EP4504829A1 - Verbessertes verfahren zur depolymerisierung von polyethylenterephthalat - Google Patents
Verbessertes verfahren zur depolymerisierung von polyethylenterephthalatInfo
- Publication number
- EP4504829A1 EP4504829A1 EP22818690.4A EP22818690A EP4504829A1 EP 4504829 A1 EP4504829 A1 EP 4504829A1 EP 22818690 A EP22818690 A EP 22818690A EP 4504829 A1 EP4504829 A1 EP 4504829A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- partition
- solution
- chamber
- interior
- electrolytic cell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/18—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material
- C08J11/22—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds
- C08J11/26—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds containing carboxylic acid groups, their anhydrides or esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/03—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting an ester group with a hydroxy group
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/76—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C69/80—Phthalic acid esters
- C07C69/82—Terephthalic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
- C08G63/18—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds the acids or hydroxy compounds containing carbocyclic rings
- C08G63/181—Acids containing aromatic rings
- C08G63/183—Terephthalic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/78—Preparation processes
- C08G63/82—Preparation processes characterised by the catalyst used
- C08G63/85—Germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, or compounds thereof
- C08G63/86—Germanium, antimony, or compounds thereof
- C08G63/866—Antimony or compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/18—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material
- C08J11/22—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/18—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material
- C08J11/22—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds
- C08J11/24—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds containing hydroxyl groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
- C25B13/05—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on inorganic materials
- C25B13/07—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on inorganic materials based on ceramics
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
- C25B15/081—Supplying products to non-electrochemical reactors that are combined with the electrochemical cell, e.g. Sabatier reactor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/01—Products
- C25B3/07—Oxygen containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/25—Reduction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/21—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms two or more diaphragms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2367/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2367/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
- C08J2367/03—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds the dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds having the hydroxy and the carboxyl groups directly linked to aromatic rings
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Definitions
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- alkali metal glycolate in particular sodium or potassium glycolate
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that BHET forms a particularly high proportion of the cleavage products in the mixture Mi.
- the process according to the invention delivers a high yield of BHET, which can be used directly for renewed PET production.
- the present invention therefore also relates to a process for recycling PET, in which the BHET obtained in the process for depolymerizing PET is polymerized again into PET, if necessary after further purification from Mi.
- PET Polyethylene terephthalate
- GB 784,248 A describes the methanolysis of PET.
- This cleavage product can also be used as a starting material for producing new PET.
- the object of the present invention was to provide such a method.
- the present invention relates to a process for depolymerizing polyethylene terephthalate PET, comprising the following steps:
- IKA ⁇ 112> and IKK ⁇ 122> are separated from each other by a partition W ⁇ 16>, in cases where the electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1> comprises at least one central chamber KM ⁇ 13>, IKK ⁇ 122> and IKM ⁇ 132> are separated from each other by a partition W ⁇ 16>, the partition W ⁇ 16> being on one side SKK ⁇ 161> with the surface OKK ⁇ 163> and a side opposite the side SKK ⁇ 161> SA/MK ⁇ 162> with the surface OA/MK ⁇ 164>, the partition W ⁇ 16> having at least one alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> includes such that the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> comprised by the partition W ⁇ 16> directly contacts the interior IKK ⁇ 122> on the side SKK ⁇ 161 > via the surface OKK ⁇ 163>, and in the cases , in which the electro
- the present invention relates to a method for recycling PET, in which in a step (Q the BHET obtained in the depolymerization method according to the invention is polymerized into PET.
- Figure 1 A shows the method according to the invention for producing the sodium glycolate solution Li ⁇ 21 > in an electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1>. This includes a cathode chamber KK ⁇ 12> and an anode chamber KA ⁇ 11 >.
- the cathode chamber KK ⁇ 12> includes a cathodic electrode EK ⁇ 123> in the interior IKK ⁇ 122>, an inlet ZKK ⁇ 120> and an outlet AKK ⁇ 121 >.
- the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11> includes an anodic electrode EA ⁇ 113> in the interior IKA
- the two chambers KA ⁇ 11> and KK ⁇ 12> are delimited by an outer wall WA ⁇ 80> of the two-chamber cell E ⁇ 1 >.
- the interior IKK ⁇ 122> is also separated from the interior IKA ⁇ 112> by a partition W ⁇ 16>, which consists of a disk of a NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> that is selectively permeable to sodium ions.
- the NaSICON Solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> extends over the entire depth and height of the two-chamber cell E ⁇ 1 >.
- the partition has two sides SKK ⁇ 161 > and SA/MK ⁇ 162>, whose surfaces OKK ⁇ 163> and OA/MK ⁇ 164> contact the respective interior IKK ⁇ 122> or IKA ⁇ 1 12>.
- An aqueous solution of sodium chloride L3 ⁇ 23> with pH 10.5 is added via the inlet ZKA ⁇ 110> against gravity into the interior IKA ⁇ 112>.
- a solution of 1% by weight of sodium glycolate in glycol L2 ⁇ 22> is fed into the interior IKK ⁇ 122> via the inlet ZKK ⁇ 120>.
- a voltage is applied between the cathodic electrode EK ⁇ 123> and the anodic electrode EA ⁇ 1 13>.
- glycol in the electrolyte L2 ⁇ 22> is reduced to glycolate and H2 (HOCH2CH2OH + e- — > HOCH2CH2O- + % H2; also HOCH2CH2O- + e- — > OCH2CH2O- + % H2).
- Sodium ions diffuse from the interior IKA ⁇ 1 12> through the NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> into the interior IKK ⁇ 122>.
- this increases the concentration of sodium glycolate in the interior IKK ⁇ 122>, whereby a glycolic solution of sodium glycolate Li ⁇ 21 > is obtained at the outlet AKK ⁇ 121 >, the concentration of sodium glycolate of which is increased compared to L2 ⁇ 22> and is ⁇ 20 wt .-% Na glycolate in glycol.
- Figure 1 B shows a further embodiment of the method according to the invention using an electrolysis cell E ⁇ 1 >, which includes a central chamber KM ⁇ 13>.
- This three-chamber cell E ⁇ 1 > therefore comprises a cathode chamber KK ⁇ 12>, an anode chamber KA ⁇ 1 1 > and a middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> located in between.
- the cathode chamber KK ⁇ 12> includes a cathodic electrode EK ⁇ 123> in the interior IKK ⁇ 122>, an inlet ZKK ⁇ 120> and an outlet AKK ⁇ 121 >.
