ES2227068T3 - Caja de fusion de la medula espinal rellena de polimero. - Google Patents

Caja de fusion de la medula espinal rellena de polimero.

Info

Publication number
ES2227068T3
ES2227068T3 ES01302070T ES01302070T ES2227068T3 ES 2227068 T3 ES2227068 T3 ES 2227068T3 ES 01302070 T ES01302070 T ES 01302070T ES 01302070 T ES01302070 T ES 01302070T ES 2227068 T3 ES2227068 T3 ES 2227068T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
polymer
bag
receptacle
orthopedic implant
precursor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES01302070T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gregory C Stalcup
Antony J. Lozier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Zimmer Technology Inc
Original Assignee
Zimmer Technology Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Zimmer Technology Inc filed Critical Zimmer Technology Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2227068T3 publication Critical patent/ES2227068T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

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    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/70Spinal positioners or stabilisers ; Bone stabilisers comprising fluid filler in an implant
    • A61B17/7097Stabilisers comprising fluid filler in an implant, e.g. balloon; devices for inserting or filling such implants
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    • A61B17/7098Stabilisers comprising fluid filler in an implant, e.g. balloon; devices for inserting or filling such implants wherein the implant is permeable or has openings, e.g. fenestrated screw
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    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2230/00Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2230/0002Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
    • A61F2230/0004Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners
    • A61F2230/0015Kidney-shaped, e.g. bean-shaped
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2230/00Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2230/0063Three-dimensional shapes
    • A61F2230/0065Three-dimensional shapes toroidal, e.g. ring-shaped, doughnut-shaped
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2310/00Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00005The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
    • A61F2310/00353Bone cement, e.g. polymethylmethacrylate or PMMA
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2430/00Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
    • A61L2430/38Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of the spine, vertebrae or intervertebral discs

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Abstract

Implante ortopédico para su implante entre vértebras adyacentes que comprende un receptáculo flexible (44); y un polímero endurecido (58) dentro del receptáculo (44), caracterizado porque el receptáculo (44) es esencialmente anular.

