HRP20030419A2 - Combination of gaba agonists and aldose reductase inhibitors - Google Patents
Combination of gaba agonists and aldose reductase inhibitors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- HRP20030419A2 HRP20030419A2 HR20030419A HRP20030419A HRP20030419A2 HR P20030419 A2 HRP20030419 A2 HR P20030419A2 HR 20030419 A HR20030419 A HR 20030419A HR P20030419 A HRP20030419 A HR P20030419A HR P20030419 A2 HRP20030419 A2 HR P20030419A2
- Authority
- HR
- Croatia
- Prior art keywords
- prodrug
- gaba
- agonist
- pharmaceutically acceptable
- acceptable salt
- Prior art date
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Description
Ovaj izum se odnosi na farmaceutske kombinacije agonista γ-aminomaslačne kiseline (gamma-aminobutyric kiselina, GABA), njegovog predlijeka ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka, s inhibitorom aldoza-reduktaze (aldose reductase inhibitor, ARI), njegovim predlijekom ili farmaceutski prihvatljivom solju navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka, komplete koji sadrže takve kombinacije, kao i na postupke upotrebe takvih kombinacija u liječenju sisavaca, uključujući ljude, koji pate od dijabetičnih komplikacija, poput, između ostalog, dijabetične neuropatije, dijabetične nefropatije, dijabetične kardiomiopatije, dijabetične retinopatije, dijabetične mikroangiopatije, dijabetične makroangiopatije, sive mrene ili ulkusa na stopalima. Ovaj izum također se odnosi na aditivne i sinergističke kombinacije GABA-agonista, njegovog predlijeka ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka, s ARI-jem, njegovim predlijekom ili farmaceutski prihvatljivom solju navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka, gdje su te aditivne i sinergističke kombinacije korisne u liječenju sisavaca, uključujući ljude, koji pate od dijabetičnih komplikacija, poput, između ostalog, dijabetične neuropatije, dijabetične nefropatije, dijabetične kardiomiopatije, dijabetične retinopatije, dijabetične mikroangiopatije, dijabetične makroangiopatije, sive mrene ili ulkusa na stopalima.
Pozadina izuma
GABA je glavni inhibicijski neurotransmiter u središnjem živčanom sustavu sisavaca. Njeni receptori dijele se u dva glavna tipa. Istaknutiji podtip GABA-receptora, odnosno GABAA-receptor, je ligandno-ovisni Cl– ionski kanal koji se otvara nakon otpuštanja GABA-e iz presinaptičkih neurona. Drugi receptor, odnosno GABAB-receptor, član je porodice receptora vezanih na G-proteine, u sprezi kako s biokemijskim putovima, tako i s regulacijom ionskih kanala. (Goodman i Gilman: "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, 9. izdanje, (1996.).
Omogućavanjem ulaska negativnih kloridnih (Cl–) iona u unutrašnjost stanica GABA inhibira otpuštanje neurotransmitera iz presinaptičkog završetka uzrokovano impulsom pozitivno polariziranog napona. Takva inhibicija je krajnje uobičajena: GABA-receptore može se naći kod 60-80 % neurona u središnjem živčanom sustavu. Podtipove GABA-receptora može aktivirati mikotoksin muscimol (na GABAA), kao i spazmolitička aminokiselina baklofen (na GABAB). Ti spojevi izravno oponašaju djelovanje GABA-e na receptoru. Do alosteričke facilitacije GABA-receptora dolazi na nekoliko različitih mjesta; spojeve koji se tamo vežu upotrebljava se kao sedative i anksiolitike. Progabid je predlijek koji se razgrađuje do GABA-e nakon prolaska kroz krvno-moždanu barijeru u središnji živčani sustav. Vigabatrin (γ-vinil-GABA) potiče vezanje GABA-e inhibicijom GABA-aminotransferaze (GABA-T), enzima odgovornog za razgradnju GABA-e u sinapsi.
GABA-agonisti koji su dobro poznati u ovom području tehnike uključuju muscimol, progabid, riluzol, baklofen, gabapentin (Neurontin®), vigabatrin, valproičnu kiselinu, tiagabin (Gabitril®), lamotrigin (Lamictal®), pregabalin, fenitoin (Dilantin®), karbamazepin (Tegretol®), topiramat (Topamax®), kao i analoge, derivate, predlijekove i farmaceutski prihvatljive soli tih GABA-agonista. Stručnjaci u ovom području tehnike prepoznat će u svjetlu ovog otkrića da su u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu također korisni i drugi GABA-agonisti. Otkriveno je da su GABA-agonisti korisni u antikonvulzivnoj terapiji poremećaja središnjeg živčanog sustava, poput epilepsije, Huntingtonove koreje, cerebralne ishemije, Parkinsonove bolesti, tardivne diskinezije i spastičnosti. Također je otkriveno da su GABA-agonisti korisni kao antidepresivi, anksiolitici i antipsihotici. Nadalje, otkriveno je da su GABA-agonisti korisni u liječenju boli.
