰して前記キャップ体に沿って拡げ、前記端子の先端側の周囲と前記キャップ体との境界線に沿うと共に、前記境界線を基準として前記端子側と前記キャップ体側とを交互に経由し、振幅をW、波状の周期をL、溶接幅をBとした場合、周期がB/2<W<L/2πを満たし、かつ、少なくとも前記溶接軌跡の一部が前記端子側から前記キャップ体側に向けた波状の軌跡を有して連続溶接する。
【選択図】図3
Description
節と接合面が重なるような軌跡とするため、ωx=0,π,2πの箇所となり、cosωx=1となる。したがって、Wω<1より、W<L/2πとなる。
Claims (6)
- 電解液を含んだ発電要素に接続するためのリード含むキャップ体と、このキャップ体に設けられた孔に挿入されると共に、前記一対の電極とそれぞれ接続され、前記リードの材料とは異なる組成を有する材料を含む2つの端子とを備えた密閉型2次電池の溶接方法において、
前記端子の先端側を潰して前記キャップ体に沿って拡げ、
前記端子の先端側の周囲と前記キャップ体との境界線に沿うと共に、前記境界線を基準として前記端子側と前記キャップ体側とを交互に経由し、振幅をW、波状の周期をL、溶接幅をBとした場合、周期がB/2<W<L/2πを満たし、かつ、少なくとも前記溶接軌跡の一部が前記端子側から前記キャップ体側に向けた波状の軌跡を有して連続溶接することを特徴とする密閉型2次電池の溶接方法。 - 前記リードの材料と前記端子の材料とは、同等の熱膨張係数を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の密閉型2次電池の溶接方法。
- 電極と電解液を収容するケースと、
このケースを蓋し、かつ電解液を含んだ発電要素に接続するためのリードを含むキャップ体と、
前記キャップ体に設けられた孔に挿入されると共に、前記一対の電極とそれぞれ接続され、前記リードの材料とは異なる組成を有する材料を含む2つの端子と、
前記端子の先端側が前記キャップ体に沿って拡げられ、前記端子の先端側の周囲と前記キャップ体との境界線に沿うと共に、前記境界線を基準として前記端子側と前記キャップ体側とを交互に経由し、振幅をW、波状の周期をL、溶接幅をBとした場合、周期がB/2<W<L/2πを満たし、かつ、少なくとも前記溶接軌跡の一部が前記端子側から前記キャップ体側に向けた波状の軌跡を有して連続溶接された接合部とを備えていることを特徴とする密閉型2次電池。 - 前記リードの材料と前記端子の材料とは、同等の熱膨張係数を有することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の密閉型2次電池。
- 一対の電極と電解液を収容するケースを蓋し、かつ電解液を含んだ発電要素に接続するためのリードを含むキャップ体において、
板状のキャップ本体と、
このキャップ本体に設けられた一対の孔部と、
これら一対の孔部に前記キャップ本体の一方の面側からそれぞれ挿入されると共に、前記一対の電極とそれぞれ接続され、前記リードの材料とは異なる組成を有する材料を含む一対の端子と、
前記キャップ本体の他方の面側に設けられ、前記端子の先端側が前記キャップ体に沿って拡げられ、前記端子の先端側の周囲と前記キャップ本体との境界線に沿うと共に、前記境界線を基準として前記端子側と前記キャップ本体側とを交互に経由し、振幅をW、波状の周期をL、溶接幅をBとした場合、周期がB/2<W<L/2πを満たし、かつ、少なくとも前記溶接軌跡の一部が前記端子側から前記キャップ体側に向けた波状の軌跡を有して連続溶接された接合部とを備えていることを特徴とするキャップ体。 - 前記リードの材料と前記端子の材料とは、同等の熱膨張係数を有することを特徴とする請求項5に記載のキャップ体。
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012179292A JP5571137B2 (ja) | 2012-08-13 | 2012-08-13 | 密閉型2次電池の溶接方法、密閉型2次電池及びキャップ体 |
US13/832,414 US20140045046A1 (en) | 2012-08-13 | 2013-03-15 | Welding method of sealed secondary battery, sealed secondary battery, and cap body |
CN201310351115.0A CN103594723B (zh) | 2012-08-13 | 2013-08-13 | 密封型蓄电池的焊接方法、密封型蓄电池和盖体 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012179292A JP5571137B2 (ja) | 2012-08-13 | 2012-08-13 | 密閉型2次電池の溶接方法、密閉型2次電池及びキャップ体 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2014038729A true JP2014038729A (ja) | 2014-02-27 |
JP5571137B2 JP5571137B2 (ja) | 2014-08-13 |
Family
ID=50066412
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012179292A Active JP5571137B2 (ja) | 2012-08-13 | 2012-08-13 | 密閉型2次電池の溶接方法、密閉型2次電池及びキャップ体 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20140045046A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5571137B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN103594723B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2017113415A1 (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2017-07-06 | 深圳市大富精工有限公司 | 电池、电池壳以及电池壳焊接方法 |
WO2017113413A1 (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2017-07-06 | 深圳市大富精工有限公司 | 一种电池及其电池壳 |
CN107615511B (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2021-01-22 | 深圳市大富精工有限公司 | 一种电池 |
CN113725529B (zh) * | 2021-11-01 | 2022-03-04 | 中航锂电科技有限公司 | 一种电池及焊接方法 |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH08257774A (ja) * | 1995-03-20 | 1996-10-08 | Nippon Steel Corp | 熱間圧延鋼片の接合方法 |
JPH09174266A (ja) * | 1995-12-27 | 1997-07-08 | Toyota Motor Corp | レーザ溶接方法および装置 |
JPH09216079A (ja) * | 1996-02-07 | 1997-08-19 | Nippon Steel Corp | レーザ仮付け溶接方法 |
JP2000084684A (ja) * | 1998-09-09 | 2000-03-28 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | エネルギービーム溶接装置及びエネルギービーム溶接方法 |
JP2009087707A (ja) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-23 | Toshiba Corp | セル端子構造、セル端子間接続構造およびセル端子製造方法。 |
JP2010027546A (ja) * | 2008-07-24 | 2010-02-04 | Toshiba Corp | バッテリ装置 |
