JP5733983B2 - 低い排気ガス温度で燃料改質装置を動作させるための予備燃焼器および大流路燃焼システム - Google Patents
低い排気ガス温度で燃料改質装置を動作させるための予備燃焼器および大流路燃焼システム Download PDFInfo
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- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0093—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
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- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
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- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
- F01N3/0885—Regeneration of deteriorated absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. desulfurization of NOx traps
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- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
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- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
- F01N3/2033—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using a fuel burner or introducing fuel into exhaust duct
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/30—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
- F01N2330/30—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details
- F01N2330/48—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details characterised by the number of flow passages, e.g. cell density
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/06—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a temperature sensor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/14—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics having more than one sensor of one kind
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/03—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being hydrocarbons, e.g. engine fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
- F01N3/0253—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Description
CH1.85+0.5 O2 → CO +0.925 H2 (1)
改質油の1.925モル(COのモル数+H2のモル数)は、燃料中の炭素原子の各モル数から得ることが可能である。CH1.85は、水素比に対する典型的な炭素を有するディーゼル燃料を示す。反応式(2)にあるような水蒸気改質を通して改質油生成が行われる場合、
CH1.85+ H2O → CO +1.925 H2 (2)
改質油の2.925モル(COのモル数+H2のモル数)は、主に、燃料中の炭素原子の各モル数から得ることが可能である。主に、収率は、燃料の限られた転化効率、完全燃焼反応中の改質反応のための限られた選択性、水蒸気改質状態をもたらすための発熱の必要性、および排気ガスを加熱するために要求されるエネルギ損失等に起因して理論量よりも低くなる。それにもかかわらず、効率的に作用させるために予備加熱する必要がある低熱質量改質装置が、予備加熱を要求しない高熱質量改質装置よりもむしろ好まれることは、利益として十分である。
なお、大流路燃焼器は、電熱器を用いて構成してもよい。
Claims (12)
- 排気ガスを生じるディーゼルエンジン(101)と、
前記排気ガス中に燃料を噴射するように構成される燃料噴射装置(115)と、
酸化触媒を含むとともに前記燃料噴射装置(115)によって噴射される燃料と一緒に排気ガス流れを受け入れるように構成される予備燃焼器(106)と、
酸化触媒ウォッシュコートを含むとともに前記予備燃焼器(106)からの前記排気ガス流れを受け入れるように構成される大流路燃焼器(107)と、
燃料改質触媒を含むとともに前記大流路燃焼器(107)からの前記排気ガス流れを受け入れるように構成される燃料改質装置(108)と、
前記燃料改質装置(108)からの前記排気ガス流れを受け入れるように構成されるリーンNOxトラップ(109)と、を備えた動力発生システムであって、
前記予備燃焼器(106)は、前記燃料噴射装置からの噴射燃料の一部を燃焼させるとともに前記噴射燃料の残りの部分を気化させ、
前記予備燃焼器(106)と前記大流路燃焼器(107)との間で、前記排気ガスと前記予備燃焼器(106)によって気化された燃料とを混合し、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)の平均流路面積よりも大きい平均流路面積および前記燃料改質装置(108)の熱質量の約20%以下の熱質量を有し、
前記燃料改質装置(108)は、前記大流路燃焼器(107)からの排気ガス−燃料流れが全体的にリッチである時に前記リーンNOxトラップを脱硝するのに有効な量のH2およびCOを生成し、
前記燃料改質装置(108)は、少なくとも約500℃まで加熱されて前記リーンNOxトラップ(109)の脱硝のための水蒸気改質反応に触媒作用を及ぼすように、小さい熱質量を有し、
前記リーンNOxトラップ(109)は、前記排気ガス流れが全体的にリーンである時に前記排気ガス流れからNOxを吸着および蓄積するとともに前記排気ガス流れが全体的にリッチである時に蓄積されたNOxを還元して放出するように機能し、
