JP2007501702A - 電解イオン交換を伴う選択可能なイオン濃度 - Google Patents
電解イオン交換を伴う選択可能なイオン濃度 Download PDFInfo
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 191
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 31
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- 238000002242 deionisation method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 14
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- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- NEAQRZUHTPSBBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-7-nitro-4h-isoquinolin-1-one Chemical compound C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C2C(=O)N(O)C(C)(C)CC2=C1 NEAQRZUHTPSBBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JZTPOMIFAFKKSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-phosphonohydroxylamine Chemical compound NOP(O)(O)=O JZTPOMIFAFKKSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphine group Chemical group P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
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- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/445—Ion-selective electrodialysis with bipolar membranes; Water splitting
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- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
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- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/54—Controlling or regulating
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- B01J49/00—Regeneration or reactivation of ion-exchangers; Apparatus therefor
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- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
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Abstract
【選択図】 図1
Description
(1)P−SO3H+Na+=P−SO3Na+H+
(2)H++OH−=H2O
ここで、“P”は、イオン交換基が付加されるソリッドサポートまたはポリマーを示している。水分解反応によって生成され且つ陽イオン交換面48を通じて移動するOH−は、H+と反応して水を形成する。H+の消費により、溶液からのNa+の除去速度を促進する電気・濃度勾配が維持される。
(3)P−NR3OH+Cl−=P−NR3Cl+OH−
(4)H++OH−=H2O
陽イオン交換層51における状況と同様に、水分解反応によって生成されたH+は、OH−と反応して、溶液からのCl−の除去速度を促進させる。
(5)P−SO3Na+H+=P−SO3H+Na+
同様に、水分解反応で生成されたOH−が陰イオン交換層49を通じてプラス電極の方向へ移動し、これにより、以下の反応(6)が引き起こされる。
(6)P−NR3Cl+OH−=P−NR3OH+Cl−
陽イオンおよび陰イオン交換層51,49においてH+およびOH−に取って代えられたNa+およびCl−は、組み合わされることにより、流出溶液流れ80中でNaClを形成する。この再生ステップ中に溶液の流量を制御することにより、イオン除去ステップ中において流入溶液流れ70中に存在していたNaCl濃度よりも十分に高いNaCl濃度が得られる。反応(1)〜(4)におけるイオン除去が溶液流れの脱イオン化を意図していた場合には、反応(5)(6)中に形成されたNaCl凝縮物が廃棄される。この装置におけるNaCl除去の目的がこの塩を単離することであった場合には、NaCl凝縮物が更なる処理のために確保される。
(7)P−COOH+OH−=P−COO−+H2O
(8)2P−COO−+Cu+2=(P−COO)2Cu
Cu+2は、好ましくない熱力学に起因して、P−COOH中のH+に直接に取って代わることができず、したがって、P−COOHからH+を除去して、Cu+2と容易に反応するP−COO−を形成するために、反応(7)が必要とされる。
(9)P−NR2+H+=P−NR2H+
(10)2P−NR2H++SO4 −2=(PNR2H)2SO4