Description

Caja de fusión de la medula espinal rellena de polímero.
Antecedentes de la invención 1. Campo de la invención
La presente invención se refiere a implantes ortopédicos y, más concretamente, a dispositivos de fusión espinales.
2. Descripción de la técnica relacionada
La fusión espinal típicamente implica la fusión entre dos vértebras adyacentes mediante la extirpación de un disco entre dos vértebras adyacentes y la colocación de una caja entre las vértebras. La incisión en el paciente puede practicarse sobre los lados anterior y posterior (estómago y espalda) y el disco es extirpado entre las dos vértebras adyacentes. El disco incluye un anillo que rodea un núcleo. El anillo se rompe, corta o extirpa de cualquier otro modo de entre las vértebras, extirpándose también el núcleo más blando. Se coloca una caja entre las vértebras en el punto de extirpación del disco y se introduce un injerto óseo que incluye partículas de hueso dentro de la caja, injerto que se extiende entre las placas terminales de las vértebras adyacentes. También pueden colocarse sobre el lado posterior de la espina dorsal unos vástagos, con tornillos fijados a un vástago respectivo y que se extiende hacia el interior de las vértebras respectivas.
El documento US-A-5.888.220 divulga un procedimiento y un aparato relacionado para usar técnicas mínimamente invasivas para reparar tejido mediante el uso de un balón hinchable que puede también utilizarse con un biomaterial curable.
El documento EP-A-0 398 497 divulga un procedimiento y un aparato relacionado para formar un precursor de implante y un implante in situ.
Sumario de la invención
La presente invención proporciona un implante ortopédico que incluye una bolsa que se coloca dentro de una cavidad rodeada por un anillo de un disco y que incluye una cavidad central. La bolsa se rellena con polímero, y la cavidad central definida por la bolsa se rellena con una matriz de polímero y partículas óseas.
La invención comprende, en una forma de la misma, un implante ortopédico para su implante entre vértebras adyacentes de una espina dorsal, que incluye una bolsa esencialmente anular; y un polímero endurecido dentro de la bolsa.
La descripción divulga un procedimiento de fusión de vértebras adyacentes de una espina dorsal, que incluye las etapas de practicar un orificio de acceso en un anillo de un disco entre las vértebras adyacentes; extirpar el núcleo situado dentro del disco para constituir una cavidad rodeada por el anillo; colocar una bolsa esencialmente anular dentro de la cavidad; rellenar la bolsa con un polímero; inyectar partículas óseas dentro de la cavidad rodeada por la bolsa anular y endurecer el polímero.
Una ventaja de la presente invención es que puede implantarse un implante ortopédico entre vértebras adyacentes de una espina dorsal con una técnica quirúrgica mínimamente invasiva.
Otra ventaja es que los ligamentos y tendones que rodean la espina dorsal pueden ser adecuadamente tensionados.
Otra ventaja adicional más es que el paciente puede empezar a desarrollar su actividad con el implante incorporado poco después de la intervención.
Una ventaja adicional más es que el implante puede ser implantado mediante una única incisión practicada en un emplazamiento posterior, o puede ser implantado mediante una incisión practicada en un emplazamiento posterior y/o anterior.
Breve descripción de los dibujos
Las mencionadas características y ventajas de la presente invención y el modo de alcanzarlas, se pondrán de manifiesto y la invención será mejor comprendida con referencia a la descripción subsecuente de una forma de realización de la invención tomada conjuntamente con los dibujos que se acompañan, en los cuales:
La Fig. 1 es una vista en corte, fragmentaria, de una vértebra y un disco, que ilustra una orientación y tamaño de una incisión efectuada en ellos;
la Fig. 2 es una vista en perspectiva que ilustra la evacuación de un núcleo del interior de un disco;
la Fig. 3 es una vista en perspectiva que ilustra el emplazamiento de una bolsa anular dentro de un disco;
la Fig. 4 es una vista en perspectiva de la bolsa en estado relajado después de ser colocada dentro del disco;
la Fig. 5 es una vista en corte lateral de la bolsa mientras se está rellenando con un polímero hasta una primera cantidad predeterminada;
la Fig. 6 es una vista en corte lateral que ilustra una matriz de polímero y partículas óseas que se está inyectando en una cavidad rodeada por la bolsa;
la Fig. 7 es una vista en corte lateral que ilustra la bolsa rellenándose hasta una segunda cantidad predeterminada después de la inyección de partículas óseas;
la Fig. 8 es una vista en corte fragmentaria con el implante ortopédico implantado dentro de un disco y cerrándose la incisión;
la Fig. 9 es una vista en perspectiva de la bolsa mostrada en las Figs. 4 a 9; y
la Fig. 10 es una vista en corte lateral de la bolsa mostrada en las Figs. 4 a 10.
Los números de referencia correspondientes indican partes correspondientes a lo largo de las diversas vistas. La ejemplificación expuesta en la presente memoria ilustra una forma de realización preferente de la invención, y dicha ejemplificación no debe considerarse de ningún modo como limitativa del ámbito de la invención.
