JP2005520488A - C反応性タンパク質発現のアンチセンス調節 - Google Patents
C反応性タンパク質発現のアンチセンス調節 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2005520488A JP2005520488A JP2003515635A JP2003515635A JP2005520488A JP 2005520488 A JP2005520488 A JP 2005520488A JP 2003515635 A JP2003515635 A JP 2003515635A JP 2003515635 A JP2003515635 A JP 2003515635A JP 2005520488 A JP2005520488 A JP 2005520488A
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Classifications
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Abstract
Description
Arici and Walls著,Kidney Int.,2001年,59,407−414 Gabay and Kushner著,N.Engl.J.Med.,1999年,340,448−454 Highton et al.著,J.Rheumatol.,1985年,12,871−875 Hulthe et al.著,Clin.Sci.(Colch),2001年,100,371−378 Lagrand et al.著,Circulation,1999年,100,96−102 Morrow and Ridker著,Med.Clin.North.Am.,2000年,84,149−161,ix Szalai et al.著,Immunol.Res.,1997年,16,127−136 Westhuyzen and Healy著,Ann.Clin.Lab.Sci.,2000年,30,133−143 Yudkin et al.著,Atherosclerosis,2000年,148,209−214 Ruuskanen et al.著,J.Pediatr.,1985年,107,97−100 Barany著,Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.,2001年,16,224−227 Lei et al.著,J.Biol.Chem.,1985年,260,13377−13383 Potempa et al.著,1996年 Potempa et al.著,2000年
本発明は、C反応性タンパク質をコードする核酸を標的とし、C反応性タンパク質の発現を調節する化合物、特にアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを目的とする。本発明の化合物を含む製薬学的及び他の組成物も提供する。さらに、細胞又は組織を1種もしくはそれより多い本発明のアンチセンス化合物又は組成物と接触させることを含む、細胞又は組織におけるC反応性タンパク質の発現を調節する方法も提供する。さらに、1種もしくはそれより多い本発明のアンチセンス化合物又は組成物の治療的もしくは予防的に有効な量を投与することにより、C反応性タンパク質の発現と関連する疾患もしくは状態に冒されたか又は冒されつつあると思われる動物、特に人間を処置する方法も提供する。
本発明は、C反応性タンパク質をコードする核酸分子の機能を調節し、結局生産されるC反応性タンパク質の量を調節することにおいて用いるためにオリゴマー化合物、特にアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを用いる。これは、C反応性タンパク質をコードする1種もしくはそれより多い核酸と特異的にハイブリッド形成するアンチセンス化合物を提供することにより成される。本明細書で用いられる場合、「標的核酸」及び「C反応性タンパク質をコードする核酸」という用語は、C反応性タンパク質をコードするDNA、そのようなDNAから転写されたRNA(mRNA前駆体及びmRNAを含む)ならびにまたそのようなRNAから誘導されるcDNAを包含する。オリゴマー化合物のその標的核酸との特異的ハイブリッド形成は核酸の正常な機能を妨げる。標的核酸に特異的にハイブリッド形成する化合物によるこの標的核酸の機能の調節は一般に「アンチセンス」と呼ばれる。妨げられるべきDNAの機能には複製及び転写が含まれる。妨げられるべきRNAの機能にはすべての生体機能(vital function)、例えばタンパク質翻訳部位へのRNAの輸送、RNAからのタンパク質の翻訳、1個もしくはそれより多いmRNA種を与えるRNAのスプライシング及びRNAが従事するかもしくはそれにより助長される触媒活性が含まれる。そのような標的核酸機能への妨害の全体的効果はC反応性タンパク質の発現の調節である。本発明の範囲内で「調節」は、遺伝子の発現における向上(刺激)又は低下(阻害)を意味する。本発明の範囲内で阻害は、遺伝子発現の調節の好ましい形態であり、mRNAは好ましい標的である。
エマルション
本発明の組成物をエマルションとして製造し、調製することができる。エマルションは典型的には一方の液体を他方の液体中に、通常直径が0.1μmを超える滴の形態で分散させた不均一な系である。(Idson著,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,Lieberman,Rieger and Banker(Eds.),1988年,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,N.Y.,volume 1,p.199;Rosoff著,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,Lieberman,Rieger and Banker(Eds.),1988年,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,N.Y.,volume 1,p.245;Block著,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,Lieberman,Rieger and Banker(Eds.),1988年,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,N.Y.,volume 2,p.335;Higuchi et al.著,Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA,1985年,p.301)。エマルションは多くの場合、緊密に混合され且つ互いに分散された2つの非混和性液相を含む2相系である。一般にエマルションは油中水(w/o)又は水中油(o/w)型であることができる。水相が小滴に微粉砕され、大量の油相中に小滴として分散されている場合、得られる組成物は油中水(w/o)エマルションと呼ばれる。あるいはまた、油相が小滴に微粉砕され、大量の水相中に小滴として分散されている場合、得られる組成物は水中油(o/w)エマルションと呼ばれる。エマルションは分散相及び水相、油相中の溶液として又は別個の相としてそれ自身で存在することができる活性薬剤の他に、追加の成分を含有することができる。乳化剤、安定剤、色素及び酸化防止剤のような製薬学的賦形剤も、必要な場合にはエマルション中に存在することができる。製薬学的エマルションは、例えば油中水中油(o/w/o)及び水中油中水(w/o/w)エマルションの場合のように、2つより多い相から成る複エマルションであることもできる。そのような複雑な調剤は多くの場合、単純な2相エマルションが与えないある種の利点を与える。o/wエマルションの個々の油滴が小さい水滴を閉じ込めている複エマルションはw/o/wエマルションを構成する。同様に、油性の連続相中で安定化された水の小滴中に閉じ込められた油滴の系はo/w/oエマルションを与える。
研究され、そして薬物の製剤化のために使用されているマイクロエマルションに加えて多くの組織された界面活性構造物が存在する。これらは、単分子膜、ミセル、二分子膜および小胞を含む。小胞、例えばリポソームは、それらが薬物送達という観点から提供するそれらの特異性および作用の持続期間のために大きな興味を誘った。本発明において使用されるように、用語「リポソーム」は、球状の1または複数の二分子膜において配列された両親媒性脂質からなる小胞を意味する。
1つの実施態様では、本発明は、動物の皮膚への核酸、特にオリゴヌクレオチドの有効な送達を実施するために種々の浸透増強剤を用いる。ほとんどの薬物は、イオン化および非イオン化両形態において溶液中に存在している。しかしながら、通常は、脂質可溶性または親油性薬物のみが細胞膜を容易に横切る。横切る膜が浸透増強剤で処理される場合は、非親油性薬物でさえ細胞膜を横切ることが発見された。細胞膜を横切る非親油性薬物の拡散を助長するのに加えて、また浸透増強剤は親油性薬物の浸透を増強する。
