JP2013500007A - ダスティングされた動物フード - Google Patents
ダスティングされた動物フード Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013500007A JP2013500007A JP2012521680A JP2012521680A JP2013500007A JP 2013500007 A JP2013500007 A JP 2013500007A JP 2012521680 A JP2012521680 A JP 2012521680A JP 2012521680 A JP2012521680 A JP 2012521680A JP 2013500007 A JP2013500007 A JP 2013500007A
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- Prior art keywords
- kibble
- dusting
- pet food
- core
- probiotic
- Prior art date
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
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Landscapes
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- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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- Fodder In General (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
本明細書で使用するとき、「the」、「a」及び「an」を包含する冠詞は、特許請求又は明細書の範囲で使用されるときには、請求又は記載されるものの1つ以上を意味するものと理解される。
ドッグフード及びキャットフードなどのキブルタイプの動物飼料は、乾燥した、そのまま食べられるペットフード製品であることができる。キブルは、キブルの原材料が熱と圧力下で、ペレット化したキブル形状又はコアに形成される押出成形方法によって形成することができる。押出成形技術は、デンプンマトリックスを有するものなどの、動物飼料キブルを配合する安価かつ効率的な方法を提供することができる。押出成形方法中、デンプンマトリックスを含むことができるキブル原材料は、典型的には、押出成形条件下でデンプンマトリックスのゼラチン化を生じ、ゼラチン化デンプンマトリックスを形成する。
本開示の実施形態は、本明細書に記載のようなコアマトリックスとダスティングとを備えたキブルを含む動物飼料キブルを含むことができる。ダスティングは、コアマトリックスの表面上の少なくとも1つの活性成分ダスティングを含むことができ、活性ダスティングとして又は活性物質若しくは活性成分を含むダスティングとして参照することができる。好適な活性物質は、本明細書に開示され、例えば、酵素、抗体、免疫グロブリン、サイトカイン、エピジェネティクス剤、ビタミン並びにプロバイオティクス微生物及び材料が挙げられる。更に、ダスティングは、本明細書に列挙されている活性成分のいずれかを含むことができる。
一実施形態では、ダスティング方法を使用して活性物質をコアに適用することで、ダスティングされたキブルをもたらすことができる。活性物質は、プロバイオティクスを含むことができる。ダスティング実施形態はコア上へのプロバイオティクス成分のダスティングに関して記載されるが、ダスティングの助けとなる任意成分が使用できることが理解されるべきであり、そのため、本出願人はプロバイオティクスのみに制限しようと意図していない。理論に束縛されるものではないが、ファンデルワールス力は、プロバイオティクス粒子とコアとの間に適切な接着を提供するため、プロバイオティクス粒子を含むダスティングは結合剤又は結着剤を実質的に含まなくてもよいと考えられている。理論に束縛されるものではないが、ファンデルワールス力は、ダスティングとコアとの間に引力を提供すると考えられている。更に、理論に束縛されるものではないが、水素結合も接着において役割を果たすと考えられている。水素結合は、窒素、酸素及びフッ素などの電気陰性原子に共有結合した水素原子と、別個の分子の別の電気陰性原子との間の引力である。電気陰性原子は原子周辺を負に帯電させる、より大きな電子引力を有する。この電子の不均一分布は、水素領域に正電荷を帯びさせ、2分子間の双極子分子間相互作用を可能にする。この結合は、ファンデルワールス結合よりも強いが、分子内共有結合よりも弱い。ほとんどのタンパク質及び炭水化物は、水素結合を形成できる複数の基を含有する。
乾燥ペットフードを製造するのに一般的な方法としては、ミリング、バッチング、調湿、押出成形、乾燥及びダスティングを挙げることができる。ミリングは、成分全体又は部分をより小さな形状に低減するために使用される任意の方法を包含することができる。配合物全体又は部分は、乾燥及び/又は液体成分を混合することによるバッチングのために方法工程にて作ることができる。多くの場合、これらの成分は、ほぼ栄養価の高い又は消化可能な形態ではなく、したがって、これらの成分を調理方法を介して消化可能な形態に更に転化する方法が必要とされる。
