JP2011505540A - 燃焼方法 - Google Patents
燃焼方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2011505540A JP2011505540A JP2010536360A JP2010536360A JP2011505540A JP 2011505540 A JP2011505540 A JP 2011505540A JP 2010536360 A JP2010536360 A JP 2010536360A JP 2010536360 A JP2010536360 A JP 2010536360A JP 2011505540 A JP2011505540 A JP 2011505540A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- combustion
- fuel
- amount
- combustion gas
- component
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 23
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 4
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011956 best available technology Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium oxide Inorganic materials [Cd]=O CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- RYCLIXPGLDDLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrapotassium;phosphonato phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O RYCLIXPGLDDLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002083 X-ray spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004630 atomic force microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Cd+2] CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001962 electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005686 electrostatic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012803 melt mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004452 microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004058 oil shale Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical class [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012716 precipitator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011275 tar sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001089 thermophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011882 ultra-fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES
- F23J7/00—Arrangement of devices for supplying chemicals to fire
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
- F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
- C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1283—Inorganic compounds phosphorus, arsenicum, antimonium containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1291—Silicon and boron containing compounds
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C2202/00—Fluegas recirculation
- F23C2202/30—Premixing fluegas with combustion air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
- F23C2900/99001—Cold flame combustion or flameless oxidation processes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
- F23G2201/70—Blending
- F23G2201/701—Blending with additives
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2202/00—Combustion
- F23G2202/10—Combustion in two or more stages
- F23G2202/106—Combustion in two or more stages with recirculation of unburned solid or gaseous matter into combustion chamber
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/32—Direct CO2 mitigation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Nonmetallic Welding Materials (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
- Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
- Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
この規則は、10μmより小さい粒子サイズ(PM 10)についての制限、および重金属の濃度についての制限を定めている。煙道ガスの定速サンプリングによって得られる重金属の濃度は、(除湿された)乾燥ガスの容量に対するものである。
この規制において、該濃度は空気で燃焼させたときの乾燥した煙道ガスに関連しており、煙道ガス中の酸素濃度を11容量%と定めることによって、排気についての質量収支と一義的に関連づけられる。
この規制は、空気とは異なる燃焼用剤、例えば濃縮空気または酸素で酸化燃焼させた場合に、質量収支の基準に基づいて、補正係数が適用されることを明記している。
例えば酸素が全変換されたときの酸素での燃焼の場合、補正係数(規格化因子)は燃料のタイプによって変動し、0.085まで低くなり得る。この質量収支の基準は広く受け入れられている。例えば、排気についてのBAT(Best Available Technology)の分類は、質量収支を用いている。