- the anode chamber KA ⁇ 1 1 > includes an anodic electrode EA ⁇ 113> in the interior IKA ⁇ 1 12>, an inlet ZKA ⁇ 1 10> and an outlet AKA ⁇ 11 1 >.
- the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> includes an interior IKM ⁇ 132>, an inlet ZKM ⁇ 130> and an outlet AKM ⁇ 131 >.
- the interior IKA ⁇ 1 12> is connected to the interior IKM ⁇ 132> via the connection VAM ⁇ 15>.
- the three chambers are delimited by an outer wall WA ⁇ 80> of the three-chamber cell E ⁇ 1 >.
- the interior IKM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> is also separated from the interior IKK ⁇ 122> of the cathode chamber KK ⁇ by a partition W ⁇ 16>, which consists of a disk of a NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> that is selectively permeable to sodium ions 12> separated.
- the NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> extends over the entire depth and height of the three-chamber cell E ⁇ 1 >.
- the partition has two sides SKK ⁇ 161 > and SA/MK ⁇ 162>, whose surfaces OKK ⁇ 163> and OA/MK ⁇ 164> contact the respective interior IKK ⁇ 122> and IKM ⁇ 132>.
- the interior IKM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> is additionally separated from the interior IKA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 1 1 > by a diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14>.
- the NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> and the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> extend over the entire depth and height of the three-chamber cell E ⁇ 1 >.
- the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> is a cation exchange membrane (sulfonated PTFE).
- connection VAM ⁇ 15> is formed outside the electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1 >, in particular by a pipe or hose, the material of which can be selected from rubber, metal or plastic.
- liquid can be passed from the interior IKM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> into the interior IKA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11 > outside the outer wall WA ⁇ 80> of the three-chamber cell E ⁇ 1 > .
- connection VAM ⁇ 15> connects the outlet AKM ⁇ 131 >, which breaks through the outer wall WA ⁇ 80> of the electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1 > at the bottom of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13>, with the inlet ZKA ⁇ 1 10>, which breaks through the bottom of the Anode chamber KA ⁇ 1 1 > breaks through the outer wall WA ⁇ 80> of the electrolysis cell E ⁇ 1 >.
- An aqueous solution of sodium chloride L3 ⁇ 23> with pH 10.5 is added via the inlet ZKM ⁇ 130> in the same direction as gravity into the interior IKM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13>.
- the connection VAM ⁇ 15> the interior IKM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> is connected to the interior IKA ⁇ 1 12> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 1 1 >.
- Sodium chloride solution L3 ⁇ 23> is passed through this connection VAM ⁇ 15> from the interior IKM ⁇ 132> into the interior IKM ⁇ 1 12>.
- a solution of ⁇ 1% by weight of sodium glycolate in glycol L2 ⁇ 22> is fed into the interior IKK ⁇ 122> via the inlet ZKK ⁇ 120>.
- a voltage is applied between the cathodic electrode EK ⁇ 123> and the anodic electrode EA ⁇ 1 13>.
- glycol in the electrolyte L2 ⁇ 22> is reduced to glycolate and H2 (HOCH2CH2OH + e- — > HOCH2CH2O- + % H2; also HOCH2CH2O- + e- — > OCH2CH2O- + % H2).
- Sodium ions diffuse from the interior IKM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 103> through the NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> into the interior IKK ⁇ 122>.
- Figure 2 A shows a preferred partition W ⁇ 16>.
- the separating element T ⁇ 17> has the geometric shape of a cuboid, on the opposite sides of which FA ⁇ 18> and FB ⁇ 19> are attached without gaps (e.g. by adhesive).
- the side SKK ⁇ 161> with the surface OKK ⁇ 163> lies in the image plane
- Figure 2 B shows another embodiment of a preferred partition W ⁇ 16>.
- This includes four NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18>, FB ⁇ 19>, Fc ⁇ 28>, FD ⁇ 29>, which are separated from each other by a separating element T ⁇ 17> and are each attached to it without gaps.
- the separating element T ⁇ 17> has the shape of a cross, on the opposite sides of which FA ⁇ 18>, FB ⁇ 19>, Fc ⁇ 28> and FD ⁇ 29> are glued.
- the side SKK ⁇ 161> with the surface OKK ⁇ 163> lies in the image plane
- Figure 3 A shows the detailed view, which is highlighted by a dashed circle in Figures 2 A and 2 B.
- the respective solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 1 8> and FB ⁇ 19> are attached to the separating element T ⁇ 17>, for example by adhesive.
- Figure 3 B illustrates a further embodiment of a preferred partition W.
- the separating element T ⁇ 17> has two concave depressions (grooves) into which the two solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18> and FB ⁇ 19 > be fitted.
- the shape of the edges of the solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18> and FB ⁇ 19> can be adjusted mechanically accordingly.
- a seal Di ⁇ 40> is used, which is attached, for example, with an adhesive to the separating element T ⁇ 17> and the respective solid electrolyte ceramic FA ⁇ 18> or FB ⁇ 19>.
- the separating element T ⁇ 17> can consist of two or more parts ⁇ 171 > and ⁇ 172>, which can be attached to one another, as indicated by the dashed line in FIG. 3 B.
- the latter can be clamped between the two parts ⁇ 171 > and ⁇ 172>, which increases the stability of the connection separating element T ⁇ 17> / ceramic FA ⁇ 18> or FB ⁇ 19> and the tightness of the partition W ⁇ 16> are further improved.
- Figure 3 C illustrates a further embodiment of a preferred partition W. This corresponds to that described in Figure 3 B, except that the depressions (grooves) in the separating element T ⁇ 17>, into which the two Solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18> and FB ⁇ 19> are fitted, are not concave, but tapered.
- the partition W ⁇ 16> shown in Figure 4 A corresponds to the partition W ⁇ 16> shown in Figure 2 A, except that it also includes a frame element R ⁇ 20>. This completely covers all surfaces of the partition W ⁇ 16> except OKK ⁇ 163> and OA/MK ⁇ 164>.
- the frame element R ⁇ 20> is not designed in one piece with the separating element T ⁇ 17>.
- Figure 4 B shows another embodiment of a preferred partition W ⁇ 16>. This corresponds to the embodiment shown in Figure 4 A, except that it includes two frame elements R ⁇ 20> that delimit the upper and lower surfaces of the partition W ⁇ 16>.
- Figure 4 C shows a further embodiment of a preferred partition W ⁇ 16>.
- the partition W ⁇ 16> shown in Figure 4 C corresponds to the partition W ⁇ 16> shown in Figure 2 B, except that it also includes a frame element R ⁇ 20>. This completely covers all surfaces of the partition W ⁇ 16> except OKK ⁇ 163> and OA/MK ⁇ 164>.