Djelovanje inhibitora aldoza-reduktaze inhibicijom aktivnosti enzima aldoza-reduktaze, koji je, prije svega, odgovoran za regulaciju redukcije aldoza, poput glukoze i galaktoze, u odgovarajuće poliole, poput sorbitola i galaktitola, kod ljudi i druge životinja. Tako se sprječava ili ublažava nepoželjno nakupljanje galaktitola u lećama galaktozemičnih pojedinaca i sorbitola u leći, periferije kralježnične moždine i bubrezima različitih dijabetičara. Prema tome, inhibitori aldoza-reduktaze su od terapijske vrijednosti u kontroli izvjesnih dijabetičnih komplikacija, npr. dijabetične neuropatije, dijabetične nefropatije, dijabetične kardiomiopatije, infarkta miokarda, sive mrene i dijabetične retinopatije.
Bit izuma
Ovaj izum odnosi se na farmaceutske pripravke koji sadrže:
a) količinu GABA-agonista, njegovog predlijeka ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenog GABAagonista ili navedenog predlijek,
b) količinu ARI-ja, njegovog predlijeka ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka; i, izborno,
c) farmaceutski prihvatljivi vehikulum, podlogu ili razrjeđivač.
Ovaj izum također se odnosi na komplete za postizanje terapijskog učinka kod sisavca, koji sadrže:
a) količinu GABA-agonista, njegovog predlijeka ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenog GABAagonista ili navedenog predlijeka i farmaceutski prihvatljivi vehikulum, podlogu ili razrjeđivač u prvoj jedinici oblika doziranja,
b) količinu ARI-ja, njegovog predlijeka ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka i farmaceutski prihvatljivi vehikulum, podlogu ili razrjeđivač u drugoj jedinici oblika doziranja; i
c) spremnik.
Ovaj izum također se odnosi na postupke liječenja sisavca kojem je potrebno terapijsko liječenje, koji se sastoje u primjeni na navedenom sisavcu:
a) količine prvog spoja, gdje navedeni prvi spoj je GABA-agonist, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka; i
b) količine drugog spoja, gdje navedeni drugi spoj je ARI, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka;
pri čemu se svaki od navedenog prvog spoja i navedenog drugog spoja izborno i neovisno primjenjuje zajedno s farmaceutski prihvatljivi vehikulumom, podlogom ili razrjeđivačem.
Ovaj izum također se odnosi na postupke liječenja sisavca kojem je potrebno terapijsko liječenje, koji se sastoje u primjeni na navedenom sisavcu farmaceutskog pripravka koji sadrži:
a) količinu prvog spoja, gdje navedeni prvi spoj je GABA-agonist, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka; i
b) količinu drugog spoja, gdje navedeni drugi spoj je ARI, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka; i, izborno,
c) farmaceutski prihvatljivi vehikulum, podlogu ili razrjeđivač.
Postupci prema ovom izumu uključuju terapijsko liječenje dijabetičnih komplikacija. Dijabetične komplikacije, koje se može liječiti postupcima prema ovom izumu, uključuju, između ostalog, dijabetičnu neuropatiju, dijabetičnu nefropatiju, dijabetičnu kardiomiopatiju, dijabetičnu retinopatiju, dijabetičnu mikroangiopatiju, dijabetičnu makroangiopatiju, sivu mrenu i ulkuse na stopalima. Ljudi su osobito poželjni sisavci koje se liječi postupcima prema ovom izumu. ARI-ji poželjni za upotrebu u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu uključuju fidarestat, epalrestat, minalrestat, SPR-210, zenarastat ili zopolrestat, njihove predlijekove i farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenih ARI-ja i navedenih predlijekova. Osobito je poželjno da navedeni ARI je zopolrestat, njegov predlijek ili njegova farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol ili navedeni predlijek.
GABA-agonisti poželjni za upotrebu u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu uključuju: muscimol, progabid, riluzol, baklofen, gabapentin (Neurontin®), vigabatrin, valproičnu kiselinu, tiagabin (Gabitril®), lamotrigin (Lamictal®), pregabalin, fenitoin (Dilantin®), karbamazepin (Tegretol®), topiramat (Topamax®), njihove predlijekove i farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenih GABA-agonista i navedenih predlijekova.
GABA-agonisti poželjniji za upotrebu u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu uključuju gabapentin, tiagabin, lamotrigin, fenitoin, karbamazepin, topiramat, pregabalin, njihove predlijekove i farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenih GABA-agonista i navedenih predlijekova.
GABA-agonist osobito poželjan za upotrebu u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu je pregabalin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog pregabalina ili njegovog predlijeka.
Drugi GABA-agonist osobito poželjan za upotrebu u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu je gabapentin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog gabapentina ili njegovog predlijeka.
Detaljni opis izuma
Kombinacije prema ovom izumu sadrže dvije aktivne komponente: GABA-agonist, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljivu sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka, te ARI, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljivu sol navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka. Kombinacije prema ovom izumu izborno uključuju farmaceutski prihvatljivi vehikulum, podlogu ili razrjeđivač.
Prva komponenta kombinacija prema ovom izumu je GABA-agonist, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka.
Pojam "GABA", kada ga se upotrebljava u opisu i pridruženim patentnim zahtjevima, istoznačan je pojmu "γ-aminomaslačna kiselina". Ti pojmovi upotrebljava se međusobno zamjenjivo u cijelom opisu i pridruženim patentnim zahtjevima.
