JP2014027177A - 光電変換素子、太陽電池、及び太陽電池モジュール - Google Patents
光電変換素子、太陽電池、及び太陽電池モジュール Download PDFInfo
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- JP2014027177A JP2014027177A JP2012167611A JP2012167611A JP2014027177A JP 2014027177 A JP2014027177 A JP 2014027177A JP 2012167611 A JP2012167611 A JP 2012167611A JP 2012167611 A JP2012167611 A JP 2012167611A JP 2014027177 A JP2014027177 A JP 2014027177A
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- 125000005063 tetradecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 229940073455 tetraethylammonium hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LRGJRHZIDJQFCL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylazanium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC LRGJRHZIDJQFCL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002076 thermal analysis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003557 thiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NZFNXWQNBYZDAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioridazine hydrochloride Chemical class Cl.C12=CC(SC)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C2N1CCC1CCCCN1C NZFNXWQNBYZDAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004665 trialkylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005106 triarylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroethylene Natural products ClCC(Cl)Cl UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005040 tridecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- COHOGNZHAUOXPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(phenyl)stannane Chemical compound C[Sn](C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 COHOGNZHAUOXPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMTNYYLGEBSTEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylene-1,2-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C(N)C(N)=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 DMTNYYLGEBSTEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N zafuleptine Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(C(C)C)NCC1=CC=C(F)C=C1 YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
即ち、本発明の要旨は、以下に存する。
前記活性層は、下記式(1A)で表される繰り返し単位と式(1B)で表される繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマーを含有し、
前記活性層の膜厚が120nm以上500nm以下であることを特徴とする光電変換素子。
[2]前記コポリマーが下記式(1AB)で表される繰り返し単位を含むコポリマーであることを特徴とする、[1]に記載の光電変換素子。
[3][1]又は[2]に記載の光電変換素子を備えることを特徴とする、太陽電池。
[4][3]に記載の太陽電池を備えることを特徴とする、太陽電池モジュール。