- the frame element R ⁇ 20> is not designed in one piece with the separating element T ⁇ 17>.
- Figure 4 D shows a further embodiment of a preferred partition W ⁇ 16>. This corresponds to the embodiment shown in Figure 4C, except that it includes two frame elements R ⁇ 20> that delimit the upper and lower surfaces of the partition W ⁇ 16>.
- Figure 5 A shows an electrolysis cell E ⁇ 1 > in a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention. This corresponds to the electrolysis cell shown in Figure 1 A with the difference that a partition W ⁇ 16> separates the interior IKK ⁇ 122> of the cathode chamber KK ⁇ 12> from the interior IKA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11>.
- the partition is the one shown in Figures 2 A and 2 B.
- Figure 5 B shows an electrolysis cell E ⁇ 1> in a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention. This corresponds to the electrolysis cell shown in Figure 1 A with the difference that a partition W ⁇ 16> separates the interior IKK ⁇ 122> of the cathode chamber KK ⁇ 12> from the interior IKA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11>.
- the partition W ⁇ 16> is that shown in Figures 4A to 4D.
- the frame element R ⁇ 20> forms part of the outer wall WA ⁇ 80>, so that the solid electrolyte ceramics enclosed by the partition W ⁇ 16> are protected from the pressure that would act on them through the partition W ⁇ 16> if they were part of the partition W ⁇ 16> would be protected.
- the solid electrolyte ceramics are used to completely separate the interior spaces IKK ⁇ 122> and IKA ⁇ 112> within the electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1 >, as they are not partially covered by the outer wall.
- Figure 6 A shows the method according to the invention using an electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1>, which corresponds to that shown in Figure 1 B with the difference that the connection VAM ⁇ 15> from the interior IKM ⁇ 132> the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> to the interior IKA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11> is formed by several perforations in the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14>. These perforations can be subsequently punched into the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> or can already be present in the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> from the outset due to the manufacturing process (e.g. in textile fabrics such as filter cloths or metal fabrics).
- connection VAM ⁇ 15> through which electrolyte can be passed from the interior IKM ⁇ 132> into the interior IKA ⁇ 112>.
- Figure 6 B shows a further embodiment of the method according to the invention using an electrolysis cell E ⁇ 1>. This corresponds to the electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1 > shown in Figure 1 B, with the difference that the connection VAM ⁇ 15> from the interior IKM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> to the interior IKA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11> through a Gap is formed, which forms between the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> and the outer wall WA ⁇ 80>.
- This gap can be set up by arranging an otherwise tight diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> in the electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1 > in such a way that it does not completely separate the interior space IKM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber KM ⁇ 13> from the interior space IKA ⁇ 112> Anode chamber KA ⁇ 11> separates, but a gap is retained as a connection VAM ⁇ 15>.
- Figure 7A shows another embodiment of a preferred partition W ⁇ 16>.
- This includes four NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18>, FB ⁇ 19>, Fc ⁇ 28> and FD ⁇ 29>, which are separated from each other by a separating element T ⁇ 17>, which comprises two halves ⁇ 171 > and ⁇ 172> .
- the partition W ⁇ 16> also includes a frame element R ⁇ 20>, which also consists of two halves ⁇ 201 > and ⁇ 202>.
- the partition W ⁇ 16> consists of two collapsible parts, in which half ⁇ 171> of the separating element T ⁇ 17> is in one piece with half ⁇ 201 > of the frame element R ⁇ 20> and half ⁇ 172> of the separating element T ⁇ 17 > is in one piece with half ⁇ 202> of the frame element R ⁇ 20>.
- These two parts can optionally be connected to each other using a hinge ⁇ 50> and locked when folded using the lock ⁇ 60>.
- the four NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18>, FB ⁇ 19>, Fc ⁇ 28> and FD ⁇ 29> are clamped between these halves, with a ring acting as a seal Di ⁇ 40> being used for sealing purposes.
- Figure 7 A shows the frontal view of the SKK ⁇ 161 > side with the OKK ⁇ 163> surface of the partition W ⁇ 16>.
- the rings that act as seals Di ⁇ 40> are indicated with dashed outlines.
- the right side of the figure shows the side view of the partition W ⁇ 16>.
- Figure 7 B shows another embodiment of a preferred partition W ⁇ 16>. This corresponds to the embodiment described in Figure 7 A, except that it contains nine NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18>, FB ⁇ 19>, Fc ⁇ 28>, FD ⁇ 29>, FE ⁇ 30>, FF ⁇ 31>, FG ⁇ 32>, FH ⁇ 33>, Fi ⁇ 34> includes.
- Figure 8
- Figure 8 shows the comparison of the contents of BHET (“1”), 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (“MHET”; “2”) and terephthalate (“TS”; “3”) during depolymerization with according to sodium glycolate obtained by the process according to the invention and sodium glycolate obtained by conventional processes.
- the bars with the close hatching “//////” show the respective content of BHET, MHET and TS in the reactor output during the depolymerization of PET according to the inventive example E1, in which the sodium glycolate used for the depolymerization was obtained by electrolysis .
- the black bars show the respective content of BHET, MHET and TS in the reactor output during the depolymerization of PET according to comparative example V1, in which only glycol was used during the depolymerization.
- the bars with the bold hatching “////” show the respective content of BHET, MHET and TS in the reactor output during the depolymerization of PET according to comparative example V2, in which the sodium glycolate used for the depolymerization is made by mixing NaOH and glycol in the Reactor was obtained.
- the solution Li used in the process according to the invention comprising glycol and MA glycolate, is obtained electrolytically in an electrolysis cell E ⁇ 1> according to the invention.
- glycol is understood to mean 1,2-ethylene diol with the chemical formula HO-CH2-CH2-OH (CAS No. 107-21-1).
- MA glycolate means the salt of the glycol with MA.
- MA glycolate includes at least one of MAO-CH2-CH2-OH and MAO-CH2-CH2-OMA, preferably at least MAO-CH2-CH2-OH, most preferably MAO-CH2-CH2-OH and MAO-CH2-CH2-OMA.
- MA is an alkali metal cation, which is selected in particular from lithium, sodium, potassium, and is preferably selected from sodium, potassium. Most preferably the alkali metal cation is sodium.
- the solution Li ⁇ 21> of MA glycolate in glycol used in step (b) of the method according to the invention is produced in an electrolysis cell E in step (a) of the method according to the invention.
- the electrolytic cell E comprises at least one anode chamber KA and at least one cathode chamber KK and optionally at least one middle chamber KM located in between.