反応(9)は中性のP−NR2からイオン基を形成し、これにより、反応(10)におけるその後のSO4 −2との反応が可能になる。
(11)(P−COO)2Cu+2H+=2P−COOH+Cu+2
また、水分解反応で生成されたOH−が陰イオン交換層49を通じて移動し、これにより、以下の反応(12)が得られる。
(12)(P−NR2H)2SO4+2OH−=2P−NR2+2H2O+SO4 −2
両方の反応(11)(12)は熱力学的に好ましく、これにより、溶液流れ中でCuSO4を凝縮できる。その後のステップでは、溶液流れから銅および/または硫酸塩が除去されあるいは廃棄されてもよい。
この実施例は、イオン除去サイクルにわたる水分解イオン交換膜100のイオン除去効率の損失について実証する。TDS含有量減少実験において、円筒状のハウジング25内に螺旋状に巻回された水分解膜100を備えるセル22が使用された。電流制限が1Aの定電圧電源が使用され、そのため、フィードバック回路が使用されなかった。セル22は、中心電極と外側電極との間に膜100の30個の層を備えていた。膜100の陽イオン交換層51が外側に面し、陰イオン交換層49が内側に面した。最初に、〜50μS/cmの供給水流を使用して160ml/分および300Vでイオン拒絶ステップにより20分間、セル22を再生し、脱イオン化またはイオン除去ステップに備えた。再生ステップ中、電極40,45に対する電流が0.5〜1.0アンペアに維持され、セル22内の螺旋状の膜100の内側から外側に向けて流入溶液70が流された。
この実施例において、装置20は、イオンセンサ59を有する実施例1のセル22を備えていた。イオンセンサ59は、イオン濃度信号を解釈して可変電圧供給源50の出力電圧を制御するためのマイクロプロセッサを備えるコントローラ53に対して接続された導電率センサであった。この実験における目標イオン導電率は125μS/cmであった。先の実験は、流出溶液80のイオン導電率における目標導電率からの様々な偏差に関して使用される出力電圧を決定した。その結果は、可変電圧曲線として図11に示されている。測定された導電率が目標値の125μS/cmを超えると、コントローラ53がセル22への電圧を増大し、その直後に流出溶液80の導電率が減少した。流出溶液80におけるゆっくりとした増減変化は、システムの限られた応答時間の結果である。これは、セル22の空隙容量および流量に大きく依存している。この図からわかるように、流出溶液の導電率は、16分全体にわたってあるいは処理された24リットルの溶液に関して、125±25μS/cmに制御されている。一方、実施例1の全(または単一)電力実験は、処理された流出溶液80をこの目標範囲で3分間だけあるいは4.5リットルの体積だけ供給した。
Claims (12)
- イオンを含む流入溶液を処理し、その結果として得られる流出溶液において選択可能なイオン濃度を得る装置であって、
(a)電気化学セルであって、
(i)第1および第2の電極を備えるハウジングと、
(ii)前記第1の電極と前記第2の電極との間に設けられ、(i)前記第1の電極と対向する陽イオン交換面、および(ii)前記第2の電極と対向する陰イオン交換面とを備える水分解イオン交換膜と、
(iii)間に溶液チャンネルを有する流入溶液注入口および流出溶液吐出口であって、前記溶液チャンネルにより流入溶液が前記水分解イオン交換膜の前記陽イオン交換面および前記陰イオン交換面の両方を通過して流れることができ、それにより流出溶液が形成される流入溶液注入口および流出溶液吐出口と、
を備える電気化学セルと、
(b)イオン交換段階中に前記第1および第2の電極を複数の電圧レベルに維持することができる可変電圧供給源と、
を具備する装置。 - 前記電圧レベルが、
(1)時間平均電圧レベル、または
(2)流出溶液において所定のイオン濃度範囲を維持するために選択された所定の範囲の電圧レベルと、
を備える、請求項1に記載の装置。 - 前記時間平均電圧レベルがそれぞれ、大きさが異なるが、ほぼ同じ極性を有する、請求項2に記載の装置。
- 前記イオン交換段階が、イオン除去ステップまたはイオン拒絶ステップを含む、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記可変電圧供給源が、
(1)位相制御電圧供給源を備え、
(2)パルス幅変調を伴う切換電圧供給源を備え、
(3)変化可能な所定の大きさのパルス電圧を供給し、または
(4)所定の大きさのパルス電圧を供給する、
請求項1に記載の装置。 - 前記セル内の電圧バイアスを測定して電圧信号を生成するための電圧計と、前記セル内の電流を測定して電流信号を生成するための電流計と、前記電圧信号と前記電流信号との比から溶液中のイオン濃度を決定するとともに、イオン濃度に応じて前記電極に対して印加される電圧レベルを調整するために制御信号を前記可変電圧供給源に対して送るコントローラとを備える、請求項1に記載の装置。
- (1)(i)流入溶液、少なくとも一部が処理された溶液、または、流出溶液のイオン濃度を測定するとともに、(ii)イオン濃度信号を生成するためのイオンセンサと、
(2)前記イオン濃度信号を受けるとともに、前記イオン濃度信号に応じて電圧レベルを調整するために制御信号を前記可変電圧供給源に対して送るコントローラと、
を備える請求項1に記載の装置。 - イオンを含む流入溶液を処理して、流出溶液中のイオンの濃度を制御する方法であって、
(a)水分解イオン交換膜の陰イオン交換面および陽イオン交換面の両方を通過するように流入溶液を流して、流出溶液を形成するステップと、
(b)前記水分解イオン交換膜の前記陰イオン交換面および前記陽イオン交換面にわたって時間平均電界を維持するステップと、
(c)前記時間平均電界の強度を変えて、流出溶液のイオン濃度を制御するステップと、