本発明に係る光電変換素子は、基材と、カソードと、活性層と、アノードとがこの順に配置された構造を有する。この活性層は、後に説明する下記式(1A)で表される繰り返し単位と下記式(1B)で表される繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマー(以下、本発明に係るコポリマーと呼ぶ)を含有する。また、活性層の膜厚は120nm以上500nm以下である。
活性層103は光電変換が行われる層を指し、通常、p型半導体化合物とn型半導体化合物を含む。p型半導体化合物とはp型半導体材料として働く化合物のことを指し、n型半導体化合物とはn型半導体材料として働く化合物のことを指す。光電変換素子107が光を受けると、光が活性層103に吸収され、p型半導体化合物とn型半導体化合物との界面で電気が発生し、発生した電気がカソード101及びアノード105から取り出される。本発明においては、本発明に係るコポリマーがp型半導体化合物として用いられる。
活性層103の層構成としては、p型半導体化合物とn型半導体化合物とが積層された薄膜積層型、又はp型半導体化合物とn型半導体化合物とが混合した層を有するバルクヘテロ接合型等が挙げられる。なかでも、光電変換効率がより向上しうる点で、バルクヘテロ接合型の活性層が好ましい。
薄膜積層型の活性層は、p型半導体化合物を含むp型半導体層と、n型半導体化合物を含むn型半導体層とが積層された構造を有する。薄膜積層型の活性層は、p型半導体層と、n型半導体層とをそれぞれ形成することにより作製することができる。p型半導体層とn型半導体層とが別の方法によって形成されてもよい。
バルクヘテロ接合型の活性層は、p型半導体化合物とn型半導体化合物とが混合された層(i層)を有する。i層はp型半導体化合物とn型半導体化合物とが相分離した構造を有し、相界面でキャリア分離が起こり、生じたキャリア(正孔及び電子)が電極まで輸送される。
活性層103は、p型半導体化合物として、本発明に係るコポリマーを少なくとも含有する。
本発明に係るコポリマーは、下記式(1A)で表される繰り返し単位と式(1B)で表される繰り返し単位とを含む。本発明に係るコポリマーは、溶解性と結晶性を両方バランスよく有する点で好ましい。また、光吸収波長領域が長波長化し、かつ光吸収性が高い点で好ましい。
本発明に係るコポリマーの製造方法には特に限定はない。例えば、下記一般式(2A)で表される化合物と、下記一般式(2B)で表される化合物とを用いて公知の方法で製造することができる。好ましい方法としては、下記一般式(2A)で表される化合物と、下記一般式(2B)で表される化合物とを、必要であれば適当な触媒の存在下で、重合する方法が挙げられる。
活性層103は、p型半導体化合物として、本発明に係るコポリマーを少なくとも含有する。しかしながら、他の有機半導体材料を、本発明に係るコポリマーと混合及び/又は積層して併用することも可能である。以下、併用しうる有機半導体材料、例えば、高分子有機半導体化合物及び低分子有機半導体化合物について説明する。
p型半導体化合物として併用しうる高分子有機半導体化合物としては、特に限定はなく、ポリチオフェン、ポリフルオレン、ポリフェニレンビニレン、ポリチエニレンビニレン、ポリアセチレン又はポリアニリン等の共役コポリマー半導体化合物;アルキル基やその他の置換基が置換されたオリゴチオフェン等のコポリマー半導体化合物等が挙げられる。また、二種以上のモノマー単位を共重合させたコポリマー半導体化合物も挙げられる。共役コポリマーは、例えば、Handbook of Conducting Polymers,3rd Ed.(全2巻),2007、Materials Science and Engineering,2001,32,1−40、Pure Appl.Chem.2002,74,2031−3044、Handbook of THIOPHENE−BASED MATERIALS(全2巻),2009等の公知文献に記載されたコポリマーやその誘導体、及び記載されているモノマーの組み合わせによって合成し得るコポリマーを用いることができる。p型半導体化合物として併用される高分子有機半導体化合物は、一種の化合物でも複数種の化合物の混合物でもよい。
p型半導体化合物として併用しうる低分子有機半導体化合物としては、周知のものを用いることができ、具体的には国際公開第2011/016430号等の公知文献に記載のものを採用することができる。
n型半導体化合物としては、特段の制限はないが、具体的にはフラーレン化合物;8−ヒドロキシキノリンアルミニウムに代表されるキノリノール誘導体金属錯体;ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド又はペリレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド等の縮合環テトラカルボン酸ジイミド類;ペリレンジイミド誘導体、ターピリジン金属錯体、トロポロン金属錯体、フラボノール金属錯体、ペリノン誘導体、ベンズイミダゾール誘導体、ベンズオキサゾール誘導体、チアゾール誘導体、ベンズチアゾール誘導体、ベンゾチアジアゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、チアジアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、アルダジン誘導体、ビススチリル誘導体、ピラジン誘導体、フェナントロリン誘導体、キノキサリン誘導体、ベンゾキノリン誘導体、ビピリジン誘導体、ボラン誘導体;アントラセン、ピレン、ナフタセン又はペンタセン等の縮合多環芳香族炭化水素の全フッ化物;単層カーボンナノチューブ、n型ポリマー(n型高分子半導体化合物)等が挙げられる。
フラーレン化合物としては、一般式(n1)、(n2)、(n3)及び(n4)で表される部分構造を有するものが好ましい例として挙げられる。