GABA-agonisti pogodni za upotrebu u ovoj specifikaciji uključuju, muscimol, progabid, riluzol, baklofen, gabapentin (Neurontin®), vigabatrin, valproičnu kiselinu, tiagabin (Gabitril®), lamotrigin (Lamictal®), pregabalin (također poznat kao (S)-izobutilgaba ili (S)-3-(aminometil)-5-metilheksanska kiselina), fenitoin (Dilantin®), karbamazepin (Tegretol®), topiramat (Topamax®), njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljivu sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka. Stručnjaci u ovom području tehnike prepoznat će, u svjetlu ovog otkrića, da su i drugi GABA-agonisti korisni u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu.
GABA-agoniste otkrivene u ovoj specifikaciji dobiva se postupcima dobro poznatim stručnjacima u ovom području tehnike. Slijedeći patenti i patentne prijave specifično iznose primjere GABA-agonista koje se može upotrijebiti u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu, i odnose se na postupke dobivanja tih GABA-agonista: US patent 3,242,190 (specifično muscimol); US patent 4,094,992 (specifično progabid); US patent 4,370,338 (specifično riluzol); US patent 3,471,548 (specifično baklofen); US patent 4,024,175 (specifično gabapentin); US patent 3,960,927 (specifično vigabatrin); US patent 5,010,090 (specifično tiagabin); US patent 4,602,017 (specifično lamotrigin); US patent 6,028,214 (specifično pregabalin); US patent 2,409,754 (specifično fenitoin) i US patent 4,513,006 (specifično topiramat). Valproičnu kiselinu dobiva se kao što je otkriveno u Carraz i suradnici: "Therapie", 20, 419, (1965.).
Strukture poželjnih GABA-agonista iznijete su u Shemi I, niže.
Shema I
[image]
Bilo koji ARI može se upotrijebiti kao jedan od aktivni sastojaka u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu.
Pojam inhibitor aldoza-reduktaze odnosi se na spoj koji inhibira biološku pretvorbu glukoze u sorbitol, koju katalizira enzim aldoza reduktaza. Stručnjaci u ovom području tehnike lako određuju takvu inhibiciju standardnim testovima (J. Malone: "Diabetes", 29: 861-864, (1980.): "Red Cell Sorbitol, Indicator of Diabetic Control"). Slijedeći patenti i patentne prijave iznose primjere inhibitora aldoza-reduktaze koje se može upotrijebiti u pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu, i odnose se na postupke dobivanja tih inhibitora aldoza-reduktaze: US patent 4,251,528; US patent 4,600,724; US patent 4,464,382, US patent 4, 791,126, US patent 4, 831, 045; US patent 4,734,419; 4,883,800; US patent 4,883,410; US patent 4,883,410; US patent 4,771,050; US 5,252,572; US patent 5,270,342; US 5,430,060; US patent 4,130,714; US patent 4,540,704; US patent 4, 438, 272; US patent 4,436,745, US patent 4,438,272; US patent 4,436,745, US patent 4,438,272; US patent 4,436,745, US patent 4,438,272; US patent 4,980,357; US patent 5,066,659; US patent 5,447,946; US patent 5, 037, 831.
Niz različitih inhibitora aldoza-reduktaze specifično je opisan i iznijet kao referenca, niže, međutim, stručnjacima u ovom području tehnike biti će poznati i drugi inhibitori aldoza-reduktaze. Pri tome se u zagradama navodi i uobičajena kemijska USAN imena ili druge oznake gdje je to primjenjivo, zajedno s referencom na odgovarajuću patentnu literaturu koja otkriva dani spoj.
Prema tome, primjeri inhibitora aldoza-reduktaze korisnih u pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu uključuju:
1. 3-(4-brom-2-fluorbenzil)-3,4-dihidro-4-okso-1-ftalazinoctenu kiselinu (ponalrestat, US 4,251,528);
2. N-[[(5-trifluormetil)-6-metoksi-1-naftalenil]tioksometil}-N-metilglicin (tolrestat, US 4,600,724);
3. 5-[(Z,E)-(3-metilcinamiliden]-4-okso-2-tiokso-3-tiazolidenoctenu kiselinu (epalrestat, US 4,464,382, US 4,791,126, US 4,831,045);
4. 3-(4-brom-2-fluorbenzil)-7-klor-3,4-dihidro-2,4-diokso-1(2H)-kinazolinoctenu kiselinu (zenarestat, US 4,734,419, i US 4,883,800);
5. 2R,4R-6,7-diklor-4-hidroksi-2-metilkroman-4-octenu kiselinu (US 4,883,410);
6. 2R,4R-6,7-diklor-6-fluor-4-hidroksi-2-metilkroman-4-octenu kiselinu (US 4,883,410);
7. 3,4-dihidro-2,8-diizopropil-3-okso-2H-1,4-benzoksazin-4-octenu kiselinu (US 4,771,050);
8. 3,4-dihidro-3-okso-4-[(4,5,7-trifluor-2-benzotiazolil)metil]-2H-1,4-benzotiazin-2-octenu kiselinu (SPR210, US 5,252,572);
9. N-[3,5-dimetil-4-[(nitrometil)sulfonil]fenil]-2-metilbenzenacetamid (ZD5522, US 5,270,342 i US 5,430,060);
10. (S)-6-fluorspiro[kroman-4,4'-imidazolidin]-2,5'-dion (sorbinil, US 4,130,714);
11. d-2-metil-6-fluorspiro(kroman-4',4'-imidazolidin)-2',5'-dion (US 4,540,704);
12. 2-fluorspiro(9H-fluoren-9,4'-imidazolidin)-2',5'-dion (US 4,438,272);
13. 2,7-di-fluorspiro(9H-fluoren-9,4'-imidazolidin)-2',5'-dion (US 4,436,745, US 4,438,272);
14. 2,7-di-fluor-5-metoksispiro(9H-fluoren-9,4'-imidazolidin)-2',5'dion (US 4,436,745, US 4,438,272);
15. 7-fluorspiro(5H-indeno[1,2-b]piridin-5,3'-pirolidin)-2,5'-dion (US 4,436,745, US 4,438,272);
16. d-cis-6'-klor-2',3'-dihidro-2'-metilspiro(imidazolidin-4,4'-4'H-pirano[2,3-b]piridin)-2,5-dion (US 4,980,357);
17. spiro[imidazolidin-4,5'(6H)-kinolin]-2,5-dion-3'-klor-7',8'-dihidro-7'-metil-(5'-cis) (US 5,066,659);
18. (2S,4S)-6-fluor-2',5'-dioksospiro(kroman-4,4'-imidazolidin)-2-karboksamid (fidarestat, US 5,447,946); i
19. 2-[(4-brom-2-fluorfenil)metil]-6-fluorspiro[izokinolin-4(1H),3'-pirolidin]-1,2',3,5'(2H)-tetron (minalrestat, US 5,037,831).