- This also includes electrolysis cells E, which have more than one anode chamber KA and/or cathode chamber KK and/or middle chamber KM.
- electrolysis cells in which these chambers are joined together in modular form, are described, for example, in DD 258 143 A3 and US 2006/0226022 A1.
- the electrolytic cell E comprises an anode chamber KA and a cathode chamber KK and optionally a middle chamber KM located between them.
- the electrolytic cell E usually has an outer wall WA.
- the outer wall WA is in particular made of a material which is from the group consisting of steel, preferably rubberized steel, plastic, which in particular consists of Telene® (thermosetting polydicyclopentadiene), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PVC-C (post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) is selected.
- WA can be perforated especially for inlets and outlets.
- Within WA then lie the at least one anode chamber KA, the at least one cathode chamber KK and, in the embodiments in which the electrolytic cell E comprises one, the at least one middle chamber KM located in between.
- the at least one cathode chamber KK has at least one inlet ZKK, at least one outlet AKK and an interior IKK, which includes a cathodic electrode EK.
- the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA is separated from the interior IKK of the cathode chamber KK by a partition W if the electrolytic cell E does not include a central chamber KM.
- the interior IKK of the cathode chamber KK is separated from the interior IKM by a partition W Middle chamber KM separated if the electrolytic cell E comprises at least one middle chamber KM.
- the cathode chamber KK includes an interior IKK, which in turn includes a cathodic electrode EK.
- a cathodic electrode EK Any electrode familiar to the person skilled in the art which is stable under the conditions of step (a) of the method according to the invention can be used as such a cathodic electrode EK. Such are described in particular in WO 2014/008410 A1, paragraph [025] or DE 10360758 A1, paragraph [030].
- This electrode EK can be selected from the group consisting of mesh wool, three-dimensional matrix structure or “spheres”.
- the cathodic electrode EK in particular comprises a material which is selected from the group consisting of steel, nickel, copper, platinum, platinized metals, palladium, palladium supported on carbon, titanium, more preferably selected from the group consisting of steel, nickel.
- this is located between the anode chamber KA and the cathode chamber KK.
- the cathode chamber KK also includes at least one inlet ZKK and at least one outlet AKK. This makes it possible to add liquid, such as the solution L2, to the interior IKK of the cathode chamber KK and to remove liquid therein, such as the solution Li.
- the inlet ZKK and the outlet AKK are attached to the cathode chamber KK in such a way that the liquid contacts the cathodic electrode EK as it flows through the interior IKK of the cathode chamber KK. This is the prerequisite for the solution Li to be obtained when carrying out step (a) of the method according to the invention at the process AKK when the solution L2 of glycol, which optionally also includes an MA glycolate, passes through the interior IKK of the cathode chamber KK is directed.
- the inlet ZKK and the outlet AKK can be attached to the electrolysis cell E using methods known to those skilled in the art, for example through holes in the outer wall and corresponding connections (valves), which simplify the introduction or discharge of liquid.
- the at least one anode chamber KA has at least one inlet ZKA, at least one outlet AKA and an interior IKA, which includes an anodic electrode EA. If the electrolysis cell E comprises a middle chamber KM, the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA is separated from the interior IKM of the middle chamber KM by a diffusion barrier D.
- the electrolytic cell E does not include a central chamber KM, the interior IKA of the anode chamber K is separated from the interior IKK of the cathode chamber KK by the partition W.
- the anode chamber KA includes an interior IKA, which in turn includes an anodic electrode EA.
- Any electrode familiar to the person skilled in the art which is stable under the conditions of step (a) of the method according to the invention can be used as such anodic electrode EA.
- This electrode EA can consist of one layer or of several flat, mutually parallel layers, each of which can be perforated or expanded.
- the anodic electrode EA in particular comprises a material which is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, nickel, cobalt, nickel tungstate, nickel titanate, noble metals such as in particular platinum, which is on a carrier such as titanium or Kovar® (an iron/nickel/cobalt -Alloy in which the individual proportions are preferably as follows: 54% by mass iron, 29% by mass nickel, 17% by mass cobalt) is supported.
- Other possible anode materials include, in particular, stainless steel, lead, graphite, tungsten carbide and titanium diboride.
- the anodic electrode EA preferably comprises a titanium anode (RuÜ2 + lrÜ2 / Ti) coated with ruthenium oxide/iridium oxide.
- the anode chamber KA also includes an inlet ZKA and an outlet AKA. This makes it possible to add liquid, such as solution L3, to the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA and to remove liquid therein, such as solution L4.
- the inlet ZKA and the outlet AKA are attached to the anode chamber KA in such a way that the liquid contacts the anodic electrode EA as it flows through the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA. This is the prerequisite for the solution L4 to be obtained when carrying out step (a) of the method according to the invention on the process AKA when the solution L3 of a salt S is passed through the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA.
- the inlet ZKA and the outlet AKA can be attached to the electrolytic cell E using methods known to those skilled in the art, for example through holes in the outer wall and corresponding connections (valves), which simplify the introduction or discharge of liquid.
- the inlet ZKA can in certain embodiments in which the electrolytic cell E is a Middle chamber KM includes, also lie within the electrolytic cell, for example as a perforation in the diffusion barrier D.
- the electrolysis cell E used in step (a) of the method according to the invention optionally has at least one central chamber KM.
- the optional middle chamber KM is located between the cathode chamber KK and anode chamber KA. It includes at least one inlet ZKM, at least one outlet AKM and an interior IKM.
- the electrolysis cell E comprises a middle chamber KM
- the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA is separated from the interior IKM of the middle chamber KM by a diffusion barrier D.
- AKM is then also connected to the inlet ZKA through a connection VAM, so that liquid can be passed from IKM into IKA through the connection VAM.
- the interior IKM of the optional middle chamber KM is separated from the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA by a diffusion barrier D and separated from the interior IKK of the cathode chamber KK by the partition W.
- step (a) of the method according to the invention Any material which is stable under the conditions of step (a) of the method according to the invention and which prevents or slows down the transfer of protons from the liquid located in the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA into the interior IKM of the optional middle chamber KM can be used for the diffusion barrier D .
- a non-ion-specific partition wall or a membrane permeable to specific ions is used as the diffusion barrier D.
- the diffusion barrier D is preferably a non-ion-specific partition.
- the material of the non-ion-specific partition is selected in particular from the group consisting of fabric, which is in particular textile fabric or metal fabric, glass, which is in particular sintered glass or glass frits, ceramic, in particular ceramic frits, membrane diaphragm, and is particularly preferably a textile fabric or metal fabric, particularly preferably a textile fabric.