一実施形態では、プロバイオティクス微生物、その成分、保存助剤及び/又は安定助剤などの活性成分は、本明細書に記載のようなダスティングにおける使用のために研磨又はミリングして、粉末にすることができる。任意の研磨機又はミルを使用することができる。使用できる研磨方法及び/又はミルの非限定例としては、圧縮研磨、ジェットミル、空気分級ミル、万能ミル、ピンミル、ハンマーミル、及び更にはモルタル及びペスタルが挙げられる。
別の実施形態では、第一キブル及び第二キブルを含む、キブルタイプのペットフードを提供することができる。第一キブルは、第一キブルの約16重量%〜約50重量%のタンパク質源と、第一キブルの約5重量%〜約35重量%の脂肪源と、約15重量%〜約50重量%の炭水化物源と、を含むことができる。第二キブルは、本明細書に上記されるようなプロバイオティクスなどだがこれに限定されない活性物質上のダスティングを含むキブルを含むことができる。第一キブルは、活性物質を有しても有さなくてもよく、活性物質を含むダスティングを有しても有さなくてもよい。
プロバイオティクス微生物の活性レベルは、表1の3つの粒径について示される。これらの異なる粒径は、記載されている添付の実施例において使用された。表1は、活性レベルが通常、一定であり、異なる粒径の間でも1log以内にあることを示す。
いくつかのプロバイオティクス粉末サンプルを実施例6の手順に従ってコアに適用した。表2に示すような粒径よりも小さくなるように篩にかけたプロバイオティクス粉末でコアをダスティングした。下記の表2は、粒径が小さいほどダスティングされた製品におけるプロバイオティクス活性を保持するのにより有効であることを示している。したがって、表2に示されるように、143以下の寸法のプロバイオティクス粒子は、0.5未満の対数損失で投与を達成することが分かった。直径およそ10mmのキブルコア上に粒子をダスティングした。この実施例は、粒径に基づいて関連する活性を示す。
表面積の効果を実証するために、コアの総重量及びプロバイオティクス粉末を、各試行で一定に維持しながら、ある範囲の寸法のキブルコアをダスティングした。表3に示されているように、キブルの表面積の増加は、達成された活性のレベルに有意な影響を有さなかった。したがって、測定された実際の活性は、期待された活性と有意に異ならない。プロバイオティクス粉末は篩にかけたため、粉末中の全ての粒子は、コアへの適用に先立って約75マイクロメートル未満であった。
キブルコア温度の効果を実証するために、ダスティングに先立ってある範囲のキブルコア温度を試験した。表4に示されるように、低い温度のキブルほど低い活性損失を生じた。プロバイオティクス粉末は篩にかけたため、粉末中の全ての粒子は、コアへの適用に先立って約75マイクロメートル未満であった。コアの寸法は、およその平均直径が約10mmである概ね円形であった。
10重量%のダスティングされたキブルと90重量%の脂肪でエンローブされたキブルを利用した疑似輸送試験を実施した。ダスティングされたキブルは、Eirich Machines,Inc.(Gurnee,Ill.,USA)製モデルFZM−0.7の20リットル容量Forberg流動化領域ミキサーで、流動化領域の上のプロバイオティクス粉末の中でダスティングしながら、約85rpmにて混合することにより、ダスティング及び乾燥混合された。エンローブされていないキブルコアを、Eirich Machines,Inc.(Gurnee,Ill.,USA)製モデルFZM−7の200リットル容量Forberg流動化領域ミキサーで、約45秒にわたって家禽油でエンローブした。エンロービング直後に、ダスティングされたキブルをエンローブされたキブルと共に200Lミキサーに注入し、更に30秒にわたって混合した。得られた生成物を1.8kg(40ポンド)の多層紙バッグに袋詰めし、8個のバッグを荷台の上に積み上げた。次に荷台を包装し、およそ96.6メートル(60マイル)輸送し、その時点で、0.52Grmsの強度で3時間にわたって1〜200Hzの周波数に設定したMTS Hydraulic Vibration Tableを使用して模擬輸送試験を実行した。輸送試験後、生成物を96.6メートル(60マイル)輸送し、8個のバッグの積み重ねの頂部、中間部及び底部のバッグをプロバイオティクス活性について評価し、これを表5に示す。示されているように、模擬輸送後であっても、活性は、期待された活性よりも平均して1log低いだけであった。
直径およそ10mmのコア約6000gを流動化パドルミキサーの中の、パドルミキサー上に配置したホッパーの中に導入する。これらのミキサーへの導入の時点にて、コアの温度は約80℃である。ミキサーは、Eirich Machines,Inc.(Gurnee,Ill.,USA)製モデルFZM−0.7のForberg流動化領域ミキサーである。このミキサーは、約20リットルの有効容積容量を有する。いったんコアをミキサーに添加してから、パドルを回転させて、キブルを流動化する。特定の時間量にわたってミキサーの流動化ゾーンの上に粉末を手作業でふりまくことにより、約2gのプロバイオティクス粉末をミキサーに添加する。混合物添加の終わりに、ミキサーの底にあるドアを開いて、ダスティングされたキブルを金属受容器の中に落とす。これらのダスティングされたキブルを脂肪コーティングされたコアと、1重量部のダスティングされたコアと9重量部の脂肪コーティングされたコアの比で、混合する。表6は、約50rpm〜85rpmでのパドルの速度の変更が、ダスティングされたキブル上での粉末の保持に影響を与えないことを示す。50rpmは約0.35のフルード数に相当し、85rpmは約0.6のフルード数に相当する。表6はまた、約10秒〜約30秒の粉末適用時間がコア上の粉末の保持に影響を与えないことを示す。
