JP2009524928A - 金属間化合物の成長を抑制したはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ及びはんだバンプの製造方法 - Google Patents
金属間化合物の成長を抑制したはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ及びはんだバンプの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009524928A JP2009524928A JP2008552208A JP2008552208A JP2009524928A JP 2009524928 A JP2009524928 A JP 2009524928A JP 2008552208 A JP2008552208 A JP 2008552208A JP 2008552208 A JP2008552208 A JP 2008552208A JP 2009524928 A JP2009524928 A JP 2009524928A
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Abstract
【課題】はんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ及び製造方法を提供する。
【解決手段】はんだバンプが形成された半導体チップは、半導体チップ100の電極パッド110上に形成された一つ以上の金属接着層220、230と、金属接着層220、230上に形成された層間分離膜240と、層間分離膜240上に形成されて、はんだバンプに浸透する一つ以上の浸透層250と、浸透層に形成されたはんだバンプ300とを含む。浸透層250の物質がはんだバンプ300内に流入することで、はんだバンプ300を多成分系に変化させて、IMCの成長を抑制して、信頼性を高めることができる。
【選択図】図2
【解決手段】はんだバンプが形成された半導体チップは、半導体チップ100の電極パッド110上に形成された一つ以上の金属接着層220、230と、金属接着層220、230上に形成された層間分離膜240と、層間分離膜240上に形成されて、はんだバンプに浸透する一つ以上の浸透層250と、浸透層に形成されたはんだバンプ300とを含む。浸透層250の物質がはんだバンプ300内に流入することで、はんだバンプ300を多成分系に変化させて、IMCの成長を抑制して、信頼性を高めることができる。
【選択図】図2
Description
本発明は、はんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ、及びはんだバンプの製造方法に関するもので、より詳細には、金属間化合物の成長が抑制されるようにはんだバンプを形成した半導体チップ、及びはんだバンプの製造方法に関するものである。
一般に、ワイヤボンディング(wire bonding)方式によって製作された半導体パッケージは、プリント回路基板の電極端子と半導体チップのパッドとが導電性ワイヤによって電気的に接続(接合)されるので、半導体パッケージのサイズが半導体チップに比べて大きく、またワイヤボンディング工程に長い時間を要することによって小型化、大量生産に限界を有している。
特に、前記半導体チップが高集積化、高性能化及び高速化されるにつれて半導体パッケージを小型化及び大量生産するための多様な努力が試みられていて、このような試みによって、最近は半導体チップのパッド上に形成されたはんだ材質や金属材質のバンプを通じて、直接的に半導体チップのパッドとプリント回路基板の電極端子とを電気的に接続させる半導体パッケージが提案された。
以下に、このようなはんだバンプを通じて製造された従来の半導体パッケージについて、図面を参照して説明する。
図1は、はんだバンプが形成された従来の半導体チップを示した断面図である。
図1を参照すると、はんだ材質を通じて半導体パッケージングを完了する以前、すなわち、はんだバンプ30まで形成されている従来の半導体チップ10が示されていることが分かる。
具体的に説明すると、前記半導体チップ10上には電極パッド11が形成されていて、前記半導体チップ10上には絶縁層21が前記電極パッド11の上面が露出するように形成されている。そして、前記形成された絶縁層21によって上面が露出した前記電極パッド11の上部には、一つ以上の下部金属(UnderBump Metal:以下UBMとする)層22、23、24が形成されている。ここで、前記一つ以上の下部金属(UBM)層は、一般的に接着層(adhesion layer)22、拡散防止層(diffusion barrier layer)23、濡れ層(wettable layer)24からなる。そして、前記UBM層22、23、24上には最終的にはんだバンプ30が形成されている。ここで、前記はんだバンプ30が形成される時には、前記UBM22、23、24と反応して、その界面に金属間化合物(Inter−Metallic Compound:以下IMCとする)が形成される。そして、それによりはんだバンプ30とUBM22、23、24との間には濡れ現象が起きて、そして実際に機械的結合が完成される。
しかし、このようにはんだバンプ30によって結合された半導体パッケージが実際に使用される場合には、はんだバンプに熱が発生し得る。それにより、前記UBM22、23、24とはんだバンプ30間との界面では、機械的特性が脆性(brittle)である前記IMCが予想できないくらい成長するようになり、その厚さが予想したよりさらに厚くなり得る。このような現象は、半導体パッケージの機械的な特性を脆弱にする結果をもたらし、そして、半導体パッケージの信頼性に大きな影響を及ぼす。