Drugi inhibitori aldoza-reduktaze uključuju spojeve formule A
[image] ,
i njihove farmaceutski prihvatljive soli, gdje
Z je O ili S;
R1 je hidroksi ili grupa koju se može ukloniti in vivo kako bi se dobilo spoj formule A, gdje R1 je OH; a
X i Y su isti ili različiti, a bira ih se između vodika, trifluormetila, fluora i klora.
Poželjna podgrupa unutar gore navedene grupe inhibitora aldoza-reduktaze uključuje pobrojane spojeve 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 i 17, te slijedeće spojeve formule A:
20. 3,4-dihidro-3-(5-fluorbenzotiazol-2-ilmetil)-4-oksoftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = F; Y = H];
21. 3-(5,7-difluorbenzotiazol-2-ilmetil)-3,4-dihidro-4-oksoftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = Y = F];
22. 3-(5-klorbenzotiazol-2-ilmetil)-3,4-dihidro-4-oksoftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = Cl; Y = H];
23. 3-(5,7-diklorbenzotiazol-2-ilmetil)-3,4-dihidro-4-oksoftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = Y = Cl];
24. 3,4-dihidro-4-okso-3-(5-trifluormetilbenzoksazol-2-ilmetil)ftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = CF3; Y = H];
25. 3,4-dihidro-3-(5-fluorbenzoksazol-2-ilmetil)-4-oksoftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = F; Y = H];
26. 3-(5,7-difluorbenzoksazol-2-ilmetil)-3,4-dihidro-4-oksoftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = Y = F];
27. 3-(5-klorbenzoksazol-2-ilmetil)-3,4-dihidro-4-oksoftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = Cl; Y = H];
28. 3-(5,7-diklorbenzoksazol-2-ilmetil)-3,4-dihidro-4-oksoftalazin-1-iloctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = Y = Cl]; i
29. zopolrestat; 3,4-dihidro-4-okso-3-[[5-(trifluormetil)-2-benzotiazolil]metil]-1-ftalazinoctenu kiselinu [R1 = hidroksi; X = trifluormetil; Y = H].
U spojevima 20-23 i 29 Z je S. U spojevima 24-28 Z je O.
Navedene spojeve formule A dobiva se kao što je otkriveno u dokumentu US 4,939,140.
Spojeve inhibitore aldoza-reduktaze prema ovom izumu lako su dostupni ili ih konvencionalnim postupcima lako sintetiziraju stručnjaci u ovom području tehnike organske sinteze, osobito u pogledu pripadnih patentnih specifikacija.
Treba imati na umu da izvjesni GABA-agonisti i ARI-ji koje se upotrebljava u farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu sadrže bilo slobodnu karboksilnu ili slobodnu aminsku grupu kao dio kemijske strukture. Tako ovaj izum uključuje farmaceutski prihvatljive soli tih karboksilnih ili aminskih grupa. Izraz "farmaceutski prihvatljive soli" uključuje kako farmaceutski prihvatljive kisele adicijske soli, tako i farmaceutski prihvatljive kationske soli. Namjera je da izraz "farmaceutski prihvatljive kationske soli" definira, no ne ograničuje se na soli poput soli alkalnih metala, (npr. natrija i kalija), soli zemnoalkalnih metala (npr. kalcija i magnezija), aluminijeve soli, amonijeve soli, te soli s organskim aminima, poput benzatina (N,N'dibenziletilendiamina), kolina, dietanolamina, etilendiamina, meglumina (N-metilglukamina), benetamina (Nbenzilfenetilamina), dietilamina, piperazina, trometamina (2-amino-2-hidroksimetil-1,3-propandiola) i prokaina. Namjera je da izraz "farmaceutski prihvatljive kisele adicijske soli" definira, no ne ograničuje se na soli poput hidroklorida, hidrobromida, sulfata, hidrogensulfata, fosfata, hidrogenfosfata, dihidrogenfosfata, acetata, sukcinata, citrata, metansulfonata (mesilata) i p-toluensulfonata (tosilata).