添加物
担体化合物に対して、「製薬学的担体」または「添加物」は、動物に1種以上の核酸を送達するための製薬学的に許容しうる溶媒、懸濁化剤またはすべての他の製薬学的不活性な媒質である。添加物は液体または固体であってもよく、そして意中に計画された投与方式により選択されて、核酸および定められた製薬学的組成物の他の成分と組み合わされた場合の所望される大きさ、硬さなどのために提供される。典型的な製薬学的担体は、限定されるものではないが、結合剤(例えば、前糊化トウモロコシ澱粉、ポリビニルピロリドンまたはヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、など);賦形剤(例えば、ラクトースおよび他の糖類、微結晶セルロース、ペクチン、ゼラチン、硫酸カルシウム、エチルセルロース、ポリアクリレートまたはリン酸水素カルシウム、など);滑沢剤(例えば、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、タルク、シリカ、コロイド状二酸化ケイ素、ステアリン酸、金属ステアレート、水素化植物油、コーンスターチ、ポリエチレングリコール、安息香酸ナトリウム、酢酸ナトリウムなど);崩壊剤(例えば、澱粉、ナトリウムスターチグリコレートなど);および湿潤剤(例えば、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウムなど)を含む。
オリゴヌクレオチド合成のためのヌクレオシドホスホルアミダイト
デオキシおよび2’−アルコキシアミダイト
2’−デオキシおよび2’−メトキシベータ−シアノエチルジイソプロピルホスホルアミダイトは、商業的供給元(例えば、Chemgenes、Needham MAもしくはGlen Research,Inc.Sterling VA)から購入した。他の2’−O−アルコキシ置換されたヌクレオシドアミダイトは、引用することにより本明細書に組み込まれる米国特許5,506,351に記述されているように製造する。2’−アルコキシアミダイトを用いて合成するオリゴヌクレオチドには、テトラゾールおよび塩基のパルス送達後の待ち工程(wait step)を360秒に増やしたことを除いて、改変されていないオリゴヌクレオチドの標準サイクルを利用した。
2’−フルオロアミダイト
2’−フルオロデオキシアデノシンアミダイト
2’−フルオロオリゴヌクレオチドは、以前に[Kawasaki,et.al.,J.Med.Chem.,1993,36,831−841]そして引用することにより本明細書に組み込まれる米国特許5,670,633に記述されているように合成した。簡潔に言えば、保護されたヌクレオシドN6−ベンゾイル−2’−デオキシ−2’−フルオロアデノシンは、市販されている9−ベータ−D−アラビノフラノシルアデニンを出発物質として利用し、そして2’−アルファ−フルオロ原子が2’−ベータ−トリチル基のSN2置換により導入されるところの文献方法を改変することによって合成した。このようにしてN6−ベンゾイル−9−ベータ−D−アラビノフラノシルアデニンを3’,5’−ジテトラヒドロピラニル(THP)中間体として適度な収率で選択的に保護した。THPおよびN6−ベンゾイル基の脱保護は、標準的な方法論を用いて成し遂げ、そして5’−ジメトキシトリチル−(DMT)および5’−DMT−3’−ホスホルアミダイト中間体を得るために標準的方法を用いた。
2’−デオキシ−2’−フルオログアノシンの合成は、出発物質としてテトライソプロピルジシロキサニル(TPDS)で保護された9−ベータ−D−アラビノフラノシルグアニンおよび中間体ジイソブチリルアラビノフラノシルグアノシンへの転化を用いて成し遂げた。TPDS基の脱保護の後にTHPでヒドロキシル基を保護してジイソブチリルジ−THPで保護されたアラビノフラノシルグアニンを生成せしめた。選択的O−脱アシル化およびトリフレーションの後に粗生成物をフッ化物で処理し、次にTHP基を脱保護した。5’−DMT−および5’−DMT−3’−ホスホルアミダイトを得るために標準的方法論を用いた。
2’−デオキシ−2’−フルオロウリジンの合成は、2,2’−アンヒドロ−1−ベータ−D−アラビノフラノシルウラシルを70%フッ化水素−ピリジンで処理するところの文献方法の改変によって成し遂げた。5’−DMT−および5’−DMT−3’−ホスホルアミダイトを得るために標準的方法を用いた。
2’−デオキシ−2’−フルオロシチジンは、2’−デオキシ−2’−フルオロウリジンのアミノ化、続いてN4−ベンゾイル−2’−デオキシ−2’−フルオロシチジンを生成せしめるための選択的保護によって合成した。5’−DMT−および5’−DMT−3’−ホスホルアミダイトを得るために標準的方法を用いた。
2’−O−メトキシエチルで置換されたヌクレオシドアミダイトは、以下のように、あるいはまた、Martin,P.,Helvetica Chimica Acta,1995,78,486−504の方法のように製造する。
5−メチルウリジン(リボシルチミン、Yamasa,Choshi,Japanを通して市販されている)(72.0g、0.279M)、炭酸ジフェニル(90.0g、0.420M)および重炭酸ナトリウム(2.0g、0.024M)をDMF(300mL)に加えた。混合物を攪拌しながら加熱還流し、発生した二酸化炭素気体を制御して放出させた。1時間後に、わずかに黒ずんだ溶液を減圧下で濃縮した。得られるシロップを攪拌しながらジエチルエーテル(2.5L)に注ぎ込んだ。生成物は粘性物質(gum)を形成した。エーテルをデカントし、そして残留物を最小量のメタノール(約400mL)に溶解した。溶液を新しいエーテル(2.5L)に注ぎ込んで固い粘性物質を生成せしめた。エーテルをデカントし、そして粘性物質を真空オーブン中で乾燥させて(1mmHgで60℃、24時間)固体を生成せしめ、それを薄い黄褐色の粉末に粉砕した(57g、85%粗収率)。NMRスペクトルは、そのナトリウム塩としてフェノールで汚染された(約5%)構造と一致した。この物質をそのままでさらなる反応に用いた(もしくは酢酸エチルにおけるメタノールの勾配(10−25%)を用いてカラムクロマトグラフィーによりこれをさらに精製して白色の固体、mp 222−4℃を生成せしめることができる)。
2,2’−アンヒドロ−5−メチルウリジン(195g、0.81M)、トリス(2−メトキシエチル)ボレート(231g、0.98M)および2−メトキシエタノール(1.2M)を2Lのステンレス鋼圧力容器に加え、そして160℃の予熱した油浴中に置いた。155−160℃で48時間加熱した後、容器を開け、そして溶液を蒸発乾固し、そしてMeOH(200mL)で研和した。残留物を熱いアセトン(1L)に懸濁した。不溶性の塩を濾過し、アセトン(150mL)で洗浄し、そして濾過液を蒸発させた。残留物(280g)をCH3CN(600mL)に溶解し、そして蒸発させた。シリカゲルカラム(3kg)を0.5% Et3NHを含有するCH2Cl2/アセトン/MeOH(20:5:3)において充填した。残留物をCH2Cl2(250mL)に溶解し、そしてカラムに載せる前にシリカ(150g)上に吸着した。生成物を充填溶媒で溶出して160g(63%)の生成物を生成せしめた。不純画分をやり直すことにより追加の物質が得られた。
2’−O−メトキシエチル−5−メチルウリジン(160g、0.506M)をピリジン(250mL)と共蒸着し、そして乾燥した残留物をピリジン(1.3L)に溶解した。ジメトキシトリチルクロリドの第一のアリコート(94.3g、0.278M)を加え、そして混合物を室温で1時間攪拌した。ジメトキシトリチルクロリドの第二のアリコート(94.3g、0.278M)を加え、そして反応物をさらに1時間攪拌した。次に、反応を止めるためにメタノール(170mL)を加えた。HPLCにより約70%の生成物の存在が示された。溶媒を蒸発させ、そしてCH3CN(200mL)で研和した。残留物をCHCl3(1.5L)に溶解し、そして2x500mLの飽和したNaHCO3および2x500mLの飽和したNaClで抽出した。有機相をNa2SO4上で乾燥させ、濾過し、そして蒸発させた。275gの残留物が得られた。残留物を0.5% Et3NHを含有するEtOAc/ヘキサン/アセトン(5:5:1)で充填しそして溶出する3.5kgのシリカゲルカラム上で精製した。純粋画分を蒸発させて164gの生成物を生成せしめた。不純画分から約20gの追加が得られ、183g(57%)の全収量が得られた。
2’−O−メトキシエチル−5’−O−ジメトキシトリチル−5−メチルウリジン(106g、0.167M)、DMF/ピリジン(562mLのDMFおよび188mLのピリジンから調製する750mLの3:1混合物)および無水酢酸(24.38mL、0.258M)を合わせ、そして室温で24時間攪拌した。最初にTLCサンプルをMeOHの添加でクエンチすることにより反応をTLCでモニターした。TLCにより判断した場合に、反応が完了すると、MeOH(50mL)を加え、そして混合物を35℃で蒸発させた。残留物をCHCl3(800mL)に溶解し、そして2x200mLの飽和した重炭酸ナトリウムおよび2x200mLの飽和したNaClで抽出した。水層を200mLのCHCl3で逆抽出した。合わせた有機化合物を硫酸ナトリウム上で乾燥させ、そして蒸発させて122gの残留物を生成せしめた(約90%生成物)。残留物を3.5kgのシリカゲルカラム上で精製し、そしてEtOAc/ヘキサン(4:1)を用いて溶出した。純粋生成物画分を蒸発させて96g(84%)を生成せしめた。後の画分からさらに1.5gを回収した。