Descripción detallada de la invención
Con referencia ahora a los dibujos, a continuación se describirá una forma de realización del procedimiento para fundir vértebras adyacentes de una espina dorsal. La espina dorsal incluye una pluralidad de vértebras adyacentes 10, estando separados cada par de vértebras adyacentes 10 por un disco 12. Un disco 12 puede resultar dañado por numerosas razones, requiriendo así la fusión de las vértebras adyacentes.
La Fig. 1 ilustra una vista en corte fragmentaria de una espina dorsal según se observa en una dirección paralela a la espina dorsal de un paciente. Se supone que el disco 12 está dañado hasta un extremo que requiere la fusión entre las vértebras adyacentes 10. Con referencia a la Fig. 2, cada vértebra 10 incluye unas placas terminales encaradas en sentido opuesto 24 sobre cada extremo longitudinal de la misma. Cada disco 12 está interpuesto entre un par de vértebras adyacentes, e incluye un anillo 26 que rodea un núcleo 28.
Se practica una incisión 14 en la espalda 16 del paciente utilizando un escalpelo 18 u otro instrumento cortante apropiado. La incisión 14 puede mantenerse abierta utilizando el instrumental apropiado 20. La incisión 14 se efectúa en un ángulo aproximado al que se muestra en el disco 12, evitando de esta forma un área 22 donde está situada la médula espinal. Después de practicar la incisión, se conforma un agujero 30 dentro de un anillo 26 de un disco seleccionado 12 mediante procedimientos conocidos como por ejemplo una broca o escalpelo. Como la incisión 14 se practica en la espalda 16 del paciente, el agujero de acceso 30 generalmente se constituye en el lado posterior del disco 12.
Después de la formación del agujero de acceso 30, el núcleo 28 es evacuado del interior del disco 12 (Fig. 3). Un tubo de aspiración 34 o similar puede emplearse para extirpar el núcleo 28. La extirpación del núcleo 28 provoca la formación de una cavidad 42 dentro del disco 12 rodeada por el anillo 26. El tubo de aspiración 34 es retirado de la cavidad 42 y de la incisión 14 después de la evacuación del núcleo 28.
Una bolsa flexible 44 que tiene una forma esencialmente anular cuando está en posición relajada, se inserta entonces dentro de la cavidad 42 (Fig. 4). Más concretamente, la bolsa 44 es replegada e insertada dentro de un tubo de precarga 46. El tubo de precarga 46 tiene un diámetro exterior ligeramente inferior al diámetro interior del agujero de acceso 30 constituido en el anillo 26. El tubo de precarga 46, con la bolsa 44 cargada en su interior, es insertado a través de la incisión 14 y del agujero de acceso 30 de forma que un extremo 48 del tubo de precarga 46 se extienda a través del agujero de acceso 30 y hacia el interior de la cavidad 42. Se hace entonces deslizar la bolsa 44 fuera del tubo de precarga 46 para quedar introducida en la cavidad 42 como se indica por las flechas 50. La bolsa 44 puede ser expulsada del tubo de precarga 46 de cualquier manera apropiada, como por ejemplo utilizando un émbolo (no mostrado) dispuesto dentro del tubo de precarga 46 con un diámetro exterior que sea ligeramente más pequeño que el diámetro interior del tubo de precarga 46.
La bolsa 44 se selecciona con una forma y tamaño que genéricamente ocupe el perímetro de la cavidad 42 cuando está dispuesta dentro de ella (Fig. 5). Un primer tubo flexible de llenado 52 y un segundo tubo flexible de llenado 54 se fijan cada uno a la bolsa 44 (Figs. 5 a 11). El primer tubo de llenado flexible 52 se extiende atravesando la bolsa 44 y termina en una porción de la cavidad 42 rodeada por la bolsa 44 (Fig. 6). Por otro lado, el segundo tubo flexible de llenado 54 se extiende por dentro y termina en el interior de la bolsa 44. Un polímero de alta resistencia es inyectado dentro de la bolsa 44 a través del segundo tubo de llenado 54, como se indica por las flechas 56. Durante esta primera etapa de llenado de la bolsa 44, el polímero 58 es inyectado hasta sustancialmente llenar la bolsa 44 hasta una primera cantidad predeterminada sin expandir o deformar la bolsa 44. En la forma de realización mostrada, la bolsa 44 es porosa y el polímero 58 está constituido por un polímero endurecible y biorreabsorbible, una parte del cual pasa a través de la bolsa 44. El endurecimiento puede efectuarse mediante la aplicación de energía, como por ejemplo energía térmica, energía lumínica, o energía por rayos X, o la adición de un catalizador químico. Durante la primera etapa de llenado de la bolsa 44 mostrada en la Fig. 6, el polímero 58 preferentemente permanece en estado no endurecido.