Farmaceutski prihvatljive kationske soli GABA-agonista ili ARi-ja koji sadrže slobodne karboksilne kiseline može se lako dobiti reakcijom slobodnog kiselog oblika GABA-agonista ili ARI-ja s pogodnom bazom, obično jednim ekvivalentom, u suotapalu. Tipične baze su natrij-hidroksid, natrij-metoksid, natrij-etoksid, natrij-hidrid, kalij-metoksid, magnezij-hidroksid, kalcij-hidroksid, benzatin, kolin, dietanolamin, piperazin i trometamin. Sol se izdvoji koncentriranjem do suhog ili dodavanjem neotapala. U mnogim slučajevima soli se, po mogućnosti, dobije miješanjem otopine kiseline s otopinom različitih soli kationa (npr. natrij- ili kalij-etilheksanoata, magnezij-oleata), upotrebljavajući otapalo (npr. etil-acetat) iz kojeg se tražena kationska sol taloži, ili ih se može na koji drugi način izdvojiti koncentriranjem i/ili dodavanjem neotapala.
Farmaceutski prihvatljive kisele adicijske soli GABA-agonista ili ARI-ja koji sadrže slobodne aminske grupe može se lako dobiti reakcijom slobodnog bazičnog oblika GABA-agonista ili ARI-ja s odgovarajućom kiselinom. Kada sol pripada jednobaznoj kiselini (npr. hidroklorid, hidrobromid, p-toluensulfonat, acetat), hidrogen-obliku dvobazne kiseline (npr. hidrogensulfat, sukcinat) ili dihidrogen-obliku trobazne kiseline (npr. dihidrogenfosfat, citrat), upotrebljava se najmanje jedan molarni ekvivalent, obično molarni suvišak kiseline. Međutim, kada se traži soli poput sulfata, hemisukcinata, hidrogenfosfata ili fosfata, općenito se upotrebljava odgovarajuće i točne kemijske ekvivalente kiseline. Slobodnu bazu i kiselinu obično se pomiješa u suotapalu iz kojeg se taloži tražena sol, ili ih se može na koji drugi način izdvojiti koncentriranjem i/ili dodavanjem neotapala.
Izraz "predlijek" odnosi se na spojeve preteče lijeka, iz kojih, nakon primjene, in vivo, izvjesnim kemijskim ili fiziološkim procesima (npr. predlijek se, nakon dospijeća na fiziološki pH, ili djelovanjem enzima, prevodi u traženi oblik lijeka) nastaje lijek. I GABA-agoniste i ARI-je upotrijebljene u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu može se dobiti kao predlijekove. Dobivanje predlijekova je lako i može se postići postupcima dobro poznatim stručnjacima u ovom području tehnike. Svi takvi predlijekovi ulaze u opseg zaštite kombinacija, farmaceutskih pripravaka, postupaka i kompleta prema ovom izumu.
Kemičar prosječno vješt u ovom području tehnike također će prepoznati da izvjesni spojevi, koji ulaze u opseg zaštite ovog izuma, mogu postojati u obliku tautomera, tj. da postoji ravnoteža između dva izomera, koji su u brzoj ravnoteži jedan s drugim. Običan primjer tautomerije je keto-enolna tautomerija, tj.
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Primjeri spojeva koji mogu postojati kao tautomeri uključuju hidroksipiridine, hidroksipirimidine i hidroksikinoline. Stručnjaci u ovom području tehnike prepoznat će i druge primjere. Svi takvi tautomeri i njihove smjese dio su ovog izuma.
Kemičar prosječno vješt u ovom području tehnike također će prepoznati da izvjesni spojevi, koji ulaze u opseg zaštite ovog izuma, mogu postojati u obliku dvojnog iona, tj. da izvjesni spojevi sadrže aminski dio i karboksilni dio, koji, ovisno o pH otopine, mogu postojati kao slobodni amin, odnosno slobodna karboksilna kiselina, ili kao dvojni ion, u kojem je amin protoniran u amonijev ion, a karboksilna kiselina je deprotonirana u karboksilatni ion. Svi takvi dvojni ioni dio su ovog izuma. Osim toga, GABA-agonisti, njihovi predlijekovi i farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenih GABA-agonista i navedenih predlijekova, upotrijebljeni u kombinacijama prema ovom izumu, mogu postojati kao hidrati ili solvati. Nadalje, ARI-ji, njihovi predlijekovi i farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenih ARI-ja i navedenih predlijekova, upotrijebljeni u kombinacijama prema ovom izumu također mogu postojati kao hidrati ili solvati. Navedeni hidrati i solvati također ulaze u opseg zaštite ovog izuma.
Postupci određivanja inhibicijske aktivnosti ARI-ja upotrijebljenih u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu, na aldoza-reduktazu dobro su poznati i može ih se provesti slijedeći postupke otkrivene, primjerice, u Mylari i suradnici: "J. Med. Chem.", 34, 108, (1991). Postupci određivanja GABA-agonističke aktivnosti GABA-agonista upotrijebljenih u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu dobro su poznati i može ih se provesti slijedeći postupke otkrivene, primjerice, u P. Janssens de Verebeke i suradnici: "Biochem. Pharmacol.", 31, 2257-2261, (1982.), W. Loscher: "Biochem. Pharmacol.", 31, 837-842, (1982.) i/ili N. Philips i suradnici: "Biochem. Pharmacol.", 31, 22572261.