3’−O−アセチル−2’−O−メトキシエチル−5’−O−ジメトキシトリチル−5−メチルウリジン(96g、0.144M)をCH3CN(700mL)に溶解することにより第一の溶液を調製し、取って置いた。トリエチルアミン(189mL、1.44M)をCH3CN(1L)中のトリアゾール(90g、1.3M)の溶液に加え、−5℃に冷却し、そしてオーバーヘッド攪拌器を用いて0.5時間攪拌した。0−10℃で保った攪拌溶液にPOCl3を30分の期間にわたって滴下して加え、そして得られる混合物をさらに2時間攪拌した。後者の溶液に第一の溶液を45分の期間にわたって滴下して加えた。得られる反応混合物を低温室において一晩保存した。反応混合物から塩を濾過し、そして溶液を蒸発させた。残留物をEtOAc(1L)に溶解し、そして不溶性の固体を濾過により除いた。濾過液を1x300mLのNaHCO3および2x300mLの飽和したNaClで洗浄し、硫酸ナトリウム上で乾燥させ、そして蒸発させた。残留物をEtOAcで研和して表題化合物を生成せしめた。
ジオキサン(500mL)およびNH4OH(30mL)中の3’−O−アセチル−2’−O−メトキシエチル−5’−O−ジメトキシトリチル−5−メチル−4−トリアゾールウリジン(103g、0.141M)の溶液を室温で2時間攪拌した。ジオキサン溶液を蒸発させ、そして残留物をMeOH(2x200mL)と共沸した。残留物をMeOH(300mL)に溶解し、そして2リットルのステンレス鋼圧力溶液に移した。NH3気体で飽和したMeOH(400mL)を加え、そして容器を100℃に2時間加熱した(TLCにより完全な転化が示された)。容器の中身を蒸発乾固し、そして残留物をEtOAc(500mL)に溶解し、そして飽和したNaCl(200mL)で1回洗浄した。有機化合物を硫酸ナトリウム上で乾燥させ、そして溶媒を蒸発させて85g(95%)の表題化合物を生成せしめた。
2’−O−メトキシエチル−5’−O−ジメトキシトリチル−5−メチルシチジン(85g、0.134M)をDMF(800mL)に溶解し、そして無水安息香酸(37.2g、0.165M)を攪拌しながら加えた。3時間攪拌した後、TLCにより反応が約95%完了したことが示された。溶媒を蒸発させ、そして残留物をMeOH(2x200mL)と共沸した。残留物をCHCl3(700mL)に溶解し、そして飽和したNaHCO3(2x300mL)および飽和したNaCl(2x300mL)で抽出し、MgSO4上で乾燥させ、そして蒸発させて残留物(96g)を生成せしめた。残留物を溶出溶媒として0.5% Et3NHを含有するEtOAc/ヘキサン(1:1)を用いて1.5kgのシリカカラム上でクロマトグラフィーにかけた。純粋生成物画分を蒸発させて90g(90%)の表題化合物を生成せしめた。
N4−ベンゾイル−2’−O−メトキシエチル−5’−O−ジメトキシトリチル−5−メチルシチジン(74g、0.10M)をCH2Cl2(1L)に溶解した。テトラゾールジイソプロピルアミン(7.1g)および2−シアノエトキシ−テトラ(イソプロピル)ホスファイト(40.5mL、0.123M)を窒素雰囲気下で攪拌しながら加えた。得られる混合物を室温で20時間攪拌した(TLCにより反応が95%完了したことが示された)。反応混合物を飽和したNaHCO3(1x300mL)および飽和したNaCl(3x300mL)で抽出した。水性洗浄液をCH2Cl2(300mL)で逆抽出し、そして抽出物を合わせ、MgSO4上で乾燥させ、そして濃縮した。得られる残留物を溶出溶媒としてEtOAc/ヘキサン(3:1)を用いて1.5kgのシリカカラム上でクロマトグラフィーにかけた。純粋画分を合わせて90.6g(87%)の表題化合物を生成せしめた。
2’−(ジメチルアミノオキシエトキシ)ヌクレオシドアミダイト
2’−(ジメチルアミノオキシエトキシ)ヌクレオシドアミダイト[当該技術分野において2’−O−(ジメチルアミノオキシエチル)ヌクレオシドアミダイトとしても既知である]は、以下の段落に記述するように製造する。アデノシン、シチジンおよびグアノシンヌクレオシドアミダイトは、環外アミンをアデノシンおよびシチジンの場合にはベンゾイル成分でそしてグアノシンの場合にはイソブチリルで保護することを除いてチミジン(5−メチルウリジン)と同様に製造する。
O2−2’−アンヒドロ−5−メチルウリジン(Pro.Bio.Sint.,Varese,Italy,100.0g、0.416mmol)、ジメチルアミノピリジン(0.66g、0.013eq、0.0054mmol)を周囲温度でアルゴン雰囲気下でそして機械的に攪拌しながら乾式ピリジン(500ml)に溶解した。tert−ブチルジフェニルクロロシラン(125.8g、119.0mL、1.1eq、0.458mmol)を一度に加えた。反応物を周囲温度で16時間攪拌した。TLC(Rf 0.22、酢酸エチル)により完全な反応が示された。溶液を粘度の高い油状物に減圧下で濃縮した。これをジクロロメタン(1L)および飽和した重炭酸ナトリウム(2x1L)およびブライン(1L)間で分配した。有機層を硫酸ナトリウム上で乾燥させ、そして粘度の高い油状物に減圧下で濃縮した。油状物を酢酸エチルおよびエチルエーテルの1:1混合物(600mL)に溶解し、そして溶液を−10℃に冷却した。得られる結晶質生成物を濾過により集め、エチルエーテル(3x200mL)で洗浄し、そして149g(74.8%)の白色の固体に乾燥させた(40℃、1mmHg、24時間)。TLCおよびNMRは、純粋な生成物と一致した。
2Lのステンレス鋼の攪拌していない圧力反応器にテトラヒドロフラン中の
ボラン(1.0M、2.0eq、622mL)を加えた。ヒューム・フードにおいてそして手動で攪拌しながら、エチレングリコール(350mL、過剰)を水素気体の発生がおさまるまで最初に注意深く加えた。5’−O−tert−ブチルジフェニルシリル−O2−2’−アンヒドロ−5−メチルウリジン(149g、0.311mol)および重炭酸ナトリウム(0.074g、0.003eq)を手動で攪拌しながら加えた。反応器を密封し、そして160℃の内部温度に達するまで油浴中で加熱し、そして次に16時間保持した(圧力<100psig)。反応容器を周囲温度に冷却し、そして開けた。TLC(所望の生成物ではRf 0.67そしてアラ−T(ara−T)副生成物ではRf 0.82、酢酸エチル)により生成物への約70%の転化が示された。さらなる副生成物形成を防ぐために、反応を止め、エチレングリコールを除くために用いるさらに厳しい条件で温水浴(40−100℃)中で減圧下(10〜1mmHg)で濃縮した。[あるいはまた、いったん低沸点の溶媒がなくなると、残留溶液を酢酸エチルおよび水の間で分配することができる。生成物は有機相にある。]残留物をカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製した(2kgのシリカゲル、酢酸エチル−ヘキサン勾配 1:1〜4:1)。適切な画分を合わせ、揮散し、そして白色の堅いが砕けやすい泡状物としての生成物(84g、50%、汚染された出発物質(17.4g)および純粋な再使用可能な出発物質20gに乾燥させた。出発物質、純度が低く回収された出発物質に基づく収率は58%であった。TLCおよびNMRは、99%純粋な生成物と一致した。
5’−O−tert−ブチルジフェニルシリル−2’−O−(2−ヒドロキシエチル)−5−メチルウリジン(20g、36.98mmol)をトリフェニルホスフィン(11.63g、44.36mmol)およびN−ヒドロキシフタルイミド(7.24g、44.36mmol)と混合した。それを次にP2O5上で高真空下で40℃で2日間乾燥させた。反応混合物をアルゴンでフラッシュし、そして乾式THF(369.8mL、Aldrich、sure sealボトル)を加えて清澄溶液を得た。アゾジカルボン酸ジエチル(6.98mL、44.36mmol)を反応混合物に滴下して加えた。添加の速度は、得られる濃い赤色の着色が次の1滴を加える前にちょうど脱色されるように保つ。添加を完了した後、反応物を4時間攪拌した。この時までにTLCにより反応の完了が示された(酢酸エチル:ヘキサン、60:40)。溶媒を真空中で蒸発させた。得られる残留物をフラッシュカラム上に置き、そして酢酸エチル:ヘキサン(60:40)で溶出し、2’−O−[(2−フタルイミドキシ)エチル]−5’−t−ブチルジフェニルシリル−5−メチルウリジンを白色の泡状物(21.819g、86%)として得た。
5’−O−tert−ブチルジフェニルシリル−2’−O−[(2−ホルマドキシミノオキシ(2−formadoximinooxy))エチル]−5−メチルウリジン