フラーレン化合物の製造方法としては、特に制限はないが、例えば、部分構造(n1)を有するフラーレン化合物の合成は、国際公開第2008/059771号やJ.Am.Chem.Soc.,2008,130(46),15429−15436のような公知文献の記載に従って実施可能である。
N−アルキル置換されたペリレンジイミド誘導体としては、特段の制限はないが、具体的には国際公開第2008/063609号、国際公開第2009/115513号、国際公開第2009/098250号、国際公開第2009/000756号及び国際公開第2009/091670号に記載されている化合物が挙げられる。これらの化合物は電子移動度が高く、可視域の光を吸収しうるために、電荷輸送と発電との両方に寄与しうる点から好ましい。
ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミドとしては、特段の制限はないが、具体的には国際公開第2008/063609号、国際公開第2007/146250号及び国際公開第2009/000756号に記載されている化合物が挙げられる。これらの化合物は電子移動度が高く、溶解性が高く塗布性に優れている点から好ましい。
n型高分子半導体化合物としては、特段の制限はないが、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド若しくはペリレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド等の縮合環テトラカルボン酸ジイミド類、ペリレンジイミド誘導体、ベンゾイミダゾール誘導体、ベンズオキサゾール誘導体、チアゾール誘導体、ベンゾチアゾール誘導体、ベンゾチアジアゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、チアジアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、ピラジン誘導体、フェナントロリン誘導体、キノキサリン誘導体、ビピリジン誘導体及びボラン誘導体のうち少なくとも一つを構成ユニットとするn型高分子半導体化合物等が挙げられる。
光電変換素子107は、活性層103と電極101,105の間にバッファ層102,104を有する。バッファ層は、電子取り出し層102及び正孔取り出し層104に分類することができる。バッファ層を設けることで、活性層103と電極101,105との間での電子又は正孔の移動が容易となるほか、電極間の短絡が防止されうる。もっとも本発明において、バッファ層102,104は存在しなくてもよい。
電子取り出し層102の材料は、活性層103からカソード101へ電子の取り出し効率を向上させる電子輸送性の材料であれば特段の制限はないが、無機化合物又は有機化合物が挙げられる。
正孔取り出し層104の材料に特に限定は無く、活性層103からアノード105への正孔の取り出し効率を向上させることが可能な正孔輸送性の材料であれば特に限定されない。具体的には、ポリチオフェン、ポリピロール、ポリアセチレン、トリフェニレンジアミン又はポリアニリン等に、スルホン酸及び/又はヨウ素等がドーピングされた導電性ポリマー、スルホニル基を置換基として有するポリチオフェン誘導体、アリールアミン等の導電性有機化合物、三酸化モリブデン、五酸化バナジウム又は酸化ニッケル等のp型半導体特性を有する金属酸化物、上述のp型半導体化合物等が挙げられる。その中でも好ましくはスルホン酸をドーピングした導電性ポリマーが挙げられ、ポリチオフェン誘導体にポリスチレンスルホン酸をドーピングしたポリ(3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)ポリ(スチレンスルホン酸)(PEDOT:PSS)がより好ましい。また、別の好ましい例としては三酸化モリブデン、五酸化バナジウム又は酸化ニッケル等のp型半導体特性を有する金属酸化物が挙げられる。また、金、インジウム、銀又はパラジウム等の金属等の薄膜も使用することができる。金属等の薄膜は、単独で形成してもよいし、上記の有機材料と組み合わせて用いることもできる。
電極101,105は、光吸収により生じた正孔及び電子を捕集する機能を有する。したがって、一対の電極には、電子の捕集に適した電極101(カソード)と、正孔の捕集に適した電極105(アノード)とを用いることが好ましい。一対の電極は、いずれか一方が透光性であればよく、両方が透光性であっても構わない。透光性があるとは、太陽光が40%以上透過することを指す。また、透光性を有する透明電極の太陽光線透過率は70%以上であることが、透明電極を透過させて活性層103に光を到達させるために好ましい。光の透過率は、通常の分光光度計で測定できる。
光電変換素子107は、通常は支持体となる基材106を有する。すなわち、基材上に、電極101,105と、活性層103とが形成される。もっとも、本発明に係る光電変換素子は基材106を有さなくてもよい。
光電変換素子107は、上述した方法に従い、基材106、カソード101、電子取り出し層102、活性層103、正孔取り出し層104、及びアノード105を順次積層することにより作製することができる。異なる構成を有する光電変換素子、例えば基材106、電子取り出し層102、及び正孔取り出し層104のうちの少なくとも1つを有さない光電変換素子も、同様の方法により作製することができる。
光電変換素子107の光電変換特性は次のようにして求めることができる。光電変換素子107にソーラシュミレーターでAM1.5G条件の光を照射強度100mW/cm2で照射して、電流−電圧特性を測定する。得られた電流−電圧曲線から、光電変換効率(PCE)、短絡電流密度(Jsc)、開放電圧(Voc)、フィルファクター(FF)、直列抵抗、シャント抵抗といった光電変換特性を求めることができる。