全ての粒子が約75マイクロメートル未満であるように、プロバイオティクス粉末の1つのサンプルを篩にかける。このプロバイオティクス粉末を実施例6の手順に従ってコアに適用する。全ての粒子が約45〜約75マイクロメートルであるように、プロバイオティクス粉末の第二のサンプルを篩にかける。このプロバイオティクス粉末を実施例6の手順に従って第二セットのコアに適用する。下記の表7は、約45マイクロメートルよりも小さな粒子を篩落としてもコアへの粉末の適用の有効性に影響を与えないことを示す。
4つのドッグフードを以下の表8に示すように含水量と水分活性を変えることにより、比較した。表8の第二列〜第九列に示すように8つの比較を行った。低水分の製品、乾燥させた#1製品及び乾燥させた#2製品を対照#1製品、対照#2製品及び対照#3製品と比較した。対照#1製品は、2つの異なるタイプのキブルにより90:10の重量比で構成された。第一のタイプのキブルは脂肪/美味剤コーティングされたドッグフードキブルであり、第二のタイプのキブルはプロバイオティクスダスティングされたドッグフードキブルであった。表8に示すように、どちらのキブルも通常の商業的レベルに乾燥させた。対照#2製品は、表8に示すように、通常の商業レベルに乾燥させた、通常レベルの脂肪及び美味剤コーティング(プロバイオティクスなし)を有する市販のドッグフードキブルであった。対照#3製品は、表8に示すように、通常の商業レベルに乾燥させた、通常レベルの脂肪及び美味剤コーティング(プロバイオティクスなし)を有する、対照#2とは異なる別の市販のドッグフードキブルであった。乾燥させた#1製品は、2つの異なるタイプのキブルにより90:10の重量比で構成された。第一のタイプのキブルは脂肪/美味剤コーティングされたドッグフードキブルであり、第二のタイプのキブルはプロバイオティクスでダスティングされたドッグフードキブルであった。どちらのキブルも表8に示すようなレベルに乾燥させた。乾燥させた#2製品は、2つの異なるタイプのキブルにより90:10の重量比で構成された。第一のタイプのキブルは脂肪/美味剤コーティングされたドッグフードキブルであり、第二のタイプのキブルはプロバイオティクスでダスティングされたドッグフードキブルであった。どちらのキブルも表8に示すようなレベルに乾燥させた。飼育犬にドッグフードを給餌した。表8では、製品を給餌したときに水分及びAw値を測定したことに留意されるべきである。
**選好区分=犬が好んだ第一製品の%/犬が好んだ第二製品の%/犬が選好を示さなかった%
***=除数がゼロであった
プロバイオティクスの活性
動物フード中のプロバイオティクスの活性レベルを決定する試験方法は、以下のように行うことができる。
水分活性は、当業者に既知の方法を使用して決定することができる。水分活性は、25℃にてNovaSina TH200水分活性計又は当該技術分野において既知であるような他の好適な装置を使用して、決定することができる。簡単に言えば、このメーターは較正塩を用いて較正される。測定すべきサンプルをメーター内で温度平衡状態とし、次いで平衡に達した後の(通常は10〜20分)相対湿度パーセント(RH%)を100で割ったものとして水分活性を決定する。
粒径を決定するとき、粒径は、国際標準化機構(ISO)方法13320によるなどの、レーザー回折分析により測定されるような粒径として定義することができる。
耐久係数を計算するために、キブルは模擬輸送試験を通される。ダスティングされたキブルを、任意の標準的な市販のドッグフードバッグなどの1.8kg(40ポンド)の多層紙バッグに袋詰めし、8個のバッグを荷台の上に積み上げる。次に荷台を包装し、およそ96.6メートル(60マイル)輸送し、その時点で、0.52Grmsの強度で3時間にわたって1〜200Hzの周波数に設定したMTS Hydraulic Vibration Tableを使用して模擬輸送試験を実行した。輸送試験後、生成物を96.6メートル(60マイル)輸送し、8個のバッグの積み重ねの頂部、中間部及び底部のバッグをプロバイオティクス活性について評価し、これを表5に示す。耐久係数は、測定されたプロバイオティクスの実際の活性とプロバイオティクスの投与された又は期待された活性との比率であるものとして計算した。
Claims (15)
- コアマトリックスと、前記コアマトリックス上のダスティングと、を含むキブルを含むダスティングされたペットフードキブルであって、
前記ダスティングは、活性成分を含む粉末を含み、
前記ダスティングは実質的に結合剤を含まず、
