JP2010536173A - ナノワイヤ電子装置及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
【選択図】図12
Description
本願は、2007年8月10日に出願された米国特許願11/837364の優先権を主張し、その全内容を本願に援用する。2005年12月9日に出願された米国特許願11/301285の全内容を本願に援用する。
一般的に、熱勾配(温度勾配)に曝露されると熱電材料は、電気を発生させ、電流が流されると熱勾配を発生させる。科学者は、実用的な熱電気を開発しようとこの数十年間研究してきた。なぜなら、実用的な熱電気は、(1)冷蔵庫およびエアコンのごとき現存する冷却システムに使用されるフッ化炭素に成り代わることができ、(2)廃熱の一部またはほぼ全部を電気に変換することで火力発電中に有害なエミッションを減少させることができるからである。しかし、実用的な熱電気に対する期待には未だ応えられていない。1つの問題は、その低効率のために、熱電気技術の産業規準を、日常の加熱・暖房製品およびシステム並びに冷却製品およびシステムに機能的に組み込むことができないことである。
本発明の1実施例による高ZT値を示すナノワイヤの製造方法が解説されている。ナノワイヤの増強された物理的性能および特質は、次の効果または特質によるものである:運搬体の量子閉じ込め現象;空格子及び/又は変移のごときによる物理的欠陥の少なさ;結晶粒境界の減少;単結晶形成;および好適結晶粒配向性。前述したように、電熱気性能指数式Zは、熱電気装置の高温ジャンクションの温度のごとき絶対温度Tを掛け算することで無次元となる。続いて、無次元熱電気性能指数ZT=(S2*σ/k)*Tは、熱電気物質および熱電気装置の性能およびエネルギー変換効率の式にて利用することができる。
運搬体の量子閉じ込め;空格子及び/又は変移のごときによる物理的欠陥の減少;結晶粒境界の減少;単結晶形成;および増強された熱電力発電効率のための好適結晶粒配向性。
図1で示す垂直管状炉10は、ガラス被覆熱電気繊維の伸線加工のための加熱に利用される。特に、垂直管状炉10は、少なくとも一部に熱電気材料22が充填されている真空空間20を形成するために、縮小断面部18で封閉されているガラス管14を含んだプレフォーム12を受領する中央管孔11を含む。この加熱炉は、ガラス被覆熱電気繊維24を製造するため、1回以上の伸線加工のために熱電気材料22とガラス管14とを溶解するのに使用される。
バルク形態ナノワイヤおよびヘテロ構造ナノワイヤの電子特性を特徴付けるためには、ガラス被覆熱電気材料のX線回折特性を決定することが重要である。図2は、本発明の原理に従って構築されたPbTeケーブルのX線回折パターンを示す。そこでは、PbTeの特徴的スペクトルは、ガラスのX線回折パターン上に重ねられている。このX線回折パターンは、PbTeピークの存在を明確に示し、さらに他のピークの不在を明確に示していることが重要である。すなわち、繊維伸線加工中にガラス材料は、PbTeと反応せず、失透もさせなかったことを示している。これらピークは、PbTe結晶のピークに固有なものである。
1実施形態は、ケーブル全長に沿ってガラスに被覆されている繊維の連続性および電気接続性を提供する。電気接続性は、異なる太さ部位のケーブルの電気抵抗を測定することで容易に証明できる。本発明の1好適実施形態によれば、ガラス被覆の抵抗は、その中に熱電気ワイヤが存在しなければ連続的熱電気繊維の約7乗倍から8乗倍の大きさである。
電界効果トランジスタ(FET)、ダイオードおよび発光ダイオード(LED)のごとき従来の半導体装置並びに光電池は、典型的には純粋にフォトリトグラフ処理によって製造される。図10と図11は、フォトリトグラフ処理によって製造されたそのような2つの装置を図示する。図10は、金属酸化物半導体FET(MOSFET)1000を図示する。MOSFET1000は、n-チャンネルMOSFETであり、基板(図示せず)上に形成されたp型井戸層1010を含む。p型井戸層1010は、前もってp型ドーパントにより電荷中性半導体をドーピングすることで製作される。井戸層1010が形成されると、2つのn-ドープ井戸1015aと1015bが製作される。井戸1015aと井戸1015bは、井戸層1010の表面をマスク処理し、n-ドープ井戸1015aと1015bがマスクされていない状態で設置されている表面を残しておくことで製作される。MOSFET1000は、絶縁層1020とゲート1025をも含む。
図12は、本発明の1実施例によるFET1200を図示する。FET1200は、ケーブル1210、酸化物層1220、およびゲート層1230を含む。FET1200を製造するにあたり、ケーブル1210は、ケーブル60(図3)またはケーブル65(図6)の形態を採用することができる。前述したように、ケーブル60は、束ねられ、その後に望む直径となるまで1回または、複数回にわたって伸線加工された複数の繊維64により製作される。ケーブル60の複数の繊維64は、n-ドープ材料またはp-ドープ材料(Si、SiGe、GaAs、PbTe、等々)のごとき同種半導体材料で成る。FET1200では、ケーブル1210の中央部は、p-ドープされており、2端部は、n-ドープされている。ゲート1230は、ケーブル1210のp-ドープ部分(すなわちFETチャンネル)に位置するように配置される。このように、ゲート1230がバイアスされた状態であるときn-チャンネル反転層がケーブル1210の中央部に創出される。
