JP2010507896A - 非水電解液及びこれを含む電気化学素子 - Google Patents
非水電解液及びこれを含む電気化学素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2010507896A JP2010507896A JP2009534484A JP2009534484A JP2010507896A JP 2010507896 A JP2010507896 A JP 2010507896A JP 2009534484 A JP2009534484 A JP 2009534484A JP 2009534484 A JP2009534484 A JP 2009534484A JP 2010507896 A JP2010507896 A JP 2010507896A
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- aqueous electrolyte
- group
- sulfite
- sulfonate
- sultone
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- -1 acrylate compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052736 halogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- XRMBQHTWUBGQDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [2-[2,2-bis(prop-2-enoyloxymethyl)butoxymethyl]-2-(prop-2-enoyloxymethyl)butyl] prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)C=C)(CC)COCC(CC)(COC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C XRMBQHTWUBGQDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propane sultone Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCO1 FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000882 C2-C6 alkenyl group Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 8
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- HCLJOFJIQIJXHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[2-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOCCOCCOCCOC(=O)C=C HCLJOFJIQIJXHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical class CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004386 diacrylate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical class CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MPIAGWXWVAHQBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-prop-2-enoyloxy-2-[[3-prop-2-enoyloxy-2,2-bis(prop-2-enoyloxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(prop-2-enoyloxymethyl)propyl] prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)C=C)(COC(=O)C=C)COCC(COC(=O)C=C)(COC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C MPIAGWXWVAHQBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- MYWOJODOMFBVCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,6-trimethylphenanthrene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C2C3=CC(C)=CC=C3C=CC2=C1C MYWOJODOMFBVCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WDXYVJKNSMILOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2-oxide Chemical group O=S1OCCO1 WDXYVJKNSMILOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VFFFESPCCPXZOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;oxirane Chemical compound C1CO1.OCC(CO)(CO)CO VFFFESPCCPXZOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MTPIZGPBYCHTGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2,2-bis(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethoxymethyl)butoxy]ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOCC(CC)(COCCOC(=O)C=C)COCCOC(=O)C=C MTPIZGPBYCHTGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FDSUVTROAWLVJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO FDSUVTROAWLVJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NCNNNERURUGJAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[2,2-bis(3-prop-2-enoyloxypropoxymethyl)butoxy]propyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCCOCC(CC)(COCCCOC(=O)C=C)COCCCOC(=O)C=C NCNNNERURUGJAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JHWGFJBTMHEZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-prop-2-enoyloxybutyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCCCOC(=O)C=C JHWGFJBTMHEZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- DAKWPKUUDNSNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane triacrylate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(CC)(COC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C DAKWPKUUDNSNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FHLPGTXWCFQMIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-[2-(4-prop-2-enoyloxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenyl] prop-2-enoate Chemical class C=1C=C(OC(=O)C=C)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(OC(=O)C=C)C=C1 FHLPGTXWCFQMIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- RMMLRXMMQYICEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-enyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound CC=COS(C)(=O)=O RMMLRXMMQYICEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IFDLFCDWOFLKEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutylbenzene Chemical compound CCC(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 IFDLFCDWOFLKEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SJHAYVFVKRXMKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2-oxide Chemical compound CC1COS(=O)O1 SJHAYVFVKRXMKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PLUBXMRUUVWRLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound CCOS(C)(=O)=O PLUBXMRUUVWRLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CVUINYZTKUMRKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-1-ene;sulfurous acid Chemical compound CCC=C.OS(O)=O CVUINYZTKUMRKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OEZRFZQGVONVRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,3-diol;sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O.CC(O)CCO OEZRFZQGVONVRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ZFRKEVMBGBIBGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound C=COS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZFRKEVMBGBIBGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YEJVKMAEZUVCOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)OC=C YEJVKMAEZUVCOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DABYSJMCEKEQKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound CCCS(=O)(=O)OCC DABYSJMCEKEQKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YLJRCXSSKLWCDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCS(=O)(=O)OC YLJRCXSSKLWCDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MBABOKRGFJTBAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl methanesulfonate Chemical group COS(C)(=O)=O MBABOKRGFJTBAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GBSRRQISIWGCNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound CCCS(=O)(=O)OC GBSRRQISIWGCNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCCO1 MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YCCPTBSIWCOONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-ene;sulfurous acid Chemical compound CC=C.OS(O)=O YCCPTBSIWCOONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- AUMOHRGUCCHLKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-enyl 1-cyanoethanesulfonate Chemical compound C(#N)C(C)S(=O)(=O)OC=CC AUMOHRGUCCHLKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CEOMSMHXJAWWED-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-enyl prop-1-ene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound CC=COS(=O)(=O)C=CC CEOMSMHXJAWWED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DKORSYDQYFVQNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound CCCOS(C)(=O)=O DKORSYDQYFVQNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017008 AsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
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- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium disulfide Chemical compound S=[Ti]=S CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
エチレンカーボネート(EC):エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)=3:7(v:v)の組成を有する有機溶媒にLiPF6を1M濃度になるように溶解した後、前記溶液にジトリメチロールプロパンテトラアクリレート(式5)0.5重量%及びプロパンスルトン3.0重量%を添加して、非水電解液を製造した。
プロパンスルトンの代り、エチレンサルファイトを添加した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
プロパンスルトンの代り、プロペニルメタンスルフォネートを添加した以外は、実施例1と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
プロパンスルトンを添加しない以外は、実施例1と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
プロパンスルトンを添加しない以外は、実施例3と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
ジトリメチロールプロパンテトラアクリレート(化5)を添加しない以外は、実施例1と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
ジトリメチロールプロパンテトラアクリレート(化5)を添加しない以外は、実施例2と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
ジトリメチロールプロパンテトラアクリレート(化5)を添加しない以外は、実施例4と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
ジトリメチロールプロパンテトラアクリレート(化5)及びプロパンスルトンを添加しない以外は、実施例1と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