Gore navedenim testovima, kojima se dokazuje djelotvornost ARI-ja, njihovih predlijekova i farmaceutski prihvatljivih soli navedenih ARI-ja i navedenih predlijekova, kao i GABA-agonista, njihovih predlijekova i farmaceutski prihvatljivih soli navedenih GABA-agonista i navedenih predlijekova, u liječenju dijabetičnih komplikacija, također osiguravaju mogućnost usporedbe aktivnosti spojeva prema ovom izumu između sebe, kao i s aktivnostima drugih poznatih spojeva. Rezultati tih usporedbi korisni su u određivanju razina doziranja kod sisavaca, uključujući ljude, u liječenju takvih bolesti.
Učinak farmaceutskog pripravka koji sadrži GABA-agonist i ARI prema ovom izumu može se ispitati na jednom ili više objavljenih modela dijabetičnih komplikacija dobro poznatih u ovom području tehnike. Farmaceutski pripravci prema ovom izumu osobito su korisni u sprječavanju, ublažavanju razvoja, ili povlačenju, poremećaja u funkcioniranju živaca opaženih kod dijabetičnih pacijenata, te su, prema tome, osobito korisni u liječenju dijabetične neuropatije. To se, primjerice, može dokazati mjerenjem biljega, poput vodljivosti živčanih vlakana, amplitude signala u živcima, kvantitativnim ispitivanjem senzorike, ispitivanjem autonomnih funkcija i morfometrijskih promjena. Može se provesti i studije analogne onima opisanim u "Diabetologia", svezak 35, str. 12-18, (1992.), i svezak 37, str. 651-663, (1994).
Općenito će se ARI-je upotrijebljene u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu, a osobito spojeve Formule I i njihove farmaceutski prihvatljive soli, primijeniti u dozama između približno 0,001 i približno 100 mg/kg tjelesne težine pacijenta kojeg treba liječiti dnevno, po mogućnosti od približno 0,01-10 mg/kg, u jednoj ili podijeljenim dozama. Međutim, neizbježno je izvjesno variranje doze, ovisno o stanju liječenog pacijenta. Osoba odgovorna za primjenu u svakom će slučaju odrediti odgovarajuću dozu za svakog pojedinog pacijenta.
Slijedeće količine doziranja, kao i druge količine doziranja iznijete drugdje u ovom opisu i u pridruženim patentnim zahtjevima, namijenjene su prosječnom ljudskom pacijentu, teškom približno 65-70 kg. Vješt praktičar lako će moći odrediti količinu doziranja nužnu za pacijenta čija težina izlaz izvan raspona 65-70 kg, na osnovu anamneze dotičnog pacijenta. Sve doze iznijete u ovoj specifikaciji, kao i u pridruženim patentnim zahtjevima, dnevne su doze.
Općenito, prema ovom izumu, gore navedene GABA-agoniste, upotrijebljene u kombinacijama, farmaceutskim pripravcima, postupcima i kompletima prema ovom izumu, primijenit će se u količini doziranja od približno 460 mg/kg tjelesne težine pacijenta kojeg treba liječiti dnevno, u jednoj ili podijeljenim dozama. Međutim, neizbježno je izvjesno variranje doze, ovisno o stanju liječenog pacijenta. Osoba odgovorna za primjenu u svakom će slučaju odrediti odgovarajuću dozu za svakog pojedinog pacijenta. Pregabalin će se, osobito kada ga se upotrebljava kao GABA-agonist prema ovom izumu, dozirati u količini od približno 300-1200 mg dnevno; gabapentin će se dozirati u količini od približno 600-3600 mg dnevno.
Stručnjak u ovom području tehnike treba shvatiti da se slobodni bazični oblik ili druge solne oblike gore navedenih GABA-agonista i ARI-ja može upotrijebiti u ovom izumu. Količinu doziranja za te druge oblike slobodnog bazičnog oblika ili drugih solnih oblika pojedinog GABA-agonista ili SDI-ja lako se izračuna pomoću običnog razlomka odnosno na molekulske težine vrste u pitanju.
Prilikom oralne primjene farmaceutski pripravak može biti u obliku otopina, suspenzija, tableta, pilula, kapsula, prašaka i slično. Upotrebljava se tablete koje sadrže različita pomoćna sredstva, poput natrij-citrata, kalcijkarbonata i kalcij-fosfata, zajedno s različitim pomoćnim sredstvima, poput škroba, po mogućnosti krumpirovog ili tapiokinog škroba, i izvjesnih složenih silikata, zajedno s vezivima poput polivinilpirolidona, saharoze, želatine i arapske gume. Osim toga, prilikom tabletiranja su često vrlo korisna i maziva, poput magnezij-stearata, natrij-lauril-sulfata i talka. Čvrste pripravke sličnog tipa također se upotrebljava kao punila u mekim i tvrdim želatinskim kapsulama; poželjni materijali u tom pogledu također uključuju laktozu odnosno mliječni šećer, kao i visokomolekulske polietilen-glikole. Kada se prilikom oralne primjene traži vodene suspenzije i/ili ljekovite napitke spojeve prema ovom izumu može se pomiješati s različitim sladilima, aromama, bojama, emulgatorima i/ili suspendirajućim sredstvima, kao i razrjeđivačima poput vode, etanola, propilen-glikola, glicerola i različitih sličnih njihovih kombinacija.