2’−O−[(2−フタルイミドキシ)エチル]−5’−t−ブチルジフェニルシリル−5−メチルウリジン(3.1g、4.5mmol)を乾式CH2Cl2(4.5mL)に溶解し、そしてメチルヒドラジン(300mL、4.64mmol)を−10℃〜0℃で滴下して加えた。1時間後に混合物を濾過し、濾過液をよく冷えたCH2Cl2で洗浄し、そして合わせた有機相を水、ブラインで洗浄し、そして無水Na2SO4上で乾燥させた。溶液を濃縮して2’−O−(アミノオキシエチル)チミジンを得、これを次にMeOH(67.5mL)に溶解した。これにホルムアルデヒド(20%水溶液、w/w、1.1eq.)を加え、そして得られる混合物を1時間攪拌した。溶媒を真空下で除き;残留物をクロマトグラフィーにかけて5’−O−tert−ブチルジフェニルシリル−2’−O−[(2−ホルマドキシミノオキシ)エチル]−5−メチルウリジンを白色の泡状物(1.95g、78%)として得た。
5’−O−tert−ブチルジフェニルシリル−2’−O−[(2−ホルマドキシミノオキシ)エチル]−5−メチルウリジン(1.77g、3.12mmol)を乾式MeOH中の1Mピリジニウムp−トルエンスルホネート(PPTS)の溶液(30.6mL)に溶解した。この溶液に10℃で不活性雰囲気下で水素化シアノホウ素ナトリウム(0.39g、6.13mmol)を加えた。反応混合物を10℃で10分間攪拌した。この後に反応容器を氷浴から取り除き、そして室温で2時間攪拌し、反応をTLC(CH2Cl2中5%のMeOH)によりモニターした。NaHCO3水溶液(5%、10mL)を加え、そして酢酸エチル(2x20mL)で抽出した。酢酸エチル相を無水Na2SO4上で乾燥させ、蒸発乾固した。残留物をMeOH中の1MPPTSの溶液(30.6mL)に溶解した。ホルムアルデヒド(20% w/w、30mL、3.37mmol)を加え、そして反応混合物を室温で10分間攪拌した。反応混合物を氷浴中で10℃に冷却し、水素化シアノホウ素ナトリウム(0.39g、6.13mmol)を加え、そして反応混合物を10℃で10分間攪拌した。10分後に、反応混合物を氷浴から取り除き、そして室温で2時間攪拌した。反応混合物に5%NaHCO3(25mL)溶液を加え、そして酢酸エチル(2x25mL)で抽出した。酢酸エチル層を無水Na2SO4上で乾燥させ、蒸発乾固した。得られる残留物をフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、そしてCH2Cl2中5%のMeOHで溶出して5’−O−tert−ブチルジフェニルシリル−2’−O−[N,N−ジメチルアミノオキシエチル]−5−メチルウリジンを白色の泡状物(14.6g、80%)として得た。
トリエチルアミントリヒドロフルオリド(3.91mL、24.0mmol)を乾式THFおよびトリエチルアミン(1.67mL、12mmol、乾式、KOH上で保つ)に溶解した。トリエチルアミン−2HFのこの混合物を次に5’−O−tert−ブチルジフェニルシリル−2’−O−[N,N−ジメチルアミノオキシエチル]−5−メチルウリジン(1.40g、2.4mmol)に加え、そして室温で24時間攪拌した。反応をTLC(CH2Cl2中5%のMeOH)によってモニターした。溶媒を真空下で除き、そして残留物をフラッシュカラム上に置き、そしてCH2Cl2中10%のMeOHで溶出して2’−O−(ジメチルアミノオキシエチル)−5−メチルウリジン(766mg、92.5%)を得た。
2’−O−(ジメチルアミノオキシエチル)−5−メチルウリジン(750mg、2.17mmol)をP2O5上で高真空下で40℃で一晩乾燥させた。それを次に無水ピリジン(20mL)で共蒸着した。得られる残留物をアルゴン雰囲気下でピリジン(11mL)に溶解した。4−ジメチルアミノピリジン(26.5mg、2.60mmol)、4,4’−ジメトキシトリチルクロリド(880mg、2.60mmol)を混合物に加え、そして出発物質の全てがなくなるまで反応混合物を室温で攪拌した。ピリジンを真空下で除き、そして残留物をクロマトグラフィーにかけ、そしてCH2Cl2中10%のMeOH(数滴のピリジンを含有する)で溶出して5’−O−DMT−2’−O−(ジメチルアミノオキシエチル)−5−メチルウリジン(1.13g、80%)を得た。
5’−O−DMT−2’−O−(ジメチルアミノオキシエチル)−5−メチルウリジン(1.08g、1.67mmol)をトルエン(20mL)で共蒸着した。残留物にN,N−ジイソプロピルアミンテトラゾニド(0.29g、1.67mmol)を加え、そしてP2O5上で高真空下で40℃で一晩乾燥させた。次に反応混合物を無水アセトニトリル(8.4mL)に溶解し、そして2−シアノエチル−N,N,N1,N1−テトライソプロピルホスホルアミダイト(2.12mL、6.08mmol)を加えた。反応混合物を不活性雰囲気下で周囲温度で4時間攪拌した。反応の進行をTLC(ヘキサン:酢酸エチル 1:1)によりモニターした。溶媒を蒸発させ、次に残留物を酢酸エチル(70mL)に溶解し、そして5%水性NaHCO3(40mL)で洗浄した。酢酸エチル層を無水Na2SO4上で乾燥させ、そして濃縮した。得られる残留物をクロマトグラフィー(溶離剤として酢酸エチル)にかけて5’−O−DMT−2’−O−(2−N,N−ジメチルアミノオキシエチル)−5−メチルウリジン−3’−[(2−シアノエチル)−N,N−ジイソプロピルホスホルアミダイト]を泡状物(1.04g、74.9%)として得た。
2’−(アミノオキシエトキシ)ヌクレオシドアミダイト[当該技術分野において2’−O−(アミノオキシエチル)ヌクレオシドアミダイトとしても既知である]を以下の段落に記述するように製造する。アデノシン、シチジンおよびチミジンヌクレオシドアミダイトを同様に製造する。
2’−O−アミノオキシエチルグアノシン類似体は、ジアミノプリンリボシドの選択的2’−O−アルキル化により得ることができる。ジアミノプリンリボシドの数グラム量をSchering AG(Berlin)から購入して微量の3’−O−異性体と一緒に2’−O−(2−エチルアセチル)ジアミノプリンリボシドを提供することができる。2’−O−(2−エチルアセチル)ジアミノプリンリボシドを分割しそしてアデノシンデアミナーゼでの処理により2’−O−(2−エチルアセチル)グアノシンに転化することができる。(McGee,D.P.C.,Cook,P.D.,Guinosso,C.J.,WO 94/02501 A1 940203.)標準的な保護方法は、2’−O−(2−エチルアセチル)−5’−O−(4,4’−ジメトキシトリチル)グアノシンおよび2−N−イソブチリル−6−O−ジフェニルカルバモイル−2’−O−(2−エチルアセチル)−5’−O−(4,4’−ジメトキシトリチル)グアノシンを与えるはずであり、これを還元して2−N−イソブチリル−6−O−ジフェニルカルバモイル−2’−O−(2−ヒドロキシエチル)−5’−O−(4,4’−ジメトキシトリチル)グアノシンを提供することができる。従来どおりヒドロキシル基をミツノブ反応によってN−ヒドロキシフタルイミドで置換することができ、そして保護されたヌクレオシドを従来のようにホスフィチル化して(phosphitylated)2−N−イソブチル−6−O−ジフェニルカルバモイル−2’−O−([2−フタルミドキシ]エチル)−5’−O−(4,4’−ジメトキシトリチル)グアノシン−3’−[(2−シアノエチル)−N,N−ジイソプロピルホスホルアミダイト]を生成せしめることができる。
2’−ジメチルアミノエトキシエトキシ(2’−DMAEOE)ヌクレオシドアミダイト
2’−ジメチルアミノエトキシエトキシヌクレオシドアミダイト[当該技術分野において2’−O−ジメチルアミノエトキシエチル、すなわち、2’−O−CH2−O−CH2−N(CH2)2もしくは2’−DMAEOEヌクレオシドアミダイトとしても既知である]を以下のように製造する。他のヌクレオシドアミダイトを同様に製造する。
2’−O−[2(2−N,N−ジメチルアミノエトキシ)エチル]−5−メチルウリジン
2[2−(ジメチルアミノ)エトキシ]エタノール(Aldrich、6.66g、50mmol)を100mLのボンベにおいて攪拌しながらテトラヒドロフラン中のボランの溶液(1M、10mL、10mmol)にゆっくりと加える。固体が溶解するのに伴なって、水素気体が発生する。O2−,2’−アンヒドロ−5−メチルウリジン(1.2g、5mmol)および重炭酸ナトリウム(2.5mg)を加え、そしてボンベを密封し、油浴中に置き、そして155℃に26時間加熱する。ボンベを室温に冷却し、開ける。粗溶液を濃縮し、そして残留物を水(200mL)およびヘキサン(200mL)間で分配する。過剰のフェノールはヘキサン層に抽出される。水層を酢酸エチル(3x200mL)で抽出し、そして合わせた有機層を水で1回洗浄し、無水硫酸ナトリウム上で乾燥させ、そして濃縮する。残留物を溶離剤としてメタノール/塩化メチレン 1:20(これは2%のトリエチルアミンを有する)を用いてシリカゲル上でカラムにかける。カラム画分を濃縮するにつれて無色の固体が生じ、これを集めて表題化合物を白色の固体として生成せしめる。