実施例1〜実施例4及び比較例1〜比較例6で製造されたパウチ電池を0.5Cで充放電を200回実施し、初期容量に対する容量維持率を下記の表1に示す。
実施例1〜実施例4及び比較例1〜比較例6で製造された電池を1時間常温で90℃まで乗温させた後、90℃で4時間維持した。以後、更に90℃で1時間減温しながら、リアルタイムで電池の厚さ変化を測定した。その結果を下記の表1に示す。
実施例1〜実施例4及び比較例1〜比較例6で製造した電解液、正極として人造黒鉛、負極としてリチウムホイルを用いて、通常の方法によりコイン状の半電池を製造した。製造されたコイン状の半電池を23℃で0.2Cで充放電を3回実施した後、放電状態で電池を分解して負極を採取した。前記採取された負極に対してDSC(differential scanning calorimetry)分析を実施して現れた発熱ピーク温度を、下記の表2に示す。発熱ピーク温度は、一般的に負極の表面に形成されたSEI膜の熱的崩壊によるものと推定される。
Claims (18)
- アクリレート化合物と、
スルフィニル基を含む化合物と、
有機溶媒と、及び、
電解質塩を含んでなるを特徴とする、非水電解液。 - 前記アクリレート化合物が、テトラエチレングリコールジアクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールジアクリレート(分子量50〜20,000)、エトキシ化ビスフェノールAジアクリレート(分子量100〜10,000)、1,4−ブタンジオールジアクリレート、1,6−ヘキサジオールジアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパンエトキシレートトリアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパンプロポキシレートトリアクリレート、ジトリメチロールプロパンテトラアクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラアクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールエトキシレートテトラアクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールペンタアクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサアクリレート及びトリス[(2−(アクリロイルオキシ)エチル]イソシアヌレートからなる群より選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記アクリレート化合物が、非水電解液中に0.05〜10重量%で含まれることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記スルフィニル基を有する化合物が、サルファイト、スルフォネート及びスルトンからなる群より選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記サルファイトが、エチレンサルファイト、メチルエチレンサルファイト、エチルエチレンサルファイト、4,5−ジメチルエチレンサルファイト、4,5−ジエチルエチレンサルファイト、プロピレンサルファイト、4,5−ジメチルプロピレンサルファイト、4,5−ジエチルプロピレンサルファイト、4,6−ジメチルプロピレンサルファイト、4,6−ジエチルプロピレンサルファイト及び1,3−ブチレングリコールサルファイトからなる群より選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記スルフォネートが、メチルメタンスルフォネート、エチルメタンスルフォネート、メチルエタンスルフォネート、プロピルメタンスルフォネート、メチルプロパンスルフォネート、エチルプロパンスルフォネート、エテニルメタンスルフォネート、プロペニルメタンスルフォネート、エテニルベンゼンスルフォネート、プロペニルプロペンスルフォネート及びプロペニルシアノエタンスルフォネートからなる群より選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記スルトンが、1,3−プロパンスルトン、1,4−ブタンスルトン、1,3−プロペンスルトン、1,4−ブテンスルトン、1−メチル−1,3−プロペンスルトンからなる群より選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記スルフィニル基を有する化合物が、非水電解液中に0.1〜5重量%で含まれることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記電解質塩が、
(i)Li+、Na+及びK+からなる群より選ばれる正イオンと、
(ii)PF6 −、BF4 −、Cl−、Br−、I−、ClO4 −、AsF6 −、CH3CO2 −、CF3SO3 −、N(CF3SO2)2 −及びC(CF2SO2)3 −からなる群より選ばれる負イオンとの組合からなることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。 - 前記有機溶媒が、環状カーボネート、鎖状カーボネート、ラクトン、エーテル、エステル、アセトニトリル、ラクタム、ケトン及びこれらのハロゲン誘導体からなる群より選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- (i)アクリレート化合物の還元体及び(ii)スルフィニル基を有する化合物の還元体を含有する被膜が、表面の一部又は全部に形成されることを特徴とする、電極。
- 前記アクリレート化合物が、テトラエチレングリコールジアクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールジアクリレート(分子量50〜20,000)、エトキシ化ビスフェノールAジアクリレート(分子量100〜10,000)、1,4−ブタンジオールジアクリレート、1,6−ヘキサジオールジアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパンエトキシレートトリアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパンプロポキシレートトリアクリレート、ジトリメチロールプロパンテトラアクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラアクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールエトキシレートテトラアクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールペンタアクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサアクリレート及びトリス[(2−(アクリロイルオキシ)エチル]イソシアヌレートからなる群より選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項14に記載の電極。
- 前記スルフィニル基を有する化合物が、サルファイト、スルフォネート及びスルトンからなる群より選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項14に記載の電極。
- 正極と、負極と,及び非水電解液を備えてなる電気化学素子であって、
(i)前記非水電解液が、請求項1〜13の何れか一項に記載の非水電解液であり、及び/又は
(ii)前記正極及び/又は負極が、請求項14〜16の何れか一項に記載の電極であることを特徴とする、電気化学素子。 - 前記電気化学素子が、リチウム二次電池であることを特徴とする、請求項17に記載の電気化学素子。
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KR100873270B1 (ko) | 2008-12-11 |
TWI366932B (en) | 2012-06-21 |
KR20080037525A (ko) | 2008-04-30 |
US8895195B2 (en) | 2014-11-25 |
CN101548426B (zh) | 2012-11-14 |
CN101548426A (zh) | 2009-09-30 |
EP2269261A4 (en) | 2012-05-02 |
EP2269261A1 (en) | 2011-01-05 |
EP2269261B1 (en) | 2013-05-01 |
JP5474557B2 (ja) | 2014-04-16 |
EP2610958A1 (en) | 2013-07-03 |
WO2008050971A1 (en) | 2008-05-02 |
US20110229773A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
TW200832782A (en) | 2008-08-01 |
US20150140447A1 (en) | 2015-05-21 |
EP2610958B1 (en) | 2014-10-01 |
US9466856B2 (en) | 2016-10-11 |
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