- the textile fabric preferably comprises plastic, more preferably a plastic selected from PVC, PVC-C, polyvinyl ether (“PVE”), polytetrafluoroethylene (“PTFE”).
- the diffusion barrier D is a “membrane permeable to specific ions”, this means according to the invention that the respective membrane promotes the diffusion of certain ions through it compared to other ions.
- membranes permeable to specific ions also promote the diffusion of certain ions with one type of charge compared to other ions of the same type of charge through them.
- the diffusion barrier D is a “membrane permeable to specific ions”, the diffusion barrier D is in particular an anion-conducting membrane or a cation-conducting membrane.
- anion-conducting membranes are those which selectively conduct anions, preferably selectively specific anions. In other words, they favor the diffusion of anions therethrough over that of cations, particularly protons, and even more preferably they additionally favor the diffusion of certain anions through them over the diffusion of other anions through them.
- cation-conducting membranes are those which selectively conduct cations, preferably selectively certain cations. In other words, they favor the diffusion of cations through them over that of anions, more preferably they additionally favor the diffusion of certain cations through them over the diffusion of other cations through them, even more preferably of cations in which there is are not protons, more preferably sodium cations, rather than protons.
- “Favor the diffusion of certain ions X over the diffusion of other ions Y” means in particular that the diffusion coefficient (unit m 2 /s) of the ion type as the diffusion coefficient of the ion type Y for the membrane in question.
- the diffusion barrier D is a “membrane permeable to specific ions”, it is preferably an anion-conducting membrane, because this is particularly effective at preventing the diffusion of protons from the anode chamber KA into the middle chamber KM.
- the anion-conducting membrane used is, in particular, one which is selective for the anions comprised by the salt S.
- Such membranes are known to those skilled in the art and can be used by them.
- the salt S comprises MA as a cation.
- the salt S is preferably a halide, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, bicarbonate or carbonate of MA, more preferably a halide.
- Halides are fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides.
- the most preferred halide is chloride.
- the anion-conducting membrane used is preferably a membrane that is selective for halides, preferably chloride.
- Anion-conducting membranes are available, for example, from M.A. Hickner, A.M. Herring, E.B. Coughlin, Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics 2013, 51, 1727-1735, by C.G. Arges, V. Ramani, P.N. Pintauro, Electrochemical Society Interface 2010, 19, 31-35, in WO 2007/048712 A2 and on page 181 of the textbook by Volkmar M. Schmidt Electrochemical Process Engineering: Basics, Reaction Engineering, Process Optimization, 1st edition (October 8, 2003).
- They preferably have covalently bound functional groups selected from -NH 3 + , -NRH2 + , -NR 3 + , more preferably selected from -NH 3 + , -NR 3 + , even more preferably -NR 3 + .
- the diffusion barrier D is a cation-conducting membrane, it is in particular a membrane that is selective for MA, i.e. the cation comprised by the salt S. Even more preferably, the diffusion barrier D is an alkali cation-conducting membrane, even more preferably a potassium and/or sodium ion-conducting membrane, most preferably a sodium ion-conducting membrane.
- Organic polymers which are selected in particular from polyethylene, polybenzimidazoles, polyether ketones, polystyrene, polypropylene or fluorinated membranes such as polyperfluoroethylene, preferably polystyrene, polyperfluoroethylene, are even more preferably used as the cation-conducting membrane, these covalently bonded functional groups selected from -SO 3 _ , -COO-, -PO 3 2- , -PO2H; preferably -SO 3 ; (described in DE 10 2010 062 804 A1, US 4,831,146).
- NeoseptaO membranes are described, for example, by SA Mareev, D.Yu. Butylskii, ND Pismenskaya, C Larchet, L Dammak, VV Nikonenko, Journal of Membrane Science 2018, 563, 768-776.
- a cation-conducting membrane is used as the diffusion barrier D, this can be, for example, a polymer functionalized with sulfonic acid groups, in particular of the following formula PNAFION, where n and m independently of one another are an integer from 1 to 10 6 , more preferably an integer from 10 to 10 5 more preferably an integer from 10 2 to 10 4 .
- the optional center chamber KM also includes an inlet ZKM and an outlet AKM. This makes it possible to add liquid, such as the solution L3, to the interior space IKM of the middle chamber KM, and to transfer liquid therein, such as the solution L3, into the interior space IKA of the anode chamber KA ZU.
- the inlet ZKM and the outlet AKM can be attached to the electrolytic cell E using methods known to those skilled in the art, for example through holes in the outer wall and corresponding connections (valves), which simplify the introduction or discharge of liquid.
- the AKM process can also be located within the electrolytic cell, for example as a perforation in the diffusion barrier D.
- the outlet AKM is connected to the inlet ZKA SO by a connection VAM, so that liquid from IKM can be passed into IKA through the connection VAM.
- connection VAM can be formed within the electrolytic cell E and/or outside the electrolytic cell E, and is preferably formed within the electrolytic cell. 1) If the connection VAM is formed within the electrolysis cell E, it is preferably formed by at least one perforation in the diffusion barrier D. This embodiment is particularly preferred if a non-ion-specific partition wall, in particular a metal fabric or textile fabric, is used as the diffusion barrier D. This acts as a diffusion barrier D and, due to the weaving properties, has perforations and gaps that act as a VAM connection.
- connection VAM is formed outside the electrolytic cell E, preferably through a connection of AKM running outside the electrolytic cell E and ZKA is formed, in particular in that an outlet AKM is formed from the interior IKM of the middle chamber KM through the outer wall WA, preferably at the bottom of the middle chamber KM, with even more preferably the inlet ZKM being at the top of the middle chamber KM, and an inlet ZKA is formed in the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA by the outer wall WA, preferably at the bottom of the anode chamber KA, and these are connected by a line, for example a pipe or a hose, which preferably comprises a material selected from rubber, plastic.
- the drain AKA is then even more preferably formed on the top of the anode chamber KA.
- AKM drain at the bottom of the middle chamber KM means that the AKM SO drain is attached to the electrolytic cell E and that the solution L3 leaves the middle chamber KM in the same direction as gravity.
- Inlet ZKA at the bottom of the anode chamber KA means that the inlet ZKA SO is attached to the electrolytic cell E and that the solution L3 enters the anode chamber KA against gravity.
- Inlet ZKM at the top of the middle chamber KM means that the inlet ZKM SO is attached to the electrolysis cell E and that the solution L3 enters the middle chamber KM in the same direction as gravity.
- Drain AKA at the top of the anode chamber KA means that the drain AKA SO is attached to the electrolytic cell E, so that the solution L4 leaves the anode chamber KA against gravity.