Un injerto óseo en forma de partículas óseas 60 se inyecta entonces a través del primer tubo de llenado 52 hacia el interior de la porción de la cavidad 42 rodeada por la bolsa 44 (Fig. 7), como se indica por las flechas 62. Debe entenderse que también puede usarse un material de sustitución de las partículas óseas. En la forma de realización mostrada, las partículas óseas 60 quedan suspendidas dentro de un líquido, como por ejemplo un sustituto óseo sintético. El líquido en suspensión y las partículas óseas son inyectados a través del primer tubo de llenado 52 y hacia el interior de la cavidad 42 hasta que la porción de la cavidad 42 rodeada por la bolsa 44 está suficientemente rellena, como se muestra en la Fig. 7. A continuación, las partículas óseas 60 son retenidas dentro de la cavidad 42 y un polímero adicional 58 es inyectado dentro de la bolsa 44 (Fig. 8). El polímero 58 es inyectado dentro de la bolsa 44 hasta una segunda cantidad predeterminada provocando la expansión de la bolsa 44. La bolsa 44 se expande en dirección axial (respecto del disco 12) y contacta con las placas terminales 24. Adicionalmente, la bolsa 44 se expande en dirección radial hacia adentro provocando la compresión radial y la expansión axial de las partículas óseas 60 del interior de la cavidad 42. Los ligamentos y tendones que rodean las vértebras 10 pueden así ser retensionadas expandiendo axialmente las partículas óseas 60 entre ellos. Adicionalmente, el área de fusión está provista de una gran área de contacto, ya que sustancialmente todo el área contactada por las partículas óseas 60 y la bolsa 44 constituye un miembro de soporte de la carga. El compuesto de polímero 58 situado dentro de la bolsa 44, así como el polímero que rodea y transporta las partículas óseas 60 puede endurecerse hasta un estado de soporte de la carga de una manera relativamente rápida. Por ejemplo, el compuesto de polímero puede ser endurecido por energía de rayos X o por un catalizador químico. Así, además de ser mínimamente invasiva, el paciente puede rápidamente soportar la carga de la espina dorsal al sentarse, levantarse, etc., después del endurecimiento del polímero dentro del implante ortopédico 8. El primer tubo de llenado 52 y el segundo tubo de llenado 54 se separan cortándolos del implante ortopédico 8, como se indica en la Fig. 9, y la incisión se cierra utilizando técnicas de cierre apropiadas.
De la descripción precedente, puede apreciarse que la presente invención proporciona un implante ortopédico 8 que puede ser fácilmente implantado dentro de un disco 12 con procedimientos quirúrgicos mínimamente invasivos. El endurecimiento del polímero dentro de la bolsa entre las vértebras adyacentes 10 tiene lugar rápidamente y proporciona una gran área superficial para transferir las cargas y una estructura estable para el recrecimiento del hueso entre las vértebras.
Asimismo, la presente invención puede usarse en un procedimiento para fundir vértebras adyacentes de una espina dorsal, comprendiendo las etapas de:
practicar un agujero de acceso en un anillo de un disco entre las vértebras adyacentes;
extirpar el núcleo del interior del disco para constituir una cavidad rodeada por dicho anillo;
colocar una bolsa genéricamente anular dentro de dicha cavidad;
rellenar dicha bolsa con un polímero;
inyectar partículas óseas dentro de una porción de dicha cavidad rodeada por dicha bolsa anular; y
endurecer dicho polímero. Convenientemente, dicha etapa de llenado puede comprender rellenar dicha bolsa con dicho polímero hasta una primera cantidad predeterminada, y puede comprender la etapa adicional de llenar dicha bolsa con dicho polímero hasta una segunda cantidad predeterminada, teniendo lugar dicha segunda etapa de llenado después de dicha etapa de inyección. Es deseable que la segunda etapa de llenado pueda comprender dichas partículas óseas en dirección radialmente hacia adentro hacia el interior de una columna, y pueda expandir dicha columna en dirección axial. Convenientemente, dicha expansión de dichas partículas óseas en dirección axial puede cargar dichas partículas óseas contra la placa terminal de cada una de dichas respectivas vértebras adyacentes. Es deseable que dicha segunda etapa de llenado pueda proporcionar un ajuste de la altura de dicho disco entre dichas vértebras adyacentes.
En el procedimiento, dichas partículas óseas pueden comprender astillas óseas. Asimismo, dichas partículas óseas pueden estar suspendidas dentro de una matriz. Es deseable que dicha etapa de práctica de un orificio de acceso pueda comprender la práctica de dicho orificio en un lado de dicho disco. Convenientemente, dicha etapa de extirpar puede comprender la evacuación de dicho núcleo de dicho disco.
En el procedimiento, la etapa de colocar la bolsa puede comprender subetapas de plegado de dicha bolsa;
insertar dicha bolsa plegada dentro de un tubo de precarga;
insertar al menos un extremo de dicho tubo de precarga dentro de dicha cavidad; y
empujar dicha bolsa plegada desde dicho tubo de precarga hacia el interior de dicha cavidad.
En los procedimientos anteriormente descritos dicha etapa de rellenar puede comprender la inyección de dicho polímero bajo presión hacia el interior de dicha bolsa. Es deseable que dicha bolsa pueda ser expandible bajo dicha presión. Convenientemente, dicho polímero puede comprender un polímero endurecible. Asimismo, dicho polímero puede ser endurecible mediante alguna de las formas consistentes en energía térmica, energía lumínica, energía por rayos X y agente catalizador.
En el procedimiento, dicha etapa de endurecimiento puede comprender el endurecimiento de dicho polímero con un catalizador químico. Asimismo, dicha bolsa puede comprender una bolsa porosa que permita que algo de dicho polímero pase a su través.