一方、信頼性に影響を与える他の界面現象が存在する。その一つは、はんだバンプ30が前記UBM22、23、24層に溶けて入って行く現象である。このような現象は、前記UBM22、23、24層を消滅させ、また、はんだバンプ30が半導体チップ内の金属パッド110に直接触れるようになり、はんだバンプ30と濡れ性が良くない半導体チップ内の金属パッド110との間に破壊(failure)を起こす。
したがって、本発明の目的は、下部金属層(UBM)とはんだバンプとの間に層間分離膜と、はんだバンプに浸透することができる浸透層とを形成することで、前記はんだバンプの成分が変化するようにして、前記はんだバンプの界面で金属間化合物の生成が抑制されるようにした半導体チップ及び、半導体チップ上にはんだバンプを形成するための製造方法を提供することにある。
前記の目的を達成するため、本発明は半導体チップの電極パッド上に形成された一つ以上の金属接着層と、前記金属接着層上に形成された層間分離膜と、前記層間分離膜上に形成されてはんだバンプに浸透する一つ以上の浸透層と、前記浸透層上に形成されたはんだバンプと、を含むことを特徴とする、はんだバンプが形成された半導体チップを提供する。
これは、前記層間分離膜を通じてはんだバンプと前記一つ以上の金属接着層とを分離して、前記浸透層を通じて前記はんだバンプの成分を変化させて、IMCの成長を抑制するためである。
ここで、前記一つ以上の金属接着層の中で第1金属接着層は、チタン(Ti)、チタン合金(Ti−alloy)、アルミニウム(Al)、アルミニウム合金(Al−alloy)、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(Ni−alloy)、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、クロム(Cr)、クロム合金(Cr−alloy)、金(Au)、金合金(Au−alloy)中の少なくとも一つから構成することができる。
また、前記一つ以上の金属接着層の中で第2金属接着層は、必要に応じて形成することができ、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(Ni−alloy)、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、パラジウム(Pd)、パラジウム合金(Pd−alloy)中の少なくとも一つから構成することができる。これは、前記第1金属接着層と前記層間分離膜とをさらに固く接着するようにするためである。
そして、前記層間分離膜は、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(Ni−alloy)、パラジウム(Pd)、パラジウム合金(Pd−alloy)中の一つから構成することができる。
そして、前記浸透層は、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、アンチモン(Sb)、アンチモン合金(Sb−alloy)、インジウム(In)、インジウム合金(In−alloy)、ビスマス(Bi)、ビスマス合金(Bi−alloy)、スズ(Sn)、スズ合金(Sn−alloy)、白金(Pt)、白金合金(Pt−alloy)、金(Au)金合金(Au−alloy)中の少なくとも一つから構成することができる。
また、前記はんだバンプは、Au、共晶はんだ(Eutectic solder:Sn/37Pb)、高鉛はんだ(High Lead solder:Sn/95Pb)、鉛フリーはんだ(Lead free solder:Sn/Ag、Sn/Cu、Sn/Zn、Sn/Zn/Bi、Sn/Ag/Cu、Sn/Ag/Biの一つから選択される)中の一つから構成することができる。
一方、本発明は前記のような目的を達成するため、半導体チップの電極パッド上に一つ以上の金属接着層を形成する過程(工程)と、前記形成された金属接着層上に層間分離膜を形成する過程(工程)と、前記形成された層間分離膜上に、はんだバンプ形成時に前記はんだバンプ内部に浸透するようにした一つ以上の浸透層を形成する過程(工程)と、前記浸透層上にはんだバンプを形成する過程(工程)と、を含むことを特徴とする、半導体チップ上にはんだバンプを形成するための製造方法を提供する。
前記製造方法は、前記金属接着層を形成した後、前記金属接着層の上部両端にフォトレジストパターンを形成する過程をさらに含むことが好ましく、前記層間分離膜は前記形成されたフォトレジストパターンを通じて、前記金属接着層上に形成することができる。そして、前記層間分離膜を形成する過程は、スパッタリングまたはメッキ工程を通じて行うことが好ましい。
そして、前記浸透層を形成する過程は、スパッタリングまたはメッキ工程を通じて行うことが好ましい。
また、前記製造方法は、前記形成されたはんだバンプをリフロー(reflow)する過程をさらに含むことが好ましい。これは、前記リフロー過程を通じて前記浸透層が前記はんだ内部に流入するようにして、IMCの成長を抑制するためである。
本発明は、層間分離膜と浸透層を形成した後、前記浸透層上にはんだバンプを形成することで、前記浸透層の物質が前記はんだバンプ内に流入(浸透)するようにして、前記はんだバンプを多成分系に変化させてIMCの成長を抑制し、信頼性を高めることができる長所を有する。
以下、本発明による実施形態を添付図面を参照して詳しく説明する。
図2は、本発明によって金属間化合物(IMC:Inter−Metallic Compound)の成長が抑制され得るようにはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップの断面構造図である。