この目的のため、例えば世界中の都市において、大気中への粉塵についてますます制限された規制は十分に予見される。例えば、PM 10の量を40μg/Nm3より低く制限するだけの96-62-CE規則を超えるために、欧州指令の新提案が審議中である。この新指令は、大気中のPM 2.5について20μg/Nm3までの新たな制限を導入するものである。
成分A)中の低溶融の塩および/または酸化物、あるいはそれらの混合物の形態にある金属の量と、該燃料中に含まれる低溶融の塩および/または低溶融の酸化物の形態にある金属の量との合計モルをA'とし、
該燃料中に含まれる全金属の量と成分A)中に含まれる全金属の量との合計モルをA"としたとき、
モル比、A'/(A"-A')が0.01以上であり、該燃焼装置は定温型でかつ無炎である燃焼方法を目的とする。
灰の溶融温度は、公知の方法、例えばASTM D 1857-87試験によって得られる。
溶融した画分について、金属を測定する。特に、低溶融画分を、例えば底に直径5mmの孔を有するるつぼを用いて燃料の灰から分離する。
本発明の方法における燃焼用剤は、好ましくは燃料との反応に必要な化学量論量に対して過剰モルで使用される。しかしながら、化学量論量に対して不足して用いることもできる。
燃料が水および/または水蒸気と混合して定温型の燃焼装置中に導入されるとき、該燃焼装置は特許出願WO2005/108, 867に記載されているように作動する。
供給される燃料は、用いられる燃料のタイプに応じた量の水/水蒸気をも含み得る。供給される混合物の低発熱量(lower heating power)(LHV)の値が6,500kJ/kgより大きいという条件で、燃料中の水の割合は、重量%で表して80%以上であることもできる。
好ましくは、燃焼ガスの最終的な生成量に相当する燃焼ガスの部分は、機械的作用を得るために膨張された後、燃焼ガスの後処理部に送られる。膨張されるべき燃焼ガスは、混合器の出口に通じている。
燃焼ガスにはフライアッシュが実質的に含まれていないので、膨張は膨張タービンを用いて行うことができる。
さらに、EC 2000/76基準によるPM 2.5の排出値は、50μg/Nm3より低い値に減少している。
例えば、従来技術の燃焼方法では、CdO酸化物の形態にあるカドミウムが揮発し、その全てが燃焼ガス中で超微細の粒子として存在し、燃焼ガスの後処理プラントを事実上そのまま通り抜けているということがよく知られている。それとは逆に、本発明の方法で採用される条件下では、酸化カドミウムは大気中に放出される燃焼ガスからほとんど完全に除去されている。
本発明の方法では、従来技術の燃焼装置では用いることができなかった低ランクの燃料の使用もそれゆえ可能である。
粉塵の特徴づけ
14リットル/分のサンプル流量、および空気動力学的直径が10〜9μm; 9〜5.8μm; 5.8〜4.7μm; 4.7〜3.3μm; 3.3〜2.1μm; 2.1〜1.1μm; 1.1〜0.7μm; 0.7〜0.4μmの範囲の粒度分布分画用フィルタを用いることによって空気動力学的直径が10μmより大きい粒子を除去し、PM 10を分離できるプレセパレータを備えたAndersen Mark III型インパクタにより、燃焼ガス中に含まれる微粒子を集める。
燃料の灰をISO 1171試験により測定する。燃料を一定重量になるまで600℃で熱分解する。
灰の溶融温度をASTM D 1857-87試験により測定する。
定温型でかつ無炎の5MWの燃焼装置を、1,650Kおよび5barの圧力で操作して、化学量論量に対して過剰の92容量%の燃焼用剤としての酸素を使用し、燃焼装置から出てくる燃焼ガス中の酸素濃度を1〜3容量%にする。使用済溶剤、水および総廃棄物重量の1.4重量%の固形不溶残渣の混合物からなる産業廃棄物を11kg/分の割合で供給する。
以下の組成物の水性懸濁液を0.5リットル/分の割合で燃焼装置に供給する。
概ねAl2O3・4SiO2の組成を有し、1,590Kの溶融温度を有する粉末状の市販の10重量%のベントナイト。
1,363Kの溶融温度を有する市販のピロリン酸カリウム3重量%。
燃焼装置の出口における燃焼ガス中の粉塵の総量は、0.02mg/Nm3であることが分かった。
大気中に排出された燃焼ガス中の重金属の定常化した濃度の値は、1μg/Nm3より低い。
ベントナイトおよびピロリン酸カリウムの水性懸濁液の添加を省略したことを除き、実施例2を繰り返す。
大気圧で操作され、燃焼用剤として空気を用いる従来技術の加熱型6MW燃焼装置において、実施例2で用いられたのと同じ産業廃棄物を13kg/分の割合で供給する。燃焼装置の壁を1,150Kより高い温度に保つ。燃焼ガスは、燃焼室を1,310Kで出て行く。
Claims (13)
- 燃料、燃焼用剤および成分A)が燃焼装置に供給される燃焼方法であって、
低溶融の塩および/または酸化物および/またはそれらの混合物を含み、1,450K以下の溶融温度を有し、
成分A)中に存在する低溶融の塩および/または酸化物および/またはそれらの混合物の形態にある金属の量と、燃料中に含まれる低溶融の塩および/または酸化物またはそれらの混合物の形態にある金属の量との合計モルをA'とし、
燃料中に含まれる全金属の量と成分A)中に含まれる全金属の量との合計をA"としたとき、モル比、A'/(A"-A')が0.01以上であり、
燃焼装置が定温型でかつ無炎である燃焼方法。 - モル比、A'/(A"-A')が少なくとも0.1、好ましくは少なくとも0.2である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 燃焼装置内の圧力が大気圧より高くて2,000kPaまでであり、その温度が1,500K(1,223℃)〜2,100K(1,827℃)の間に含まれる、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 燃焼用剤が、燃料との燃焼反応のための化学量論量に対して過剰の酸素である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 燃焼装置の出口における燃焼ガスが1,100K以下の温度で冷却される、請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- A)に定義される1つ以上の化合物と1,450Kより高い溶融温度を有する塩および/または酸化物からなり、1,450K以下の溶融温度を有する混合物が、成分A)として用いられる、請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 成分A)が、燃料とは別に、または燃料と混合して燃焼装置に供給される、請求項1〜6のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 燃料の燃焼装置内の滞留時間が0.5秒〜30分の範囲である、請求項1〜7のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 供給される酸素が、リサイクルされる燃焼ガスと予め混合され、該燃焼ガスの量が10容量%より多い、請求項1〜8のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- リサイクルされる燃焼ガスが、リサイクルされる燃焼ガスの全容量に対して計算して、10容量%より多い量の水蒸気の形態にある水を含む、請求項1〜9のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 燃料が、重量%で表して80%までの量の水/水蒸気を含む、請求項1〜10のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜11のいずれか1つに記載の方法によって得られる燃焼ガス。
- 放出される燃焼ガス中のPM2.5の濃度が50μg/Nm3より低い、請求項12に記載の燃焼ガス。
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