JP2011503435A - 低い排気ガス温度で燃料改質装置を動作させるための予備燃焼器および大流路燃焼システム - Google Patents
低い排気ガス温度で燃料改質装置を動作させるための予備燃焼器および大流路燃焼システム Download PDFInfo
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- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0093—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
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- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
- F01N3/0885—Regeneration of deteriorated absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. desulfurization of NOx traps
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- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
- F01N3/2033—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using a fuel burner or introducing fuel into exhaust duct
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- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
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- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/30—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer
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- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
- F01N2330/30—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details
- F01N2330/48—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details characterised by the number of flow passages, e.g. cell density
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
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- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
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- F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
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- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/06—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a temperature sensor
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- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/14—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics having more than one sensor of one kind
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- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/03—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being hydrocarbons, e.g. engine fuel
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
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- F01N3/0253—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
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Abstract
Description
CH1.85 +0.5 O2 → CO +0.925 H2 (1)
改質油の1.925モル(COのモル数+H2のモル数)は、燃料中の炭素原子の各モル数から得ることが可能である。CH1.85は、水素比に対する典型的な炭素を有するディーゼル燃料を示す。反応式(2)にあるような水蒸気改質を通して改質油生成が行われる場合、
CH1.85 + H2O → CO +1.925 H2 (2)
改質油の2.925モル(COのモル数+H2のモル数)は、主に、燃料中の炭素原子の各モル数から得ることが可能である。主に、収率は、燃料の限られた転化効率、完全燃焼反応中の改質反応のための限られた選択性、水蒸気改質状態をもたらすための発熱の必要性、および排気ガスを加熱するために要求されるエネルギ損失等に起因して理論量よりも低くなる。それにもかかわらず、効率的に作用させるために予備加熱する必要がある低熱質量改質装置が、予備加熱を要求しない高熱質量改質装置よりもむしろ好まれることは、利益として十分である。
Claims (15)
- 排気ガスを生じるディーゼルエンジン(101)と、
前記排気ガス中に燃料を噴射するように構成される燃料噴射装置(115)と、
酸化触媒を含むとともに前記燃料噴射装置(115)によって噴射される燃料と一緒に排気ガス流れを受け入れるように構成される予備燃焼器(106)と、
酸化触媒ウォッシュコートを含むとともに前記予備燃焼器(106)からの前記排気ガス流れを受け入れるように構成される大流路燃焼器(107)と、
燃料改質触媒を含むとともに前記大流路燃焼器(107)からの前記排気ガス流れを受け入れるように構成される燃料改質装置(108)と、
前記燃料改質装置(108)からの前記排気ガス流れを受け入れるように構成される低濃度NOxトラップ(109)と、
を含み、
前記予備燃焼器(106)は、噴射燃料の最初の部分を燃焼させるとともに前記噴射燃料のその他の部分を気化させ、
前記システムは、前記予備燃焼器(106)と前記大流路燃焼器(107)との間で、前記排気ガスと気化燃料とを混合するように構成され、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)の平均流路サイズよりも大きい平均流路サイズおよび前記燃料改質装置(108)の熱質量の約20%程度の熱質量を有し、
前記燃料改質装置(108)は、前記大流路燃焼器(107)からの前記排気ガス燃料流れが全体的に高濃度である時に前記低濃度NOxトラップを脱硝するのに効果的な量のH2およびCOを生成し、
前記燃料改質装置(108)は小さい熱質量を有し、それによって、少なくとも約500℃まで加熱されるとともに前記低濃度NOxトラップ(109)の各脱硝で水蒸気改質反応に触媒作用を及ぼすように設計されており、