無水ピリジン(8mL)中0.5g(1.3mmol)の2’−O−[2(2−N,N−ジメチルアミノエトキシ)エチル]−5−メチルウリジンに、トリエチルアミン(0.36mL)およびジメトキシトリチルクロリド(DMT−Cl、0.87g、2eq.)を加え、そして1時間攪拌する。反応混合物を水(200mL)に注ぎ込み、そしてCH2Cl2(2x200mL)で抽出する。合わせたCH2Cl2層を飽和したNaHCO3溶液、続いて飽和したNaCl溶液で洗浄し、そして無水硫酸ナトリウム上で乾燥させる。溶媒を蒸発させ、続いてMeOH:CH2Cl2:Et3N(20:1.v/v、1%トリエチルアミンを有する)を用いてシリカゲルクロマトグラフィーにかけて表題化合物を生成せしめる。
ジイソプロピルアミノテトラゾリド(0.6g)および2−シアノエトキシ−N,N−ジイソプロピルホスホルアミダイト(1.1mL、2eq.)をアルゴンの雰囲気下でCH2Cl2(20mL)に溶解した5’−O−ジメトキシトリチル−2’−O−[2(2−N,N−ジメチルアミノエトキシ)エチル]−5−メチルウリジン(2.17g、3mmol)の溶液に加える。反応混合物を一晩攪拌し、そして溶媒を蒸発させる。得られる残留物を溶離剤として酢酸エチルを用いてシリカゲルフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製して表題化合物を生成せしめる。
実施例2
オリゴヌクレオチド合成
置換されていないおよび置換されたホスホジエステル(P=O)オリゴヌクレオチドは、ヨウ素による酸化で標準的なホスホルアミダイト化学を用いて自動DNA合成装置(Applied Biosystemsモデル380B)で合成する。
実施例3
オリゴヌクレオシド合成
MMI結合オリゴヌクレオシドとも同定されるメチレンメチルイミノ結合オリゴヌクレオシド、MDH結合オリゴヌクレオシドとも同定されるメチレンジメチルヒドラゾ結合オリゴヌクレオシド、およびアミド−3結合オリゴヌクレオシドとも同定されるメチレンカルボニルアミノ結合オリゴヌクレオシド、およびアミド−4結合オリゴヌクレオシドとも同定されるメチレンアミノカルボニル結合オリゴヌクレオシド、ならびに例えば交互のMMIおよびP=OもしくはP=S結合を有する混合バックボーン化合物は、米国特許5,378,825、5,386,023、5,489,677、5,602,240および5,610,289に記述されているように製造し、これらの全ては引用することにより本明細書に組み込まれる。
実施例4
PNA合成
ペプチド核酸(PNA)は、Peptide Nucleic Acids(PNA):Synthesis,Properties and Potential Applications,Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry,1996,4,5−23において引用される様々な方法のいずれかに従って製造する。これらはまた、引用することにより本明細書に組み込まれる米国特許5,539,082、5,700,922および5,719,262に従って製造することもできる。
実施例5
キメラオリゴヌクレオチドの合成
本発明のキメラオリゴヌクレオチド、オリゴヌクレオシドもしくは混合オリゴヌクレオチド/オリゴヌクレオシドは、いくつかの異なるタイプであることができる。これらには、結合ヌクレオシドの「ギャップ」セグメントが、結合ヌクレオシドの5’および3’「ウィング」セグメントの間に位置する第一のタイプ、ならびに「ギャップ」セグメントが、オリゴマー化合物の3’もしくは5’末端のいずれかに位置する第二の「オープンエンド」タイプが包含される。第一のタイプのオリゴヌクレオチドはまた、当該技術分野において「ギャップマー」もしくはギャップドオリゴヌクレオチドとしても既知である。第二のタイプのオリゴヌクレオチドはまた、当該技術分野において「ヘミマー」もしくは「ウィングマー」としても既知である。
2’−O−アルキルホスホロチオエートおよび2’−デオキシホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチドセグメントを有するキメラオリゴヌクレオチドを、上記のように、Applied Biosystems自動DNA合成装置モデル380Bを用いて合成する。オリゴヌクレオチドは、自動合成装置ならびにDNA部分には2’−デオキシ−5’−ジメトキシトリチル−3’−O−ホスホルアミダイトそして5’および3’ウィングには5’−ジメトキシトリチル−2’−O−メチル−3’−O−ホスホルアミダイトを用いて合成する。テトラゾールおよび塩基の送達後の待ち工程をRNAでは4回そして2’−O−メチルでは2回繰り返す600秒に増やすことにより標準合成サイクルを改変する。完全に保護されたオリゴヌクレオチドを支持体から切断し、そしてリン酸基を3:1のアンモニア/エタノールにおいて室温で一晩脱保護し、次に凍結乾固する。次に、全ての塩基を脱保護するためにメタノール性アンモニアにおける室温で24時間の処理を行い、そしてサンプルを再び凍結乾固した。2’位を脱保護するためにペレットをTHF中1MのTBAFに室温で24時間再懸濁する。次に反応を1M TEAAでクエンチし、そして次にサンプルをrotovacにより1/2容量に減らし、その後にG25サイズ排除カラム上で脱塩する。回収されるオリゴを次にキャピラリー電気泳動によりそして質量分析により収率に関してそして純度に関して分光光度法で分析する。
[2’−O−(2−メトキシエチル)]−−[2’−デオキシ]−−[2’−O−(メトキシエチル)]キメラホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチド
[2’−O−(2−メトキシエチル)]−−[2’−デオキシ]−−[2’−O−(メトキシエチル)]キメラホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチドは、2’−O−メチルアミダイトの代わりに2’−O−(メトキシエチル)アミダイトを用いて、2’−O−メチルキメラオリゴヌクレオチドの上記の方法のように製造した。
[2’−O−(2−メトキシエチル)ホスホジエステル]−−[2’−デオキシホスホロチオエート]−−[2’−O−(2−メトキシエチル)ホスホジエステル]キメラオリゴヌクレオチドは、2’−O−メチルアミダイトの代わりに2’−O−(メトキシエチル)アミダイトを用い、キメラ構造のウィング部分内のホスホジエステルヌクレオチド間結合を生成せしめるためにヨウ素で酸化し、そして中央ギャップのホスホロチオエートヌクレオチド間結合を生成せしめるために3,H−1,2ベンゾジチオール−3−オン1,1ジオキシド(Beaucage試薬)を利用して硫化し、2’−O−メチルキメラオリゴヌクレオチドの上記の方法のように製造する。
実施例6
オリゴヌクレオチド単離
制御細孔(controlled pore)ガラスカラム(Applied Biosystems)からの切断および55℃で18時間にわたる濃水酸化アンモニウムにおける脱保護の後に、オリゴヌクレオチドもしくはオリゴヌクレオシドを2.5容量のエタノールで0.5M NaClから2回沈殿させることにより精製する。合成されたオリゴヌクレオチドを変性ゲル上でポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動により分析し、そして少なくとも85%が全長物質であると判断した。合成において得られるホスホロチオエートおよびホスホジエステル結合の相対量は、31P核磁気共鳴分光法により定期的に調べ、そしていくつかの研究にはChiang et al.,J.Biol.Chem.1991,266,18162−18171によって記述されているようにオリゴヌクレオチドをHPLCで精製した。HPLCで精製した物質で得られる結果は、HPLCで精製していない物質で得られるものと同様であった。
実施例7
オリゴヌクレオチド合成−96ウェルプレート形式
オリゴヌクレオチドを標準的な96ウェル形式で96の配列を同時に組み立てることができる自動合成装置で固相P(III)ホスホルアミダイト化学によって合成した。ホスホジエステルヌクレオチド間結合は、水性ヨウ素での酸化によって生成せしめた。ホスホロチオエートヌクレオチド間結合は、無水アセトニトリル中の3,H−1,2ベンゾジチオール−3−オン1,1ジオキシド(Beaucage試薬)を利用して硫化により生成せしめた。標準的な塩基保護されたベータ−シアノエチルジイソプロピルホスホルアミダイトは、商業的製造供給元(例えば、PE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CAもしくはPharmacia,Piscataway,NJ)から購入した。非標準的なヌクレオシドは、既知の文献もしくは特許を得た方法のように合成する。これらは、塩基保護されたベータ−シアノエチルジイソプロピルホスホルアミダイトとして利用する。
実施例8
オリゴヌクレオチド分析−96ウェルプレート形式