(維持率)=(大気暴露N時間後の光電変換効率)/(大気暴露直前の光電変換効率)
本発明に係る光電変換素子107は、太陽電池、なかでも薄膜太陽電池の太陽電池素子として使用されることが好ましい。
ポリスチレン換算の重量平均分子量(Mw)及び数平均分子量(Mn)は、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)により求めた。分子量分布(PDI)は、Mw/Mnを表す。
カラム:PolymerLaboratories GPC用カラム(PLgel MIXED−B 10μm,内径7.5mm,長さ30cm)を2本直列に接続して使用
ポンプ:LC−10AT(島津製作所社製)
オーブン:CTO−10A(島津製作所社製)
検出器:示差屈折率検出器(島津製作所社製,RID−10A)及びUV−vis検出器(島津製作所社製,SPD−10A)
サンプル:試料1mgをクロロホルム(200mg)に溶解させた液1μL
移動相:クロロホルム
流速:1.0mL/min
解析:LC−Solution(島津製作所社製)
光電変換素子に4mm角のメタルマスクを付け、照射光源としてエアマス(AM)1.5G、放射照度100mW/cm2のソーラシミュレータを用い、ソースメーター(ケイスレー社製,2400型)により、ITO電極とアルミニウム電極との間における電流−電圧特性を測定した。この測定結果から、開放電圧Voc(V)、短絡電流密度Jsc(mA/cm2)、形状因子FF、及び光電変換効率PCE(%)を算出した。
FF = Pmax/(Voc×Jsc)
また、光電変換効率PCEは、入射エネルギーをPinとすると次式で与えられる。
PCE = (Pmax/Pin)×100
= (Voc×Jsc×FF/Pin)×100
(インク1の作製)
p型半導体化合物として合成例1で得られたコポリマーA、及びn型半導体化合物としてPC71BM(フェニルC71酪酸メチルエステル,フロンティアカーボン社製,NS−E112)を、重量比が1:2となるように混合し、混合物が3重量%の濃度となるように窒素雰囲気中でオルトキシレンとテトラリンとの混合溶媒(体積比4:1)に溶解させた。この溶液をホットスターラー上で80℃の温度にて1時間攪拌混合した。攪拌混合後の溶液を1μmのポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)フィルターで濾過することにより、インク1を得た。
酸化インジウムスズ(ITO)透明導電膜(カソード)がパターニングされたガラス基板(ジオマテック社製)を、アセトンによる超音波洗浄、ついでイソプロパノールによる超音波洗浄の後、窒素ブローで乾燥させた。
このように作製した光電変換素子を、上述のように電流−電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表1に示す。
スピンコートを400rpmで行うことにより活性層の膜厚を220nmにしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で光電変換素子を作製した。作製した光電変換素子を、実施例1と同様に評価した。結果を表1に示す。
スピンコートを330rpmで行うことにより活性層の膜厚を320nmにしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で光電変換素子を作製した。作製した光電変換素子を、実施例1と同様に評価した。結果を表1に示す。
スピンコートを270rpmで行うことにより活性層の膜厚を400nmにしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で光電変換素子を作製した。作製した光電変換素子を、実施例1と同様に評価した。結果を表1に示す。
スピンコートを500rpmで行うことにより活性層の膜厚を90nmにしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で光電変換素子を作製した。作製した光電変換素子を、実施例1と同様に評価した。結果を表1に示す。
スピンコートを150rpmで行うことにより活性層の膜厚を600nmにしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で光電変換素子を作製した。作製した光電変換素子を、実施例1と同様に評価した。結果を表1に示す。
102 電子取り出し層
103 活性層
104 正孔取り出し層
105 アノード
106 基材
107 光電変換素子
1 耐候性保護フィルム
2 紫外線カットフィルム
3,9 ガスバリアフィルム
4,8 ゲッター材フィルム
5,7 封止材
6 太陽電池素子
10 バックシート
12 基材
13 太陽電池モジュール
14 薄膜太陽電池
Claims (4)
- 基材と、カソードと、活性層と、アノードとがこの順に配置された構造を有する光電変換素子であって、
前記活性層は、下記式(1A)で表される繰り返し単位と式(1B)で表される繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマーを含有し、
前記活性層の膜厚が120nm以上500nm以下であることを特徴とする光電変換素子。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子を備えることを特徴とする、太陽電池。
- 請求項3に記載の太陽電池を備えることを特徴とする、太陽電池モジュール。
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