図2を参照すると分かるように、本発明による半導体チップ100は、上部に少なくとも一つの電極パッド110が形成されていて、また電極パッド110上には、絶縁層(誘電層)210が前記電極パッド110の上面が露出するように部分的に形成されている。そして、前記部分的に形成された絶縁層210によって上面が露出した前記電極パッド110の上部には、一つ以上の金属接着層220、230が形成されている。そして、前記金属接着層220、230の上部には、層間分離膜240が形成されていて、そして前記層間分離膜240の上部には、はんだバンプ形成時にはんだバンプ内に浸透するようにした少なくとも一つの浸透層250が形成されている。最後に、前記浸透層250の上部には、はんだバンプ300が形成されている。
さらに具体的に説明すると、前記電極パッド110は、金属から構成することができ、前記半導体チップ100の上部に形成される。このような電極パッド110は、前記半導体チップ100を外部回路基板と電気的に接続する。
前記絶縁層210は、前記電極パッド110の上面が露出するように、前記半導体チップ100の上部に形成される。
そして、前記一つ以上の金属接着層220、230中、第1金属接着層220は、チタン(Ti)、チタン合金(Ti−alloy)、アルミニウム(Al)、アルミニウム合金(Al−alloy)、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(NI−alloy)、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、クロム(Cr)、クロム合金(Cr−alloy)、金(Au)、金合金(Au−alloy)中の少なくとも一つから構成することができ、前記部分的に形成された絶縁層210及び前記絶縁層210によって上面が露出した前記電極パッド110の上部に形成される。このような金属接着層220、230は、20nm〜2000nm(200〜20000オングストローム)の厚さが好ましい。
そして、前記一つ以上の第1金属接着層220上に第2金属接着層230を形成することができ、ここで、前記第2金属接着層230は、前記第1金属接着層220と前記層間分離膜240とを接着させるのに適当な物質から構成することができる。好ましくは、前記第2金属接着層230は、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(Ni−alloy)、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、パラジウム(Pd)、パラジウム合金(Pd−alloy)中の少なくとも一つから構成することができ、前記第1金属接着層220の上部に形成される。
前記層間分離膜240は、金属接着層220、230を前記浸透層250と接着させるのに適当な物質から構成することができる。前記層間分離膜240は、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(Ni−alloy)、パラジウム(Pd)、パラジウム合金(Pd−alloy)中の少なくとも一つから構成することが好ましい。このような層間分離膜240は、前記第2金属接着層230の上部に形成され、前記一つ以上の金属接着層220、230を前記浸透層250及び前記はんだバンプ300と構造的に分離する。
前記浸透層250は、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、アンチモン(Sb)、アンチモン合金(Sb−alloy)、インジウム(In)、インジウム合金(In−alloy)、ビスマス(Bi)、ビスマス合金(Bi−alloy)、白金(Pt)、白金合金(Pt−alloy)、金(Au)、金合金(Au−alloy)中の少なくとも一つから構成することができ、前記層間分離膜240の上部に形成される。前記浸透層250の厚さは、形成されるはんだバンプ300の大きさによって変えることができ、はんだバンプ300内部に0.3%〜1.5%(重量で0.1%〜10%)の組成を占める。前記浸透層250をなし得る物質中で前記銅(Cu)は、前記はんだバンプ300がSn−rich鉛フリーはんだからなる場合、金属間化合物(IMC)の形状と成長挙動に大きな変化を与えることができる。より詳細に説明すると、少量の銅(Cu)がSnAgからなるはんだバンプ300内部に添加されると、前記はんだバンプ300の特性を高めることができる。しかし、このような銅(Cu)がはんだバンプ300内部に過飽和(supersaturation)になる場合には、融点を上昇させることもあり得るので、そのために本発明は前記浸透層250を前記はんだバンプ300と前記層間分離膜240との間に形成して、前記はんだバンプ300をリフロー(reflow)工程を通じて形成する時、前記はんだバンプ300内に流入するようにする。
前記はんだバンプ300は、Au、鉛フリーはんだ(Lead−free solder)、鉛はんだ(Lead solder)中の一つから構成することができる。ここで、前記鉛フリーはんだは、Sn/Ag、Sn/Cu、Sn/Zn、Sn/Zn/Bi、Sn/Ag/Cu、Sn/Ag/Biの中の少なくとも一つから構成することが好ましい。前記鉛はんだは、高鉛はんだ(High lead solder)、共晶はんだ(eutectic lead solder)のいずれか一つから選ばれる。
一方、図3は本発明によって金属間化合物(IMC)の生成が抑制されるように半導体チップ上にはんだバンプを形成するための製造過程を示したフローチャートであり、図4〜図12は図3に示された製造過程を示した例示図である。
以下、図3及び、図4〜図12について説明する。
まず、図4のように半導体チップ100上に電極パッド110を形成(S101工程)し、前記半導体チップ100上に、前記電極パッド110の上面が露出するように絶縁層(誘電層)210を前記半導体チップ100の両端に形成する(S102工程)。