各ウェルにおけるオリゴヌクレオチドの濃度は、サンプルの希釈およびUV吸収分光法により評価した。個々の生成物の全長完全性は、96ウェル形式(Beckman P/ACETM MDQ)におけるか、もしくは個々に製造したサンプルでは、市販のCE装置(例えば、Beckman P/ACETM 5000,ABI 270)上のいずれかでキャピラリー電気泳動(CE)により評価した。塩基およびバックボーン組成は、電気スプレー−質量分析を利用する化合物の質量分析により確かめた。全てのアッセイ試験プレートは、単一および複数チャンネルロボットピペッターを用いてマスタープレートから希釈した。プレートは、プレート上の化合物の少なくとも85%が少なくとも85%全長であった場合に許容しうると判断した。
実施例9
細胞培養およびオリゴヌクレオチド処理
標的核酸発現へのアンチセンス化合物の効果は、標的核酸が測定可能なレベルで存在するならば様々な細胞タイプのいずれにおいても試験することができる。これは、例えば、PCRもしくはノーザンブロット分析を用いて日常的に決定することができる。以下の4つの細胞タイプは実例目的のために提供するが、選択する細胞タイプにおいて標的が発現されるならば他の細胞タイプを日常的に用いることができる。これは、当該技術分野において日常的な方法、例えば、ノーザンブロット分析、リボヌクレアーゼ保護アッセイ、もしくはRT−PCRにより容易に決定することができる。
T−24細胞:
ヒト移行上皮膀胱癌細胞系T−24は、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC)(Manassas,VA)から入手した。T−24細胞は、10%ウシ胎仔血清(Gibco/Life Technologies,Gaithersburg,MD)、ペニシリン100ユニット/mL、およびストレプトマイシン100μg/mL(Gibco/Life Technologies,Gaithersburg,MD)を補足した完全マッコイ5A基本培地(Gibco/Life Technologies,Gaithersburg,MD)において通常通りに培養した。細胞は、それらが90%の飽和密度(confluence)に達するとトリプシン処理および希釈により通常通りに継代した。RT−PCR分析における使用には、細胞を7000細胞/ウェルの密度で96ウェルプレート(Falcon−Primaria #3872)に接種した。
A549細胞:
ヒト肺癌細胞系A549は、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC)(Manassas,VA)から入手した。A549細胞は、10%ウシ胎仔血清(Gibco/Life Technologies,Gaithersburg,MD)、ペニシリン100ユニット/mL、およびストレプトマイシン100μg/mL(Gibco/Life Technologies,Gaithersburg,MD)を補足したDMEM基本培地(Gibco/Life Technologies,Gaithersburg,MD)において通常通りに培養した。細胞は、それらが90%の飽和密度に達するとトリプシン処理および希釈により通常通りに継代した。
NHDF細胞:
ヒト新生児皮膚繊維芽細胞(NHDF)は、Clonetics Corporation(Walkersville MD)から入手した。NHDFは、供給業者によって推奨されるように補足した繊維芽細胞増殖培地(Clonetics Corporation、Walkersville MD)において通常通りに維持した。細胞は、供給業者によって推奨されるように10継代までの間維持した。
HEK細胞:
ヒト胎児角質細胞(HEK)は、Clonetics Corporation(Walkersville MD)から入手した。HEKは、供給業者によって推奨されるように調合した角質細胞増殖培地(Clonetics Corporation、Walkersville MD)において通常通りに維持した。細胞は、供給業者によって推奨されるように10継代までの間維持した。
HepB3細胞:
HepB3:
ヒト肝臓癌細胞系HepB3(Hep3B2.1−7)は、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC−ATCCカタログ#HB−8064)(Manassas,VA)から入手した。この細胞系は、8歳の黒人男性の肝細胞癌から最初に得られた。細胞は形態が上皮性であり、そしてヌードマウスにおいて発癌性である。これらの細胞は、Lozanski,et al.,(Cytokine,vol.8,1996:pp.534−540)によって記述されているプロトコルに従って、1μMのデキサメタゾン(Sigma−カタログ#D2915 St.Louis,MO)、400U/mlのIL1B(Sigma−カタログ#I9401)および200U/mlのIL6(Simga−カタログ#I139)を含有する培地の添加によりCRPを生産するように誘導することができる。HepB3細胞は、10%熱不活性化ウシ胎仔血清(Gibco/Life Technologies,Gaithersburg,MD)を補足した、Earles平衡塩溶液、2mM L−グルタミン、1.5g/L重炭酸ナトリウム、0.1mM非必須アミノ酸、1.0mMピルビン酸ナトリウムを有する最小必須培地(MEM)(ATCC−ATCCカタログ#20−2003(Manassas,VA)において通常通りに培養した。細胞は、それらが90%の飽和密度に達するとトリプシン処理および希釈により通常通りに継代した。
アンチセンス化合物での処理:
細胞が90%の飽和密度に達すると、それらをオリゴヌクレオチドで処理した。96ウェルプレートにおいて増やした細胞では、ウェルを200μLのOPTI−MEMTM−1血清使用量低減培地(reduced−serum medium)(Gibco BRL)で1回洗浄し、そして次に3.75μg/mLのLIPOFECTINTM(Gibco BRL)および所望の濃度のオリゴヌクレオチドを含有する130μLのOPTI−MEMTM−1で処理した。4−7時間の処理の後、培地を新しい培地で置き換えた。オリゴヌクレオチド処理の16−24時間後に細胞を採取した。
実施例10
C反応性タンパク質発現のオリゴヌクレオチド阻害の分析
C反応性タンパク質発現のアンチセンス調節は、当該技術分野において既知である様々な方法においてアッセイすることができる。例えば、C反応性タンパク質mRNAレベルは、例えば、ノーザンブロット分析、競合的ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)もしくはリアルタイムPCR(RT−PCR)により定量することができる。リアルタイム定量的PCRが、現在、好ましい。RNA分析は、全細胞RNAもしくはポリ(A)+ mRNAに行うことができる。RNA単離の方法は、例えば、Ausubel,F.M.et al.,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Volume 1,pp.4.1.1−4.2.9および4.5.1−4.5.3,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1993に教示されている。ノーザンブロット分析は当該技術分野において日常的であり、そして例えば、Ausubel,F.M.et al.,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Volume 1,pp.4.2.1−4.2.9,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1996に教示されている。リアルタイム定量的(PCR)は、PE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CAから入手可能でありそして製造業者の説明書に従って使用する、市販されているABI PRISMTM 7700配列検出システムを用いて都合よく成し遂げることができる。
実施例11
ポリ(A)+ mRNA単離
ポリ(A)+ mRNAは、Miura et al.,Clin.Chem.,1996,42,1758−1764に従って単離した。ポリ(A)+ mRNA単離の他の方法は、例えば、Ausubel,F.M.et al.,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Volume 1,pp.4.5.1−4.5.3,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1993に教示されている。簡潔に言えば、96ウェルプレート上で増やした細胞では、増殖培地を細胞から取り除き、そして各ウェルを200μLの冷えたPBSで洗浄した。60μLの溶解バッファー(10mM Tris−HCl,pH 7.6,1mM EDTA,0.5M NaCl,0.5% NP−40,20mMバナジル−リボヌクレオシド複合体)を各ウェルに加え、プレートを穏やかに攪拌し、そして次に室温で5分間インキュベーションした。55μLのライセートをオリゴd(T)被覆96ウェルプレート(AGCT Inc.,Irvine CA)に移した。プレートを室温で60分間インキュベーションし、200μLの洗浄バッファー(10mM Tris−HCl pH 7.6,1mM EDTA,0.3M NaCl)で3回洗浄した。最後の洗浄の後、過剰の洗浄バッファーを除くためにプレートをペーパータオル上でふき取り、そして次に5分間風乾させた。70℃に予熱した60μLの溶出バッファー(5mM Tris−HCl pH 7.6)を各ウェルに加え、プレートを90℃のホットプレート上で5分間インキュベーションし、そして次に溶出液を新しい96ウェルプレートに移した。