Kombinacije prema ovom izumu također se može primijeniti u formulaciji s kontroliranim otpuštanjem, poput formulacije sa sporim otpuštanjem ili brzim otpuštanjem. Takve formulacije s kontroliranim otpuštanjem kombinacija prema ovom izumu može se načiniti postupcima dobro poznatim stručnjacima u ovom području tehnike. Postupak primjene odredit će nadležni liječnik ili drugi stručnjaci u ovom području tehnike, nakon procjene pacijentovog stanja i njegovih potreba.
Kombinacije prema ovom izumu također se može primijeniti u parenteralnom obliku. Prilikom parenteralne primjene može se upotrijebiti otopine u sezamovom ili kikirikijevom ulju ili u vodenoj otopini propilen-glikola, kao i sterilne vodene otopine odgovarajućih soli topivih u vodi. Takve vodene otopine može se, po potrebi, pogodno puferirati, a tekući razrjeđivač najprije izotonizirati dovoljnom količinom fiziološke otopine ili glukoze.
Te vodene otopine osobito su pogodne za intravenske, intramuskularne, supkutane i intraperitonealne injekcije. U tom pogledu upotrebljava se sterilne vodene medije, koji su već dostupni standardnim tehnikama, dobro poznatim stručnjacima u ovom području tehnike.
Stručnjacima u ovom području tehnike poznati su postupci priprave različitih farmaceutskih pripravaka s određenom količinom aktivnog sastojka, ili će im biti očiti u svjetlu ovog otkrića. Za primjere vidjeti Remington: "The Science i Practice of Pharmacy", Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 19. izdanje, (1995.).
Farmaceutski pripravci prema ovom izumu mogu sadržavati 0,1-95 % spoj(ev)a prema ovom izumu, po mogućnosti 1-70 %. U svakom slučaju, pripravak ili formulacija koju će se primijeniti sadržavat će količinu spoj(ev)a prema ovom izumu, u količini djelotvornoj u liječenju stanja ili bolesti liječenog pacijenta.
Dva različita spoja prema ovom izumu može se suprimijeniti istodobno ili uzastopce bilo kojim redoslijedom, ili kao pojedinačni farmaceutski pripravak koji sadrži ARI i GABA-agonist, kao što je opisano gore.
Kako ovaj izum ima izvedbu koja se odnosi na liječenje bolesti/stanja opisanih u ovoj specifikaciji kombinacijom aktivnih sastojaka, koje se može primijeniti odvojeno, ovaj izum također se odnosi na kombiniranje odvojenih farmaceutskih pripravaka u obliku kompleta. Komplet sadrži dva odvojena farmaceutska pripravka: ARI, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog ARI-ja ili predlijeka; i GABA-agonist, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili predlijeka. Komplet sadrži spremnik koji sadrži odvojene pripravke, poput podijeljene boce ili paketa s podijeljenom folijom. Komplet obično sadrži upute za primjenu odvojenih komponenti. Komplet kao oblik osobito je pogodan kada se odvojene komponente, po mogućnosti, primjenjuje u različitim oblicima doziranja (npr. oralnom i parenteralnom), primjenjuje se u različitim intervalima doziranja, ili kada nadležni liječnik zahtijeva titraciju pojedinih komponenti kombinacije.
Primjer takvog kompleta je tzv. blister-pakiranje. Blister-pakiranja dobro su poznata u industriji ambalaže i široko ih se upotrebljava za pakiranje farmaceutskih jedinica oblika doziranja (tableta, kapsula i slično). Blisterpakiranja općenito se sastoje od sloja relativno krutog materijala, prekritog folijom po mogućnosti prozirnog plastičnog materijala. U postupku pakiranja u plastičnoj foliji se oblikuje udubine. Udubine imaju oblik i veličinu tableta ili kapsula koje će se pakirati. Tablete ili kapsule se zatim smjesti u udubine, te se sloj relativno krutog materijala zatali na plastičnu foliju na licu folije koje je nasuprotno smjeru oblikovanja udubina. To rezultira time da su tablete ili kapsule hermetički zatvorene u udubine između plastične folije i sloja. Po mogućnosti je čvrstoća sloja takva da se tablete ili kapsule može ukloniti iz blister-pakiranja pritiskom ruke na udubine, čime nastaje otvor u sloju na mjestu udubine. Tabletu ili kapsulu može se zatim ukloniti kroz navedeni otvor.
Uz komplet može biti poželjno osigurati memorijsko pomagalo, npr. u obliku brojeva uz tablete ili kapsule gdje brojevi odgovaraju danima režima kojim tako specificirane tablete ili kapsule treba uzimati. Drugi primjer takvog memorijskog pomagala je kalendar otisnut na kartici, npr. na slijedeći način "Prvi tjedan, ponedjeljak, utorak, …, itd …, Drugi tjedan, ponedjeljak, utorak, …" itd. Lako je zamisliti i druge varijante memorijskih pomagala. "Dnevna doza" može biti jedna tableta ili kapsula ili nekoliko pilula ili kapsula koje treba uzeti određenog dana. Isto tako, dnevnu dozu SDI-ja može činiti jedna tableta ili kapsula, dok dnevnu dozu GABAagonista može činiti nekoliko tableta ili kapsula ili obratno. Memorijsko pomagalo to treba odražavati.