続いて、図5及び図6のように前記部分的に形成された絶縁層210及びこの絶縁層210によって露出した前記電極パッド110上に、一つ以上の金属接着層220、230をスパッタリングまたはメッキ工程で形成する(S103工程)。前記金属接着層220、230は、第1金属層220あるいは第1金属層220/第2金属層230の構造を有し得る。
続いて、図7に示されたように、前記第2金属接着層230上に層間分離膜240、浸透層250、及びはんだバンプ300を形成するため、フォトレジストパターン301を形成する(S104工程)。
続いて、図7に示されたように、前記第2金属接着層230上に前記形成されたフォトレジストパターン301を使用して、層間分離膜240をメッキ工程またはスパッタリング工程で形成する(S105工程)。ここで、前記層間分離膜240は前述のようにニッケル(Ni)のような金属からなることができる。
続いて、図8に示されたように、前記層間分離膜240上に前記フォトレジストパターン301を使用して、少なくとも一つの浸透層250をメッキ工程、またはスパッタリング工程で形成する(S106工程)。ここで、前記浸透層250は、前述のように銅(Cu)のような金属からなることができ、浸透層の厚さまたは体積比の調節を通じてリフロー中にはんだバンプ300内部に流入する量を調節して、浸透層の組成が、重量で0.1%〜10%であるはんだバンプ300を形成することができる。一方、浸透層としてAuまたはAu合金を使用すると、下部金属層(UBM)の酸化を防止することができ、はんだとの濡れ性(wettability)をさらに高めることができる。AuまたはAu合金も他の浸透層物質と同じくリフロー中に拡散してはんだ内に浸透して、IMCの成長を抑制し得る。
次に、図9に示されたように前記フォトレジストパターン301を使用して、はんだバンプ300を形成する(S107工程)。ここで、前記はんだバンプ300は、電気メッキ(electro plating)工程、無電解メッキ(electroless plating)工程、熱蒸着(evaporation)工程、ボールアタッチ(ball attach)工程、スクリーンプリンティング(screen printing)工程、はんだジェット(solder jet)工程等を通じて形成することができる。そして、前記はんだバンプ300は、前述のようにAu、鉛はんだまたは鉛フリーはんだからなることができる。
次に、図10に示されたように、前記フォトレジストパターン301を除去した後、図11に示されたように前記一つ以上の金属接着層220、230をエッチングして、図12に示されたように前記はんだバンプ300をリフローする(S108工程)。ここで、前記一つ以上の金属接着層220、230のエッチングは、化学薬品による湿式エッチング、または物理的方法による乾式エッチングを通じてなすことができる。一方、前記リフローを遂行することで、前記浸透層250が前記はんだバンプ300内部に流入して消滅する。これにより、前記はんだバンプ300は成分が変わる。したがって、従来技術の問題点であるIMCの成長を抑制し得る。
以上で、本発明の好ましい実施例を例示的に説明したが、本発明の範囲はこのような特定実施例にのみ限定されるものではないので、本発明は本発明の思想及び特許請求の範囲に記載された範疇内で多様な形態で修正、変更、または改善し得る。
100:半導体チップ
110:電極パッド
210:絶縁層(誘電層)
220、230:金属接着層
240:層間分離膜
250:浸透層
300:はんだバンプ
110:電極パッド
210:絶縁層(誘電層)
220、230:金属接着層
240:層間分離膜
250:浸透層
300:はんだバンプ
Claims (12)
- 半導体チップの電極パッド上に形成された少なくとも一つの金属接着層と、前記金属接着層上に形成された層間分離膜と、前記層間分離膜上に形成されて、はんだバンプに浸透する少なくとも一つの浸透層と、前記浸透層上に形成されたはんだバンプとを含むことを特徴とするはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ。
- 前記金属接着層の中の第1金属接着層は、チタン(Ti)、チタン合金(Ti−alloy)、アルミニウム(Al)、アルミニウム合金(Al−alloy)、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(Ni−alloy)、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、クロム(Cr)、クロム合金(Cr−alloy)、金(Au)、金合金(Au−alloy)の少なくとも一つからなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ。
- 前記金属接着層の中の第2金属接着層は、必要により形成され、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(Ni−alloy)、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、パラジウム(Pd)、パラジウム合金(Pd−alloy)の少なくとも一つからなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ。
- 前記層間分離膜が、ニッケル(Ni)、ニッケル合金(Ni−alloy)、パラジウム(Pd)、パラジウム合金(Pd−alloy)のいずれか一つからなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ。
- 前記浸透層が、銅(Cu)、銅合金(Cu−alloy)、アンチモン(Sb)、アンチモン合金(Sb−alloy)、インジウム(In)、インジウム合金(In−alloy)、スズ(Sn)、スズ合金(Sn−alloy)、ビスマス(Bi)、ビスマス合金(Bi−alloy)、白金(Pt)、白金合金(Pt−alloy)、金(Au)、金合金(Au−alloy)の少なくとも一つからなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ。