実施例12
全RNA単離
全RNAは、Qiagen Inc.(Valencia CA)から購入したRNEASY 96TMキットおよびバッファーを用いて製造業者の推奨する方法に従って単離した。簡潔に言えば、96ウェルプレート上で増やした細胞では、増殖培地を細胞から取り除き、そして各ウェルを200μLの冷えたPBSで洗浄した。100μLのバッファーRLTを各ウェルに加え、そしてプレートを激しく20秒間攪拌した。次に100μLの70%エタノールを各ウェルに加え、そして上下に3回ピペッティングすることにより中身を混合した。次に、廃棄物収集トレーを備えそして真空源に接続したQIAVACTMマニホールドに取り付けたRNEASY 96TMウェルプレートにサンプルを移した。真空を15秒間かけた。1mLのバッファーRW1をRNEASY 96TMプレートの各ウェルに加え、そして真空を再び15秒間かけた。次に、1mLのバッファーRPEをRNEASY 96TMプレートの各ウェルに加え、そして真空を15秒の期間にわたってかけた。次に、バッファーRPE洗浄を繰り返し、そして真空をさらに10分間かけた。次に、プレートをQIAVACTMマニホールドから取り除き、そしてペーパータオル上でふき取って乾燥させた。次に、1.2mLの収集チューブを含有する収集チューブラックを備えたQIAVACTMマニホールドにプレートを再び取り付けた。次に、60μLの水を各ウェルにピペッティングし、1分インキュベーションし、そして次に真空を30秒間かけることによりRNAを溶出した。溶出工程をさらに60μLの水で繰り返した。
実施例13
C反応性タンパク質mRNAレベルのリアルタイム定量的PCR分析
C反応性タンパク質mRNAレベルの定量は、ABI PRISMTM 7700配列検出システム(PE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)を用いて製造業者の説明書に従ってリアルタイム定量的PCRにより決定した。これは、リアルタイムでポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)生成物の高処理量定量を可能にする閉管のゲルに基づかない蛍光検出システムである。PCRを完了した後に増幅生成物を定量する標準的なPCRと対照的に、リアルタイム定量的PCRにおける生成物はそれらが蓄積するにつれて定量される。これは、フォワードおよびリバースPCRプライマー間で特異的にアニールしそして2種の蛍光色素を含有するオリゴヌクレオチドプローブをPCR反応に含むことにより成し遂げられる。レポーター色素(例えばJOE、FAMもしくはVIC、Operon Technologies Inc.,Alameda,CAもしくはPE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CAのいずれかから入手する)をプローブの5’末端に取り付け、そしてクエンチャー色素(例えばTAMRA、Operon Technologies Inc.,Alameda,CAもしくはPE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CAのいずれかから入手する)をプローブの3’末端に取り付ける。プローブおよび色素がそのままである場合、レポーター色素発光は3’クエンチャー色素の近接によって抑えられる。増幅中に、標的配列へのプローブのアニーリングによって、Taqポリメラーゼの5’エキソヌクレアーゼ活性により切断することができる基質が作り出される。PCR増幅サイクルの伸長段階中に、Taqポリメラーゼによるプローブの切断によってプローブの残りから(従ってクエンチャー成分から)レポーター色素が遊離され、そして配列特異的蛍光シグナルが生成される。各サイクルごとに、追加のレポーター色素分子がそれらのそれぞれのプローブから切断され、そしてABI PRISMTM 7700配列検出システムに組み込まれているレーザー光学により蛍光強度が一定の間隔でモニターされる。各アッセイにおいて、未処理のコントロールサンプルからのmRNAの連続希釈物を含有する一連の並行反応により、試験サンプルのアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド処理後のパーセント阻害を定量するために用いる標準曲線を作製する。
フォワードプライマー:GCTTCCCCTCTTCCCGAA(配列番号:4)
リバースプライマー:TGCGCCACTATGTAAATAATTTTCC(配列番号:5)であり、そしてPCRプローブは:FAM−TCTGACACCTGCCCCAACAAGCAATG−TAMRA(配列番号:6)であり、ここで、FAM(PE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)は蛍光レポーター色素であり、そしてTAMRA(PE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)はクエンチャー色素である。ヒトGAPDHでは、PCRプライマーは:
フォワードプライマー:GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC(配列番号:7)
リバースプライマー:GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC(配列番号:8)であり、そしてPCRプローブは:5’JOE−CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC−TAMRA 3’(配列番号:9)であり、ここで、JOE(PE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)は蛍光レポーター色素であり、そしてTAMRA(PE−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)はクエンチャー色素である。
実施例14
C反応性タンパク質mRNAレベルのノーザンブロット分析
アンチセンス処理の18時間後に、細胞単層を冷えたPBSで2回洗浄し、そして1mLのRNAZOLTM(TEL−TEST「B」Inc.,Friendswood,TX)において溶解した。全RNAを製造業者の推奨するプロトコルに従って調製した。MOPSバッファー系(AMRESCO,Inc.Solon,OH)を用いて1.1%ホルムアルデヒドを含有する1.2%アガロースゲルを通した電気泳動により20マイクログラムの全RNAを分画した。RNAをゲルからHYBONDTM−N+ナイロン膜(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,Piscataway,NJ)にノーザン/サザントランスファーバッファー系(TEL−TEST「B」Inc.,Friendswood,TX)を用いて一晩の毛管移動により移した。RNA移動は、UV視覚化により確かめた。STRATALINKERTM UV架橋剤2400(Stratagene,Inc,La Jolla,CA)を用いてUV架橋により膜を固定し、そして次にストリンジェントな条件についての製造業者の推奨を用いてQUICKHYBTMハイブリダイゼーション溶液(Stratagene,La Jolla,CA)を用いて覆った。
実施例15
2’−MOEウィングおよびデオキシギャップを有するキメラホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチドによるヒトC反応性タンパク質発現のアンチセンス阻害
本発明に従って、公開された配列(配列番号:3として本明細書に組み込まれる、GenBank受託番号M11725)を用いて、ヒトC反応性タンパク質RNAの異なる領域を標的とするように一連のオリゴヌクレオチドを設計した。これらのオリゴヌクレオチドを表1に示す。「標的部位」は、オリゴヌクレオチドが結合する特定の標的配列上の第一の(最も5’の)ヌクレオチド番号を示す。表1における全ての化合物は、5個のヌクレオチドの「ウィング」が両側(5’および3’方向)に隣接する、10個の2’−デオキシヌクレオチドからなる中央の「ギャップ」領域からなる長さで20ヌクレオチドのキメラオリゴヌクレオチド(「ギャップマー」)である。ウィングは、2’−メトキシエチル(2’−MOE)ヌクレオチドからなる。ヌクレオシド間(バックボーン)結合は、オリゴヌクレオチドの全体にわたってホスホロチオエート(P=S)である。全てのシチジン残基は5−メチルシチジンである。化合物を本明細書の他の実施例に記述されているようにサイトカイン刺激後のHep3B細胞におけるヒトC反応性タンパク質mRNAレベルへのそれらの効果に関して試験し、そして定量的リアルタイムPCRにより分析した。データは2回の実験からの平均であり、そしてサイトカインで誘導したコントロールのパーセント阻害として表す。もしあるならば、「N.D.」は「データなし」を示す。