- connection VAM is formed outside the electrolytic cell E, in particular ZKM and AKM are arranged on opposite sides of the outer wall WA of the middle chamber KM (e.g. ZKM on the bottom and AKM on the top of the electrolytic cell E or vice versa) and ZKA and AKA on opposite sides the outer wall WA of the anode chamber KA (i.e. ZKA on the bottom and AKA on the top of the electrolysis cell E or vice versa), as shown in particular in Figure 1 B.
- l_3 must flow through the two chambers KM and KA.
- ZKA and ZKM can be formed on the same side of the electrolytic cell E, in which case AKM and AKA are then automatically formed on the same side of the electrolytic cell E.
- ZKA and ZKM can be formed on opposite sides of the electrolytic cell E, as in the embodiment shown in Figure 1 B, in which case AKM and AKA are then automatically formed on opposite sides of the electrolytic cell E.
- connection VAM is formed within the electrolytic cell E, this can be ensured in particular by one side (“side A”) of the electrolytic cell E, which is the top or the bottom of the electrolytic cell E, preferably as shown in Figure 6 B is the top, includes the inlet ZKM and the outlet AKA and the diffusion barrier D, starting from this side (“side A”), extends into the electrolytic cell E, but not all the way to the side opposite side A (“Side B”) of the electrolytic cell E, which is then the bottom or the top of the electrolytic cell E, ranges and thereby 50% or more of the height of the three-chamber cell E, more preferably 60% to 99% of the height of the three-chamber cell E, more preferably 70% to 95% of the height of the three-chamber cell E, even more preferably 80% to 90% of the height of the three-chamber cell E, even more preferably 85% of the height of the three-chamber cell E.
- bottom of the electrolytic cell E is the side of the electrolytic cell E through which one
- Electrolytic cell E exits or the side of the electrolytic cell E through which a solution (e.g. L2 at ZKK in Figures 1 A, 1 B, 6 A and 6 B and l_3 at ZKA in Figures 1 A and 1 B) is fed to the electrolytic cell E against gravity.
- a solution e.g. L2 at ZKK in Figures 1 A, 1 B, 6 A and 6 B and l_3 at ZKA in Figures 1 A and 1 B
- top of the electrolytic cell E is the side of the electrolytic cell E through which a solution (e.g. L4 in AKA and Li in AKK in Figures 1 A, 1 B, 6 A and 6 B) emerges from the electrolytic cell E against gravity or .
- a solution e.g. L3 at ZKM in Figures 1 B, 6 A and 6 B
- the interior IKM also includes at least one additional feature selected from:
- an inert gas e.g. nitrogen or noble gas
- an inert gas e.g. nitrogen or noble gas
- the electrolysis cell E used in step (a) of the method according to the invention comprises a partition W.
- the partition W comprises at least one alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA.
- the partition W consists of an alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA.
- the partition W comprises at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics, optionally separated from one another by a separating element T (“alkaline cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic” is abbreviated as “AFK” in the following) FA and FB.
- the partition W has two sides SKK and SA/MK which are opposite to each other, that is, the SA/MK side is opposite to the SKK side (and vice versa).
- the two sides SKK and SA/MK in particular comprise planes that are essentially parallel to one another.
- the geometry of the partition W is otherwise not further limited and can in particular be adapted to the cross section of the electrolysis cell E in which it is used.
- it can have the geometry of a cuboid and therefore have a rectangular section, or the geometry of a truncated cone or cylinder and therefore have a circular section.
- the partition W can also have the geometry of a cuboid with rounded corners and/or bulges, which in turn can have holes.
- the partition W then has bulges (“rabbit ears”) with which the partition W can be fixed to electrolysis cells or frame parts of the partition W can be fixed to one another.
- the SKK side of the partition W has the surface OKK
- the SA/MK side of the partition W has the surface OA/MK.
- partition means that the partition W is liquid-tight. There are therefore no gaps through which aqueous solution, alcoholic solution, alcohol or water could flow from the SKK side to the SA/MK side or vice versa.
- the partition W comprises at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics FA and FB and optionally a separating element T, this means that FA and FB and the optionally present at least one separating element T connect to one another without any gaps.
- the partition W that can be used in the electrolysis cell E according to step (a) of the method according to the invention also includes embodiments in which the partition W comprises more than two AFKs, for example four or nine or twelve AFKs, whereby the AFKs either directly adjoin one another or through one Separating element T are separated from each other.
- the partition W comprises more than one AFK, in the partition W all the AFKs encompassed by the partition W are separated from one another by at least one separating element T, that is to say no AFK directly, i.e. without a separating element T in between would be connected to another AFK.
- the partition W is further characterized in that the AFK FA encompassed by the partition W can be contacted directly via both the OKK surface and the OA/MK surface.
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, it is preferred that all AFKs encompassed by the partition W can be contacted directly both via the surface OKK and via the surface OA/MK.
- Directly contactable means, with respect to the AFKs encompassed by the partition W, that at least a part of the surfaces OKK and OA/MK is formed by the surface of the AFKs encompassed by the partition W, that is to say that those comprised by the partition W AFKs are directly accessible on the two surfaces OKK and OA/MK, so that they can be wetted on the two surfaces OKK and OA/MK, for example with aqueous solution, glycolic solution, glycol or water.
- the at least one separating element T can typically also be contacted directly both over at least part of the surface OKK and over at least part of the surface OA/MK.
- Directly contactable means, with reference to the at least one separating element T optionally included in the partition W, that part of the surfaces OKK and OA/MK is formed by the surface of the separating element T, that is to say that the separating element T is on the two surfaces OKK and OA/MK is directly accessible, so that the separating element T on the two surfaces OKK and OA/MK can be wetted, for example, with aqueous solution, alcoholic solution, alcohol or water.
- the partition W at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 85% of the surface OA/MK is formed by the AFKs encompassed by the partition W.
- the partition W at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 85% of the surface OKK is formed by the AFKs encompassed by the partition W.
- the partition W has more than one AFK, in particular 50% to 99%, more preferably at least 60% to 96%, even more preferably 70% to 92%, even more preferably 85% to 90% of the surface is OKK the AFKs encompassed by the partition W are formed, with even more preferably the rest of the surface OKK being formed by the separating element T and optionally the frame element R.
- the partition W has more than one AFK, in particular 50% to 99%, more preferably at least 60% to 96%, even more preferably 70% to 92%, even more preferably 85% to 90% of the surface becomes OA /MK is formed by the AFKs encompassed by the partition W, with even more preferably the rest of the surface OA/MK being formed by the separating element T and optionally the frame element R.