JP2010186705A (ja) * | 2009-02-13 | 2010-08-26 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | 電池 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH11111246A (ja) * | 1997-08-06 | 1999-04-23 | Toshiba Corp | 密閉電池およびその製造方法 |
US8227112B2 (en) * | 2008-12-12 | 2012-07-24 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Sealed battery and manufacturing method thereof, vehicle mounting the sealed battery, and battery mounting device mounting the sealed battery |
CN102607948B (zh) * | 2012-03-02 | 2014-02-19 | 西安石油大学 | 一种套管钻井用钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的表征方法 |
-
2012
- 2012-08-13 JP JP2012179292A patent/JP5571137B2/ja active Active
-
2013
- 2013-03-15 US US13/832,414 patent/US20140045046A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-08-13 CN CN201310351115.0A patent/CN103594723B/zh active Active
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH08257774A (ja) * | 1995-03-20 | 1996-10-08 | Nippon Steel Corp | 熱間圧延鋼片の接合方法 |
JPH09174266A (ja) * | 1995-12-27 | 1997-07-08 | Toyota Motor Corp | レーザ溶接方法および装置 |
JPH09216079A (ja) * | 1996-02-07 | 1997-08-19 | Nippon Steel Corp | レーザ仮付け溶接方法 |
JP2000084684A (ja) * | 1998-09-09 | 2000-03-28 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | エネルギービーム溶接装置及びエネルギービーム溶接方法 |
JP2009087707A (ja) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-23 | Toshiba Corp | セル端子構造、セル端子間接続構造およびセル端子製造方法。 |
JP2010027546A (ja) * | 2008-07-24 | 2010-02-04 | Toshiba Corp | バッテリ装置 |
JP2010186705A (ja) * | 2009-02-13 | 2010-08-26 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | 電池 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20140045046A1 (en) | 2014-02-13 |
CN103594723B (zh) | 2015-11-18 |
JP5571137B2 (ja) | 2014-08-13 |
CN103594723A (zh) | 2014-02-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP4924771B2 (ja) | レーザ溶接方法及びそれを含む電池の製造方法 | |
US8703327B2 (en) | Rechargeable battery and manufacturing method thereof | |
US20100247992A1 (en) | Sealed secondary battery, and method for manufacturing the battery | |
JP5571137B2 (ja) | 密閉型2次電池の溶接方法、密閉型2次電池及びキャップ体 | |
JP6117927B2 (ja) | 二次電池 | |
JP5837043B2 (ja) | 組電池および電池接続方法 | |
JP5147365B2 (ja) | 金属容器の封止方法 | |
WO1999025035A1 (en) | Method of manufacturing enclosed battery and enclosed battery | |
JPH05159860A (ja) | スパークプラグの中心電極の製造方法 | |
JP7308155B2 (ja) | 蓄電池を製造する方法及び装置、並びに蓄電池 | |
JP2017116461A (ja) | シャント抵抗器の製造方法 | |
JP2015032441A (ja) | タブリード及び非水電解質電池 | |
JP2019084540A (ja) | 密閉型電池の製造方法 | |
JP5940374B2 (ja) | バッテリシステムの製造方法 | |
JP2013171817A (ja) | 密閉型電池及びその製造方法 | |
KR20140023998A (ko) | 전기 저장용 어셈블리의 마찰 교반 용접을 위한 장치 및 방법 | |
CN102240849A (zh) | 接合装置、接合方法、以及电池 | |
JP7288456B2 (ja) | 二次電池 | |
JP6359585B2 (ja) | スパークプラグ | |
JP7100803B2 (ja) | 電池および電池の製造方法 | |
EP2996199B1 (en) | Connection assembly, method of manufacturing a connection assembly, and tool for manufacturing a connection assembly | |
JP6595546B2 (ja) | スパークプラグの製造方法 | |
JP6792802B2 (ja) | 密閉型電池および密閉型電池の製造方法 | |
WO2015072051A1 (ja) | スパークプラグの製造方法 | |
JP2009087707A (ja) | セル端子構造、セル端子間接続構造およびセル端子製造方法。 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
RD04 | Notification of resignation of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7424 Effective date: 20131219 |
|
RD04 | Notification of resignation of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7424 Effective date: 20131226 |
|
RD04 | Notification of resignation of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7424 Effective date: 20140109 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20140204 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20140403 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20140527 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20140625 |
|
R151 | Written notification of patent or utility model registration |
Ref document number: 5571137 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R151 |