前記キブルは12%未満の含水量を有する、ダスティングされたペットフードキブル。 - 前記活性成分がプロバイオティクス微生物を含む、請求項1に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 前記プロバイオティクスの活性レベルが、キブル1g当たり少なくとも約105CFUである、請求項1又は2に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 前記ペットフードキブルが、約0.1〜0.001の耐久係数を有する、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 前記プロバイオティクス微生物の少なくとも一部が約75マイクロメートル未満の粒径を有する、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 前記活性成分が、繊維成分、無機質成分、ポリフェノール成分、アミノ酸成分、カロテノイド成分、酸化防止剤成分、脂肪酸成分、グルコース模倣体成分、プレバイオティクス成分、酵素、抗体、免疫グロブリン、サイトカイン、エピジェネティクス剤、ビタミン及びプロバイオティクス微生物、並びにこれらの混合物及び組み合わせからなる群の供給源から選択される成分を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 第二ダスティングを更に含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 前記第二ダスティングが、繊維成分、無機質成分、ポリフェノール成分、アミノ酸成分、カロテノイド成分、酸化防止剤成分、脂肪酸成分、グルコース模倣体成分、プレバイオティクス成分、酵素、抗体、免疫グロブリン、サイトカイン、エピジェネティクス剤、ビタミン及びプロバイオティクス微生物、並びにこれらの混合物及び組み合わせの供給源からなる群から選択される成分を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- コアマトリックスを含むキブルと、
前記コアマトリックス上のダスティングと、
を含むダスティングされたペットフードキブルであって、
前記ダスティングは、プロバイオティクス微生物を含む粉末を含み、
前記キブルは栄養的にバランスがとれており、
前記キブルは12%未満の含水量を有する、ダスティングされたペットフードキブル。 - 前記プロバイオティクス微生物の活性が、キブル1グラム当たり約105CFU超である、請求項9に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 前記プロバイオティクス微生物の少なくとも一部の粒径が、75マイクロメートル未満である、請求項9又は10に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 第二ダスティングを更に含む、請求項9〜11のいずれか一項に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 前記第二ダスティングがビタミンを更に含む、請求項9〜12のいずれか一項に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- 前記コアマトリックスがゼラチン化デンプンマトリックス又は植物性タンパク質を含む、請求項9〜13のいずれか一項に記載のダスティングされたペットフードキブル。
- タンパク質源、炭水化物源及び脂肪源を含むコアマトリックスを含むキブルと、
前記コアマトリックス上のダスティングと、
を含むダスティングされたペットフードであって、
前記ダスティングは、プロバイオティクス微生物を含む粉末を含み、かつ実質的に結合剤を含まず、
前記キブルは栄養的にバランスがとれており、
前記キブルは12%未満の含水量を有し、
前記プロバイオティクス微生物の活性は、キブル1グラム当たり約105CFU超であり、
前記粉末はマルトデキストリン及びアスコルビン酸を更に含み、
前記プロバイオティクス微生物の少なくとも一部の粒径は、75マイクロメートル未満である、ダスティングされたペットフード。
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EP2459003B1 (en) | 2016-08-31 |
JP5834289B2 (ja) | 2015-12-16 |
AU2010276678B2 (en) | 2014-05-29 |
US20110027416A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
BR112012002213A2 (pt) | 2015-09-15 |
CA2768470A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
AU2010276678A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
ES2605589T3 (es) | 2017-03-15 |
EP2459003A1 (en) | 2012-06-06 |
WO2011014362A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
US8691303B2 (en) | 2014-04-08 |
BR112012002213B1 (pt) | 2018-10-30 |
AR077675A1 (es) | 2011-09-14 |
PL2459003T3 (pl) | 2017-02-28 |
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