- 前記浸透層の厚さは、はんだバンプの大きさによって変わり、浸透層の厚さまたは体積比を調節して浸透層の含量が0.1%〜10%の範囲であるはんだバンプを形成させることを特徴とする請求項1または請求項5に記載のはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ。
- 前記はんだバンプが、Auと、Sn、Sn/Ag、Sn/Cu、Sn/Zn、Sn/Zn/Bi、Sn/Ag/Cu、Sn/Ag/Biのいずれか一つから選ばれる鉛フリーはんだ(Lead−free solder)と、高鉛はんだ(High lead solder)、共晶はんだ(eutectic lead solder)のいずれか一つから選ばれる鉛はんだ(Lead solder)との中のいずれか一つからなることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のはんだバンプが形成された半導体チップ。
- 半導体チップの電極パッド上に一つ以上の金属接着層を形成する工程と、
前記金属接着層上に層間分離膜を形成する工程と、
前記層間分離膜上に、はんだバンプ形成時に前記はんだバンプ内部に浸透する少なくとも一つの浸透層を形成する工程と、
前記浸透層上にはんだバンプを形成する工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする半導体チップ上にはんだバンプを形成するための製造方法。 - 前記金属接着層を形成した後、前記金属接着層の上部両端にフォトレジストパターンを形成する工程をさらに含み、前記層間分離膜が、前記形成されたフォトレジストパターンを通じて、前記金属接着層上に形成されることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の半導体チップ上にはんだバンプを形成するための製造方法。
- 前記層間分離膜を形成する工程が、スパッタリングまたはメッキを通じて行われることを特徴とする、請求項8または請求項9に記載の半導体チップ上にはんだバンプを形成するための製造方法。
- 前記浸透層を形成する工程が、スパッタリングまたはメッキを通じて行われることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の半導体チップ上にはんだバンプを形成するための製造方法。
- 前記はんだバンプをリフローする工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の半導体チップ上にはんだバンプを形成するための製造方法。
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- 2006-11-01 WO PCT/KR2006/004522 patent/WO2007097508A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-11-01 JP JP2008552208A patent/JP2009524928A/ja active Pending
- 2006-11-03 TW TW095140824A patent/TWI338344B/zh active
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JP2011512679A (ja) * | 2008-02-15 | 2011-04-21 | インターナショナル・ビジネス・マシーンズ・コーポレーション | ハンダ相互接続パッド構造及びこれの製造方法 |
JP2010251741A (ja) * | 2009-04-10 | 2010-11-04 | Internatl Business Mach Corp <Ibm> | 相互接続部の通電性能を改善するための構造体及びその製造方法。 |
US8803317B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2014-08-12 | International Business Machines Corporation | Structures for improving current carrying capability of interconnects and methods of fabricating the same |
US9035459B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2015-05-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Structures for improving current carrying capability of interconnects and methods of fabricating the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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TW200733273A (en) | 2007-09-01 |
TWI338344B (en) | 2011-03-01 |
KR20070083169A (ko) | 2007-08-23 |
WO2007097508A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
KR100859641B1 (ko) | 2008-09-23 |
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