Claims (10)

1. Implante ortopédico para su implante entre vértebras adyacentes que comprende un receptáculo flexible (44); y un polímero endurecido (58) dentro del receptáculo (44), caracterizado porque el receptáculo (44) es esencialmente anular.
2. Precursor de implante ortopédico, que comprende un receptáculo flexible (44); y un polímero endurecible (58) dentro del receptáculo (44), caracterizado porque el receptáculo es esencialmente anular.
3. Implante ortopédico, o precursor del mismo, de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones 1 ó 2, caracterizado porque adicionalmente comprende un tubo de llenado (54) conectado con dicho receptáculo (44) para inyectar dicho polímero (58) dentro de dicho receptáculo (44).
4. Implante ortopédico, o precursor del mismo, de acuerdo con cualquier reivindicación precedente, caracterizado porque dicho polímero (58) comprende un polímero endurecible.
5. Implante ortopédico, o precursor del mismo, de acuerdo con la reivindicación 4, caracterizado porque dicho polímero (58) es endurecible con una de entre energía térmica, energía lumínica, energía por rayos X y un catalizador químico.
6. Implante ortopédico, o un precursor del mismo, de acuerdo con cualquier reivindicación precedente, caracterizado porque dicho polímero (58) comprende polimetiletacrilato.
7. Implante ortopédico, o precursor del mismo, de acuerdo con cualquier reivindicación precedente, caracterizado porque dicho receptáculo (44) comprende un receptáculo poroso que permite que algo de dicho polímero (58) pase a su través.
8. Un equipo para un precursor de implante ortopédico, caracterizado porque comprende:
i) un receptáculo (44) según se describe en una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1, 2, 3 ó 7; y
ii) un polímero endurecible (58) según se define en una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 2, 4, 5 ó 6.
9. Un equipo de acuerdo con la reivindicación 8, caracterizado porque adicionalmente comprende un medio para endurecer el polímero.
10. El uso de un polímero endurecible (58) o el uso de un equipo de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones 8 ó 9 para la fabricación de un precursor de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2 y con una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 3 a 7.
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AU2485101A (en) 2001-09-13
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JP2001276099A (ja) 2001-10-09
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JP4130535B2 (ja) 2008-08-06
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US6332894B1 (en) 2001-12-25
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