前記低濃度NOxトラップ(109)は、前記排気ガス流れが全体的に低濃度である時に前記排気ガス流れからNOxを吸着および蓄積するとともに前記排気ガス流れが全体的に高濃度である時に蓄積されたNOxを還元および放出するように機能する、ことを特徴とする動力発生システム(100)。 - 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)の熱質量の約10%程度の熱質量を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記燃料改質装置(108)は、酸化触媒を含み、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)に対して、単位表面積当たりの酸化触媒の濃度がより高いことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。 - 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)中の酸化触媒を含んでいるウォッシュコートに対して、少なくとも約50%厚い触媒ウォッシュコートを有することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、電熱器を用いて構成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記燃料改質装置(108)は、独自の酸化および改質触媒部分を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)の前面面積の約1/2に満たない前面面積を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 大流路燃焼器(107)は、ディーゼルエンジンの排気量1リットル当たり約25cm2の前面面積を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記システム(100)は、約215℃で前記予備燃焼器(106)に入る排気ガスを生じ、
前記予備燃焼器(106)は、前記噴射燃料の一部分を燃焼させるとともに前記噴射燃料の残りの部分を気化させるこの状態下で動作するが、約315℃を超えて前記排気ガス燃料混合気を加熱するこの状態下では動作せず、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記予備燃焼器(106)からの前記排気ガス燃料混合気が燃焼することにより急速に加熱されるとともに、一度加熱されて、前記燃料改質装置(108)に入る前に少なくとも約400℃まで前記排気ガス燃料混合気を加熱させるために十分な前記燃料を燃焼させるこの状態下で動作する、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。 - NOxを含む低濃度排気ガスを生じるようにディーゼルエンジン(101)を動作するステップと、
前記低濃度排気ガスを、大流路燃焼器(107)、燃料改質装置(108)、その後、前記排気ガスから前記NOxの一部分を吸着する低濃度NOxトラップ(109)を連続して通過させるステップと、
時々、前記低濃度NOxトラップ(109)を脱硝するステップと、
を含み、
前記低濃度NOxトラップ(109)を脱硝するステップは、
低濃度暖機段階において、気化燃料を前記大流路燃焼器(107)へ導入するとともに前記大流路燃焼器(107)中の前記気化燃料の一部分を燃焼させることによって前記燃料改質装置(108)を水蒸気改質温度まで加熱させるステップと、
前記燃料改質装置(108)が水蒸気改質温度まで加熱された後、燃料導入率を増加および/または前記排気ガス噴射燃料混合気を全体的に高濃度にするために前記排気ガス酸素流量を減少させ、それによって、前記燃料改質装置(108)が、前記低濃度NOxトラップ(109)を脱硝する合成ガスを生じるステップと、
を含み、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)の平均流路サイズよりも大きい平均流路サイズおよび前記燃料改質装置(108)の熱質量の約20%程度の熱質量を有し、
前記燃料改質装置(108)は、小さい熱質量を有し、それによって、少なくとも約500℃まで加熱されるとともに前記低濃度NOxトラップ(109)の各脱硝で水蒸気改質反応に触媒作用を及ぼすように設計されており、
前記低濃度NOxトラップ(109)は、排気ガス流れが全体的に低濃度である時に前記排気ガス流れからNOxを吸着および蓄積するとともに前記排気ガス流れが全体的に高濃度である時に蓄積されたNOxを還元および放出する、ことを特徴とする動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。 - 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記低濃度暖機段階を通して前記燃料改質装置(108)の少なくとも2倍速く加熱されるとともに、一度加熱されると、前記燃料改質装置(108)への前記排気ガス流れを少なくとも約400℃まで加熱されることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。
- 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記低濃度暖機段階を通して加熱され、一度加熱されると、受け入れた燃料の少なくとも約30%を酸化させることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。
- マス伝達制限は、前記大流路燃焼器(107)が受け入れた燃料の約90%を超えて燃焼するのを防止することを特徴とする請求項12に記載の動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。
- 前記排気ガスが前記大流路燃焼器(107)を通過する前に、前記排気ガスが予備燃焼器(106)を通過するステップと、
前記排気ガス中へ燃料を導入するとともに前記予備燃焼器(106)中の前記燃料を部分的に気化させることにより、前記大流路燃焼器(107)に対して気化燃料を供給するステップと、
をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。 - 前記低濃度状態の間、前記排気ガスは、約215℃以下の温度で前記予備燃焼器(106)に入り、
前記予備燃焼器(106)は、前記噴射燃料の一部分を燃焼させるとともに前記噴射燃料の残りの部分を気化させるため、この温度で前記排気ガスを用いて動作するが、前記排気ガス燃料混合気が約315℃を超えて加熱されるこの状態下で動作せず、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記予備燃焼器(106)からの前記排気ガス燃料混合気を燃焼させることにより急速に加熱されるとともに、一度加熱されると、前記排気ガス燃料混合気を前記燃料改質装置(108)に入る前に少なくとも約400℃まで加熱させるために十分な燃料を燃焼させるため、この温度で前記予備燃焼器(106)に入る前記排気ガスを用いて動作することを特徴とする請求項14に記載の動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。
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US11/983,909 US8074443B2 (en) | 2007-11-13 | 2007-11-13 | Pre-combustor and large channel combustor system for operation of a fuel reformer at low exhaust temperatures |
PCT/IB2008/003049 WO2009063297A1 (en) | 2007-11-13 | 2008-11-13 | Pre-combustor and large channel combustor system for operation of a fuel reformer at low exhaust temperatures |
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