一般的に、全LEDは、電磁放射線を放射する。その放射線が可視光線であるか否かは電磁放射線の波長による。その最も単純な形態であるLEDは、p-n接合ダイオードである。一般的に、放射線は、自由電子がn-ドープ領域からp-ドープ領域に移動するときに発生する。これは、再結合プロセスと称される。この再結合プロセス中に電子やホールのごとき電荷運搬体が光子または電磁波の形態でエネルギー放出する。再結合プロセス時の半導体材料のバンドギャップは、放出された放射線の周波数のファクタである。
Claims (26)
- 第1n-ドープ部と第1p-ドープ部とを有し、ガラスで被覆されている半導体繊維と、
前記第1n-ドープ部に結合されている第1伝導体と、
前記第1p-ドープ部に結合されている第2伝導体と、
を含んで構成されていることを特徴とする装置。 - 装置は、FETを含んでおり、
繊維は、第2n-ドープ部をさらに含んでおり、
第1p-ドープ部は、第1n-ドープ部と前記第2n-ドープ部との間に位置しており、
絶縁材料が前記第1p-ドープ部と前記FETのゲートとの間に位置していることを特徴とする請求項1記載の装置。 - 装置は、FETを含んでおり、
繊維は、第2p-ドープ部をさらに含んでおり、
第1n-ドープ部は、第1p-ドープ部と前記第2p-ドープ部との間に位置しており、
絶縁材料が前記第1n-ドープ部と前記FETのゲートとの間に位置していることを特徴とする請求項1記載の装置。 - LEDを含んでいることを特徴とする請求項1記載の装置。
- PV電池を含んでいることを特徴とする請求項1記載の装置。
- ガラスは、パイレックス(登録商標)、ホウケイ酸、アルミケイ酸、石英、テルル化鉛ケイ酸、およびそれらの組み合わせで成る群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の装置。
- 第1n-ドープ部と第1p-ドープ部とを有し、共通ガラスマトリックスで被覆されている複数の半導体繊維を含んだ多芯ケーブルと、
前記繊維の前記第1n-ドープ部に結合されている第1伝導体と、
前記繊維の前記第1p-ドープ部に結合されている第2伝導体と、
を含んで構成されていることを特徴とする装置。 - 装置は、FETを含んでおり、
それぞれの繊維は、第2n-ドープ部をさらに含んでおり、
第1p-ドープ部は、第1n-ドープ部と前記第2n-ドープ部との間に位置しており、
絶縁材料が、前記第1p-ドープ部と前記FETのゲートとの間に位置していることを特徴とする請求項7記載の装置。 - 装置は、FETを含んでおり、
それぞれの繊維は、第2p-ドープ部をさらに含んでおり、
第1n-ドープ部は、第1p-ドープ部と前記第2p-ドープ部との間に位置しており、絶縁材料が前記第1n-ドープ部と前記FETのゲートとの間に位置していることを特徴とする請求項7記載の装置。 - LEDを含んでいることを特徴とする請求項7記載の装置。
- PV電池を含んでいることを特徴とする請求項7記載の装置。
- ガラスマトリックスは、パイレックス(登録商標)、ホウケイ酸、アルミケイ酸、石英、テルル化鉛ケイ酸、およびそれらの組み合わせで成る群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項7記載の装置。
- 装置を製作する方法であって、
半導体材料を収容した密閉ガラス管を加熱装置内に導入するステップと、
前記半導体材料を溶融させ、前記ガラス管を延伸させるに十分な温度にまで加熱するため、前記加熱装置内の温度を前記半導体材料の融点以上にまで高めるステップと、
ガラス被覆された半導体繊維を伸線加工するステップと、
前記半導体繊維内に第1n-ドープ部と第1p-ドープ部とを形成するように該半導体繊維をドーピングするステップと、
前記半導体繊維の前記第1n-ドープ部に結合した第1伝導体を提供するステップと、
前記半導体繊維の前記第1p-ドープ部に結合した第2伝導体を提供するステップと、
を含んで成ることを特徴とする方法。 - ガラス管が開放端部と閉鎖端部とを有するように該ガラス管の1端を封止するステップと、
顆粒状である半導体材料を前記ガラス管内に導入するステップと、
前記ガラス管を脱気するステップと、
ガラス管が部分的に溶解されて封止されたガラス管を形成するように該ガラス管を部分的に加熱するステップと、
をさらに含んでいることを特徴とする請求項13記載の方法。 - 装置は、FETを含んでおり、
繊維は、第2n-ドープ部をさらに含んでおり、