- the partition W ⁇ 16> comprises an alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA and optionally a frame element R. Even more preferably, the partition W ⁇ 16> consists of an alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA.
- the partition W comprises at least four AFKs FA, FB, Fc and FD, and more preferably then comprises exactly four AFKs FA, FB, Fc and FD.
- the partition W comprises at least nine AFKs FA, FB, Fc, FD, FE, FF, FG, FH and Fi, and more preferably exactly nine AFKs FA, FB, Fc, FD, FE, FF, FG, FH and Fi includes.
- the partition W comprises at least twelve AFKs FA, FB, Fc, FD, FE, FF, FG, FH, FI, FJ, FK and FL, and more preferably then exactly twelve AFKs FA, FB, Fc, FD , FE, FF, FG, FH, FI, FJ, FK and FL.
- the arrangement of at least two AFKs next to each other in the partition W results in an advantage over the arrangement of only one AFK, namely a further direction of propagation for the AFKs in the temperature fluctuations that arise during the operation of the electrolytic cell.
- NaSICON discs which act as partitions, are enclosed in electrolysis cells by the outer walls of the electrolysis cell or by solid plastic frames. The mechanical stresses that occur within the NaSICON during expansion cannot be dissipated, which can lead to the ceramic breaking.
- each AFK has at least one further degree of freedom available, that is, a dimension in which it can move can expand.
- a further degree of freedom available, that is, a dimension in which it can move can expand.
- AFKs for example as a solid disk
- the AFKs span the cross section of the electrolytic cell and border the solid wall of the electrolytic cell;
- the division into several small AFKs results in the stresses that occur within the smaller AFKs being absolutely smaller, can be dissipated more quickly and therefore do not become one as quickly Tension can build up, which leads to the AFK breaking.
- any solid electrolyte through which cations, in particular alkali cations, more preferably sodium cations, can be transported from the SA/MK side to the SKK side can be considered as alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics FA, FB, etc., which are comprised by the partition W.
- Such solid electrolytes are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in DE 10 2015 013 155 A1, in WO 2012/048032 A2, paragraphs [0035], [0039], [0040], in US 2010/0044242 A1, paragraphs [0040] , [0041], in DE 10360758 A1, paragraphs [014] to [025].
- NaSICON LiSICON
- KSICON KSICON
- a sodium ion-conducting solid electrolyte is preferred, which even more preferably has a NaSICON structure.
- NaSICON structures that can be used according to the invention are also described, for example, by N. Anantharamulu, K. Koteswara Rao, G. Rambabu, B. Vijaya Kumar, Velchuri Radha, M. Vithal, J Mater Sci 2011, 46, 2821-2837.
- the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics comprised by the partition W, and in particular the AFK FA, independently of one another have a NaSICON structure of the formula M'i+2w+x- y +z M"w M IH x Zr lv 2-wxy M v y (SiO/Qz (PO4)3-z on.
- M 1 is selected from Na + , Li + , preferably Na + .
- M" is a divalent metal cation, preferably selected from Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , more preferably selected from Co 2+ , Ni 2+ .
- M IH is a trivalent metal cation, preferably selected from Al 3+ , Ga 3+ , Sc 3+ , La 3+ , Y 3+ , Gd 3+ , Sm 3+ , Lu 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , more preferably selected from Sc 3+ , La 3+ , Y 3+ , Gd 3+ , Sm 3+ , particularly preferably selected from Sc 3+ , Y 3+ , La 3+ .
- M v is a pentavalent metal cation, preferably selected from V 5+ , Nb 5+ , Ta 5+ .
- w, x, y, z are real numbers, where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ w ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 3, and where w, x, y, z are chosen this way be that 1 + 2w + x - y + z > 0 and 2 - w - x - y > 0.
- partition W in which it comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, all AFKs included in the partition W have the same structure.
- the partition W preferably comprises a separating element T.
- the separating element T then separates at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics FA and FB encompassed by the partition W, that is is arranged between at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics FA and FB enclosed by the partition W.
- any body through which the respective AFKs can be arranged separately from one another is suitable as the separating element T, which is preferably enclosed by the partition W.
- the AFKs connect seamlessly to the separating element T in order not to impair the function of the partition, which is intended to separate the cathode chamber in the electrolytic cell E in a liquid-tight manner from the adjacent middle or anode chamber.
- the shape of the separating element T can be chosen by those skilled in the art depending on the number of AFKs that the separating wall W comprises in the preferred embodiment.
- the partition W comprises, for example, two or three AFKs, these can each be separated by a web arranged between the AFKs as a separating element T.
- the partition W comprises four or more AFKs, these can be separated by a separating element T, which has the shape of a cross or grid.
- a separating element T which has the shape of a cross or grid.
- the partition W according to the invention in which it comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, it is particularly preferred that the partition W comprises at least four AFKs and even more preferred that the separating element T is then cross-shaped or grid-shaped, as this is then ensured that the AFKs have all three dimensions fully available for thermal expansion/shrinkage.
- the separating element T can consist of one piece. Then the AFK is attached to the separating element T without any gaps, for example using a means known to those skilled in the art, for example via an adhesive, preferably using epoxy resins, phenolic resins. Alternatively or additionally, the separating element T can also be shaped in such a way that the respective AFK is inserted into the Separating element can be fitted or clamped. This can be done accordingly during the production of the partition W.
- the partition W comprises a separating element
- it comprises a seal Di in particular between the separating element T and the AFKs ( Figures 3 B, 3 C). This ensures particularly well that the partition W is liquid-tight.
- the seal Di can be selected by the expert for the respective AFK or the respective separating element T.
- the seal Di in particular comprises a material which is selected from the group consisting of elastomers, adhesives, preferably elastomers.
- Rubber is particularly suitable as an elastomer, preferably ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (“EPDM”), fluoropolymer rubber (“FPM”), perfluoropolymer rubber (“FFPM”), Aery I n it ri I butad ie n ka utsch u k (“N B R”).
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
- FPM fluoropolymer rubber
- FFPM perfluoropolymer rubber
- N B R Aery I n it ri I butad ie n ka utsch u k
- the separating element T comprises at least two parts Ti and T2, which can be attached to one another and thus clamp the AFKs between them.
- the separating element T preferably comprises a material which is selected from the group consisting of plastic, glass, wood. Particularly preferred is the separating element T made of plastic. More preferably, the plastic is one selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (“PVC-C”). 1 .1 .4.3 Frame element R
- the partition W also comprises a frame element R.
- the frame element R differs from the partition element T in that it is not arranged between the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics encompassed by the partition W, i.e. it does not separate them from one another.