を備える方法。 - 前記時間平均電界の強度を変えて、流出溶液において所定のイオン濃度範囲を得るステップを含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一部が処理された流入溶液のイオン濃度を測定するとともに、測定されたイオン濃度に応じて前記時間平均電界の強度を変えるステップを含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- (1)前記水分解イオン交換膜の前記陰イオン交換面および前記陽イオン交換面の周囲で前記電極に対して印加される変化可能な大きさのパルス電圧の時間平均電圧レベルを変えることにより、
または、
(2)前記水分解イオン交換膜の前記陰イオン交換面および前記陽イオン交換面の周囲で前記電極に対して印加される所定の大きさのパルス電圧レベルのデューティサイクルを変えることにより、
前記時間平均電界の強度を変えるステップを含む、請求項8に記載の方法。 - 溶液および前記水分解イオン交換膜を通じて流れる電流および電圧を測定するとともに、電圧測定値と電流測定値との比から溶液中のイオン濃度を決定するステップを含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
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- 2004-07-30 CN CN2004800294813A patent/CN1863737B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-07-30 JP JP2006523214A patent/JP4490422B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-07-30 EP EP04779699A patent/EP1660408A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-07-30 BR BRPI0413377-3A patent/BRPI0413377B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-07-30 KR KR1020067002704A patent/KR101093975B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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Cited By (9)
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JP2010029753A (ja) * | 2008-07-25 | 2010-02-12 | Japan Organo Co Ltd | 水を使用する電化製品 |
JP2010172837A (ja) * | 2009-01-30 | 2010-08-12 | Panasonic Corp | 水処理装置および給湯機 |
WO2012157236A1 (ja) * | 2011-05-13 | 2012-11-22 | パナソニック株式会社 | 再生式軟水化装置 |
CN103502155A (zh) * | 2011-05-13 | 2014-01-08 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 再生式软水化装置 |
CN103502155B (zh) * | 2011-05-13 | 2015-12-23 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 再生式软水化装置 |
JP5935079B2 (ja) * | 2011-05-13 | 2016-06-15 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 再生式軟水化装置 |
KR101269951B1 (ko) * | 2012-02-20 | 2013-05-31 | 한라아이엠에스 주식회사 | 선박의 발라스트 수 처리장치 |
WO2016139877A1 (ja) * | 2015-03-04 | 2016-09-09 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 水処理装置及び水処理装置の運転方法 |
US10507429B2 (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2019-12-17 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Electrochemical cell, water treatment device provided with same, and operating method for water treatment device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1660408A1 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
KR101093975B1 (ko) | 2011-12-15 |
CN1863737B (zh) | 2011-04-27 |
BRPI0413377A (pt) | 2006-10-17 |
CN1863737A (zh) | 2006-11-15 |
US7344629B2 (en) | 2008-03-18 |
WO2005016831A1 (en) | 2005-02-24 |
JP4490422B2 (ja) | 2010-06-23 |
KR20060058106A (ko) | 2006-05-29 |
US20070175766A1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
BRPI0413377B1 (pt) | 2013-06-04 |
US20050029124A1 (en) | 2005-02-10 |
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