第1p-ドープ部は、第1n-ドープ部と前記第2n-ドープ部との間に位置しており、絶縁材料が前記第1p-ドープ部と前記FETのゲートとの間に位置していることを特徴とする請求項13記載の方法。 - 装置は、FETを含んでおり、
繊維は、第2p-ドープ部をさらに含んでおり、
第1n-ドープ部は、第1p-ドープ部と前記第2p-ドープ部との間に位置しており、
絶縁材料が、前記第1n-ドープ部と前記FETのゲートとの間に位置していることを特徴とする請求項13記載の方法。 - 装置は、LEDを含んでいることを特徴とする請求項13記載の方法。
- 装置は、PV電池を含んでいることを特徴とする請求項13記載の方法。
- 装置を製作する方法であって、
複数の束ねられ、ガラス被覆された連続的半導体繊維を提供するステップと、
ガラス被覆によって相互に絶縁されており、各繊維が第1n-ドープ部と第1p-ドープ部とを有している複数の連続的半導体繊維を有した多芯ケーブルを製作するため、前記束ねられたガラス被覆繊維を1回以上伸線加工するステップと、
前記半導体繊維の前記第1n-ドープ部に結合した第1伝導体を提供するステップと、
前記半導体繊維の前記第1p-ドープ部に結合した第2伝導体を提供するステップと、
を含んで成ることを特徴とする方法。 - 複数のガラス被覆された連続的半導体繊維を提供するステップと、
前記複数のガラス被覆半導体繊維を束ね、複数の束ねられ、ガラス被覆された連続的半導体繊維を形成するステップと、
を含んでいることを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。 - 半導体材料を収容した密閉ガラス管を加熱装置内に導入するステップと、
前記半導体材料を溶融させ、前記ガラス管を延伸させるに十分な温度にまで加熱するように前記加熱装置内の温度を前記半導体材料の融点以上にまで高めるステップと、
ガラス被覆された連続的半導体繊維の1本を含んだガラス被覆繊維を伸線加工するステップと、
をさらに含んでいることを特徴とする請求項20記載の方法。 - ガラス管が開放端部と閉鎖端部とを有するように該ガラス管の1端を封止するステップと、
顆粒状である半導体材料を前記ガラス管内に導入するステップと、
前記ガラス管を脱気するステップと、
ガラス管が部分的に溶解されて封止されたガラス管を形成するように該ガラス管を部分的に加熱するステップと、
をさらに含んでいることを特徴とする請求項21記載の方法。 - 装置は、FETを含んでおり、
それぞれの繊維は、第2n-ドープ部をさらに含んでおり、
第1p-ドープ部は、第1n-ドープ部と前記第2n-ドープ部との間に位置しており、
絶縁材料が、前記第1p-ドープ部と前記FETのゲートとの間に位置していることを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。 - 装置は、FETを含んでおり、
それぞれの繊維は、第2p-ドープ部をさらに含んでおり、
第1n-ドープ部は、第1p-ドープ部と前記第2p-ドープ部との間に位置しており、
絶縁材料が、前記第1n-ドープ部と前記FETのゲートとの間に位置していることを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。 - 装置は、LEDを含んでいることを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。
- 装置は、PV電池を含んでいることを特徴とする請求項19記載の方法。
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KR101500785B1 (ko) | 2015-03-09 |
WO2009023148A3 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
EP2195866A4 (en) | 2013-10-09 |
EP2195866A2 (en) | 2010-06-16 |
US20080169016A1 (en) | 2008-07-17 |
US20100270617A1 (en) | 2010-10-28 |
US7767564B2 (en) | 2010-08-03 |
US8143151B2 (en) | 2012-03-27 |
US20110165709A1 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
TW200917541A (en) | 2009-04-16 |
CN101821868B (zh) | 2013-09-18 |
CN101821868A (zh) | 2010-09-01 |
TWI469406B (zh) | 2015-01-11 |
US7915683B2 (en) | 2011-03-29 |
KR20100063707A (ko) | 2010-06-11 |
WO2009023148A2 (en) | 2009-02-19 |
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