実施例16
2’−MOEウィングおよびデオキシギャップを有するキメラホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチドによるヒトC反応性タンパク質発現のアンチセンス阻害−用量応答研究
本発明のさらなる態様として、5個のオリゴヌクレオチドをさらなる用量応答研究のために選択した。サイトカインで誘導したHep3B細胞を50、100および150nMのISIS 133712、133719、133726、140180および140177で処理し、そして実施例15に記述するようにオリゴヌクレオチド処理後24時間でmRNAレベルを測定した。
実施例17
C反応性タンパク質タンパク質レベルのウェスタンブロット分析
ウェスタンブロット分析(免疫ブロット分析)は、標準的方法を用いて実施する。オリゴヌクレオチド処理の16−20時間後に細胞を採取し、PBSで洗浄し、Laemmliバッファー(100μl/ウェル)に懸濁し、5分間沸騰させ、そして16% SDS−PAGEゲル上に載せる。ゲルを150Vで1.5時間泳動し、そしてウェスタンブロッティングのために膜に移す。C反応性タンパク質に対する適切な一次抗体を、一次抗体種に対する放射性標識したもしくは蛍光標識した二次抗体と共に用いる。PHOSPHORIMAGERTM(Molecular Dynamics,Sunnyvale CA)を用いてバンドを視覚化する。
Claims (20)
- C反応性タンパク質をコードする核酸分子を標的とする長さで8〜50核酸塩基の化合物であって、C反応性タンパク質をコードする該核酸分子と特異的にハイブリダイズしそしてC反応性タンパク質の発現を阻害する化合物。
- アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドである請求項1の化合物。
- アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドが配列番号:10、11、12、13、14、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、27、28、30、31、32、34、40、42、44、46、47、48、50、54、56、57、59、60、61もしくは62を含んでなる配列を有する請求項2の化合物。
- アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドが配列番号:13、27もしくは47を含んでなる配列を有する請求項3の化合物。
- アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドが少なくとも一つの改変されたヌクレオシド間結合を含んでなる請求項2の化合物。
- 改変されたヌクレオシド間結合がホスホロチオエート結合である請求項5の化合物。
- アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドが少なくとも一つの改変された糖部分を含んでなる請求項2の化合物。
- 改変された糖部分が2’−O−メトキシエチル糖部分である請求項7の化合物。
- アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドが少なくとも一つの改変された核酸塩基を含んでなる請求項2の化合物。
- 改変された核酸塩基が5−メチルシトシンである請求項9の化合物。
- アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドがキメラオリゴヌクレオチドである請求項2の化合物。
- C反応性タンパク質をコードする核酸分子上の活性部位の少なくとも8核酸塩基部分と特異的にハイブリダイズする長さで8〜50核酸塩基の化合物。
- 請求項1の化合物および製薬学的に許容しうる担体もしくは希釈剤を含んでなる組成物。
- コロイド分散系をさらに含んでなる請求項13の組成物。
- 化合物がアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドである請求項13の組成物。
- C反応性タンパク質の発現が阻害されるように請求項1の化合物と細胞もしくは組織を接触させることを含んでなる細胞もしくは組織におけるC反応性タンパク質の発現を阻害する方法。
- C反応性タンパク質の発現が阻害されるように請求項1の化合物の治療的にもしくは予防的に有効な量を動物に投与することを含んでなるC反応性タンパク質と関連する疾病もしくは症状を有する動物を処置する方法。
- 疾病もしくは症状が心臓血管疾患である請求項17の方法。
- 心臓血管疾患が不安定狭心症である請求項18の方法。
- 心臓血管疾患が心筋梗塞である請求項18の方法。
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- 2002-07-15 US US10/483,424 patent/US7326693B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-15 AU AU2002313682A patent/AU2002313682C1/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-07-15 EP EP02753388.4A patent/EP1409509B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2005
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2009
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- 2009-01-23 AU AU2009200252A patent/AU2009200252B2/en not_active Ceased
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US7326693B2 (en) | 2008-02-05 |
US20090275133A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
CA2454791A1 (en) | 2003-02-06 |
AU2009200252A1 (en) | 2009-02-12 |
US20120077866A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
US20060024727A1 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
US20030083280A1 (en) | 2003-05-01 |
US7915231B2 (en) | 2011-03-29 |
EP1409509B1 (en) | 2013-06-05 |
US20040241844A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
JP2014057598A (ja) | 2014-04-03 |
EP1409509A2 (en) | 2004-04-21 |
US6964950B2 (en) | 2005-11-15 |
JP5501202B2 (ja) | 2014-05-21 |
US8710023B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 |
AU2002313682B2 (en) | 2008-10-30 |
US7491815B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 |
US20110117646A1 (en) | 2011-05-19 |
WO2003010284A3 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
AU2002313682C1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
WO2003010284A2 (en) | 2003-02-06 |
EP1409509A4 (en) | 2005-05-04 |
AU2009200252B2 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
US8093224B2 (en) | 2012-01-10 |
JP2011087588A (ja) | 2011-05-06 |
EP2280019A1 (en) | 2011-02-02 |
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