U drugoj specifičnoj izvedbi ovog izuma osiguran je razdavač, dizajniran za razdavanje dnevnih doza, jednu po jednu, po rasporedu njihove namijenjene primjene. Po mogućnosti, razdavač je opremljen memorijskim pomagalom, tako da se još više osigura usklađenost s režimom. Primjer takvog memorijskog pomagala je mehanički brojač koji naznačuje broj razdijeljenih dnevnih doza. Drugi primjer takvog memorijskog pomagala je baterijski napajana memorija na mikročipu, povezana s prikazivačem od tekućeg kristala, ili zvučnim signalom za podsjećanje, koji, primjerice, očitava datum kada je uzeta posljednja dnevna doza i/ili podsjeća korisnika kada treba uzeti slijedeću dozu.
Treba shvatiti da se ovaj izum ne ograničuje na pojedine izvedbe opisane u ovoj specifikaciji, nego da su moguće i različite promjene i modifikacije, bez otklona od duha i opsega zaštite ovog novog koncepta, kao što se definira patentnim zahtjevima koji slijede.
Claims (15)
1. Farmaceutski pripravak, naznačen time što sadrži:
a) količinu GABA-agonista, njegovog predlijeka ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenog GABAagonista ili navedenog predlijeka; i
b) količinu ARI-ja, njegovog predlijeka ili farmaceutski prihvatljive soli navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka.
2. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 1, naznačen time što još sadrži farmaceutski prihvatljiv vehikulum, podlogu ili razrjeđivač.
3. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 2, naznačen time što navedeni GABA-agonist je muscimol, progabid, riluzol, baklofen, gabapentin, vigabatrin, valproična kiselina, tiagabin, lamotrigin, pregabalin, fenitoin, karbamazepin, topiramat, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka.
4. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 3, naznačen time što navedeni GABA-agonist je gabapentin, tiagabin, lamotrigin, fenitoin, karbamazepin, topiramat, pregabalin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka.
5. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 4, naznačen time što navedeni GABA-agonist je pregabalin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog pregabalina ili navedenoga predlijeka.
6. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 4, naznačen time što navedeni GABA-agonist je gabapentin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog gabapentina ili navedenog predlijeka.
7. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 2, naznačen time što navedeni ARI je fidarestat, epalrestat, minalrestat, SPR-210, zenarastat, zopolrestat, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka.
8. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 7, naznačen time što navedeni GABA-agonist je muscimol, progabid, riluzol, baklofen, gabapentin, vigabatrin, valproična kiselina, tiagabin, lamotrigin, pregabalin, fenitoin, karbamazepin, topiramat, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABAagonista ili navedenog predlijeka.
9. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 8, naznačen time što navedeni GABA-agonist je gabapentin, tiagabin, lamotrigin, fenitoin, karbamazepin, topiramat and pregabalin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka.
10. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 9, naznačen time što navedeni GABA-agonist je pregabalin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog pregabalina ili navedenoga predlijeka.
11. Farmaceutski pripravak prema patentnom zahtjevu 9, naznačen time što navedeni GABA-agonist je gabapentin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog gabapentina ili navedenog predlijeka.
12. Upotreba farmaceutskog pripravka, naznačena time što je isti namijenjen proizvodnji lijeka za liječenje stanja koje se očituje kao dijabetične komplikacije kod sisavca, gdje farmaceutski pripravak sadrži:
a) količinu prvog spoja, gdje navedeni prvi spoj je GABA-agonist, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka; i
b) količinu drugog spoja, gdje navedeni drugi spoj je ARI, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog ARI-ja ili navedenog predlijeka.
13. Upotreba prema patentnom zahtjevu 12, naznačena time što navedeni GABA-agonist je muscimol, progabid, riluzol, baklofen, gabapentin, vigabatrin, valproična kiselina, tiagabin, lamotrigin, pregabalin, fenitoin, karbamazepin, topiramat, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog GABA-agonista ili navedenog predlijeka.
14. Upotreba prema patentnom zahtjevu 12, naznačena time što navedeni GABA-agonist je pregabalin, njegov predlijek ili farmaceutski prihvatljiva sol navedenog pregabalina ili navedenoga predlijeka.
15. Upotreba prema patentnom zahtjevu 12, naznačena time što dijabetična komplikacija je dijabetična neuropatija, dijabetična nefropatija, dijabetična kardiomiopatija, dijabetična retinopatija, dijabetična mikroangiopatija, dijabetična makroangiopatija, siva mrena ili ulkusi na stopalima.
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US25044800P | 2000-11-30 | 2000-11-30 | |
PCT/IB2001/002214 WO2002043763A2 (en) | 2000-11-30 | 2001-11-19 | Combination of gaba agonists and aldose reductase inhibitors |
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- 2001-11-19 WO PCT/IB2001/002214 patent/WO2002043763A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-11-19 OA OA1200300138A patent/OA12413A/en unknown
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- 2001-11-19 PL PL01365378A patent/PL365378A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2001-11-19 AP APAP/P/2001/002359A patent/AP2001002359A0/en unknown
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- 2001-11-28 AR ARP010105542A patent/AR031432A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-11-29 TN TNTNSN01170A patent/TNSN01170A1/fr unknown
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- 2003-05-20 MA MA27166A patent/MA26965A1/fr unknown
- 2003-05-22 HR HR20030419A patent/HRP20030419A2/hr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-05-27 NO NO20032387A patent/NO20032387D0/no not_active Application Discontinuation
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