前記燃料改質装置(108)は、酸化触媒を含み、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)に対して、単位表面積当たりの酸化触媒の密度がより高い、ことを特徴とする動力発生システム(100)。 - 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)の熱質量の約10%以下の熱質量を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)中の酸化触媒を含んでいるウォッシュコートに対して、少なくとも約50%厚い触媒ウォッシュコートを有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、電熱器を用いて構成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記燃料改質装置(108)は、酸化触媒部分と改質触媒部分とが区別されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)の前面面積の約1/2以下の前面面積を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記ディーゼルエンジンの排気量1リットル当たり約25cm2以下の前面面積を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。
- 前記システム(100)は、前記予備燃焼器(106)に入る排気ガスが約215℃になるように作動し、
前記予備燃焼器(106)は、この状態下で、前記噴射燃料の一部分を燃焼させるとともに前記噴射燃料の残りの部分を気化させるように作動するが、排気ガス燃料混合気を約315℃を超えて加熱せず、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、この状態下で、前記予備燃焼器(106)からの前記排気ガス燃料混合気が燃焼することにより急速に加熱され、加熱された後、燃料を充分に燃焼させて排気ガス燃料混合気を前記燃料改質装置(108)に入る前に少なくとも約400℃まで加熱するように作動することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の動力発生システム(100)。 - ディーゼルエンジン(101)を運転してNOxを含むリーン排気ガスを生成し、
リーン排気ガスを大流路燃焼器(107)に通過させる前に予備燃焼器(106)に通過させ、
排気ガス中に燃料を導入して前記予備燃焼器(106)内で燃料を気化させることにより、前記大流路燃焼器(107)に気化された燃料を供給し、
リーン排気ガスを前記大流路燃焼器(107)、燃料改質装置(108)、更に、排気ガスのNOxの一部分を吸着するリーンNOxトラップ(109)に順次通過させる動力発生システム(100)の運転方法であって、
前記リーンNOxトラップ(109)を時々、脱硝するステップは、
リーン暖機段階において、気化された燃料を前記大流路燃焼器(107)へ導入して、気化された燃料の一部分を前記大流路燃焼器(107)内で燃焼させることにより、前記燃料改質装置(108)を水蒸気改質温度まで加熱するステップと、
前記燃料改質装置(108)が水蒸気改質温度まで加熱された後、燃料の導入率を増加及び/又は排気ガス中の酸素の流量を減少させて排気ガス−噴射燃料混合気を全体的にリッチにし、これにより、前記燃料改質装置(108)が前記リーンNOxトラップ(109)を脱硝する合成ガスを生成するステップと、を含み、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記燃料改質装置(108)の平均流路面積よりも大きい平均流路面積および前記燃料改質装置(108)の熱質量の約20%以下の熱質量を有し、
前記燃料改質装置(108)は、少なくとも約500℃まで加熱されて前記リーンNOxトラップ(109)の脱硝のための水蒸気改質反応に触媒作用を及ぼすように、小さい熱質量を有し、
前記リーンNOxトラップ(109)は、前記排気ガス流れが全体的にリーンである時に前記排気ガス流れからNOxを吸着及び蓄積するとともに前記排気ガス流れが全体的にリッチである時に蓄積されたNOxを還元して放出するように機能し、
前記大流量燃焼器(107)は、前記リーン暖機段階中に前記燃料改質装置(108)の少なくとも2倍速く加熱され、加熱された後、前記燃料改質装置(108)への排気ガス流れを少なくとも約400℃に加熱する、ことを特徴とする動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。 - 前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、前記リーン暖機段階中に加熱され、加熱された後、受け入れた燃料の少なくとも約30%を酸化させる機能を有していることを特徴とする請求項9に記載の動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。
- マストランスファーの制限により、前記大流路燃焼器(107)が受け入れた燃料の約90%を超えて燃焼するのを防止することを特徴とする請求項10に記載の動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。
- リーン状態の暖機段階の間、排気ガスは、約215℃以下の温度で前記予備燃焼器(106)に入り、
前記予備燃焼器(106)は、この温度で、前記噴射燃料の一部分を燃焼させるとともに前記噴射燃料の残りの部分を気化させるように作動するが、排気ガス燃料混合気を約315℃を超えて加熱せず、
前記大流路燃焼器(107)は、排気ガスがこの温度で前記予備燃焼器(106)に入るとき、前記予備燃焼器(106)からの前記排気ガス燃料混合気が燃焼することにより急速に加熱され、加熱された後、燃料を充分に燃焼させて排気ガス燃料混合気を前記燃料改質装置(108)に入る前に少なくとも約400℃まで加熱するように作動することを特徴とする請求項9に記載の動力発生システム(100)の運転方法。
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US11/983,909 US8074443B2 (en) | 2007-11-13 | 2007-11-13 | Pre-combustor and large channel combustor system for operation of a fuel reformer at low exhaust temperatures |
PCT/IB2008/003049 WO2009063297A1 (en) | 2007-11-13 | 2008-11-13 | Pre-combustor and large channel combustor system for operation of a fuel reformer at low exhaust temperatures |
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