- the frame element R in particular delimits the surfaces OKK and OA/MK at least partially, preferably completely. This means in particular: The frame element R encloses the surfaces OKK and OA/MK at least partially, preferably completely.
- the frame element R can be designed as part of the surfaces OKK and OA/K or not.
- the frame element R is preferably designed as part of the surfaces OKK and OA/MK.
- the frame element R can be contacted directly or cannot be contacted directly, preferably directly contacted, in particular via the surfaces OKK and OA/MK.
- “Not directly contactable” means, with reference to the frame element R optionally included in the partition W, that the frame element R is formed exclusively as at least part of the surfaces of those sides of the partition W which are not the sides SKK and SA/ MK acts. In particular, the frame element R then forms at least 1%, more preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably 100% of the surfaces of the sides of the partition W, which are not the sides SKK and SA/MK.
- Directly contactable means, with reference to the frame element R optionally included in the partition W, that a part of the surfaces OKK and OA/MK is formed by the surface of the frame element R, that is to say that the frame element R included in the partition W are directly accessible to the two surfaces OKK and OA/MK, so that it can be wetted on the two surfaces OKK and OA/MK, for example with aqueous solution, alcoholic solution, alcohol or water.
- the frame element R can also be designed as at least part of the surfaces of those sides of the partition W that are not the sides SKK and SA/MK.
- the frame element R forms at least 1%, more preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably 100% of the surfaces of the sides of the partition W, which are not the sides SKK and SA/MK.
- FIGS 4 A and 4 C show, for example, embodiments in which the frame element R completely forms the surfaces of those sides of the partition W that are not the sides SKK and SA/MK.
- the frame element R is in particular made of a material which is selected from the group consisting of plastic, glass, wood.
- the frame element R is particularly preferably made of plastic.
- the plastic is one selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, PVC-C.
- the partition W comprises a partition element T and a frame element R
- the frame element R and the partition element T are made of the same material, more preferably both are made of plastic, which is even more preferably selected from polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, PVC-C.
- the frame element R can consist of one piece.
- the AFK is then attached to the frame element R without any gaps, for example using a means known to those skilled in the art, for example using an adhesive, with epoxy resins and phenolic resins being particularly suitable.
- the frame element R can also be shaped in such a way that the respective AFK can be fitted or clamped into the frame element R.
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, at least one separating element T and a frame element R
- the AFKs, the at least one separating element T and the frame element R connect to one another without any gaps. There are therefore no gaps between the separating element T, the frame element R and the AFKs enclosed by the separating wall W, through which glycol, glycolic solution, aqueous solution or water could flow from the SKK side to the SA/MK side or vice versa.
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, a frame element R and at least one separating element T, and the frame element R and the at least one separating element T are at least partially formed in one piece with one another
- the frame element R can consist of at least two parts , which are attached to each other, clamping the AFKs between them.
- the partition W can then have a hinge on which the two parts of the frame element R can be opened and closed.
- the partition W can then have a lock on which the two parts of the frame element R can be locked in the folded state (Figure 7 A).
- the separating element T In the folded state, the AFKs and, if this is not already formed in one piece with the frame element R, the separating element T can then be clamped between the two parts of the frame element R. In this embodiment, a seal can then be attached between the separating element T and AFK or frame element R and AFK in order to ensure liquid tightness.
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, a frame element R and at least one separating element T
- at least a part of the separating element T is formed in one piece with at least a part of the frame element R. This means in particular that at least part of the separating element T then merges into the frame element R.
- the at least one separating element T and the frame element R are then preferably present in one piece.
- the embodiment of a frame element R has the advantage that it can function as part of the outer wall when assembling the electrolytic cell E.
- This part of the partition W does not contact the solutions in the respective interior IKK, IKA or IKM, which is why it would be a waste to use at least one solid electrolyte ceramic FA for this part.
- the part of the partition wall W which is clamped between or forms a part of the outer wall is subjected to pressure, which makes the brittle solid electrolyte ceramic FA unsuitable.
- a shatterproof and cheaper material is selected for the frame R. 1 .1 .4.4 Production of the partition W
- the partition W can be produced using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- an AFK FA can be used as the partition W, which is cut or shaped using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the partition W comprises a frame element R or at least one partition element T
- the AFKs enclosed by the partition wall can be placed in a mold and the partition element can be poured over liquid plastic and then allowed to solidify (injection molding process). When it solidifies, it then encloses the AFKs.
- the separating element T is cast separately (or in parts) and then attached to the at least two AFKs without gaps (for example glued).
- the partition W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA encompassed by the partition W directly contacts the interior IKK on the SKK side via the surface OKK.
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, at least one separating element T and optionally a frame element R
- the partition W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics FA and FB comprised by the partition W and preferably also the separating element T, directly contact the interior IKK on the SKK side via the OKK surface.
- the partition W in the electrolytic cell E is arranged in such a way that when the interior IKK on the side SKK is completely filled with solution L2, the solution L2 then passes over the surface OKK at least the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic encompassed by the partition W FA contacted so that ions (e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium) from FA can enter the solution L2.
- ions e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, at least one partition element T and optionally a frame element R
- ions e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
- the partition W is arranged in the electrolysis cell E in such a way that the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA encompassed by the partition W covers the interior IKA on the SA/MK side over the surface OA/MK contacted directly.
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, at least one separating element T and optionally a frame element R, and if the electrolytic cell E does not include a central chamber KM, this means that the partition W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the of The partition W comprises alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics, and preferably also the separating element T, which directly contacts the interior IKA on the SA/MK side via the surface OA/MK.
- the partition W borders the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA.
- the partition W in the electrolytic cell E is arranged in such a way that when the interior space IKA on the SA/MK side is completely filled with solution L3, the solution L3 then flows over the surface OA/MK at least that of the partition W comprised alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA contacted so that ions (e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium) from the solution L4 can enter the AFK FA.
- ions e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, at least one partition element T and optionally a frame element R
- this means that the partition W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that when the interior IKA is on the side SA/MK is completely filled with solution L3, that the solution L3 then contacts via the surface OA/MK at least the two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics FA and FB enclosed by the partition W and preferably also the separating element T in such a way that ions (e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium) can enter the AFK FA and FB from solution L3.
- ions e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
- the partition W is arranged in the electrolysis cell E in such a way that the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA encompassed by the partition W covers the interior space IKM on the SA/MK side Surface OA/MK contacted directly.
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, at least one separating element T and optionally a frame element R, and if the electrolytic cell E comprises at least one central chamber KM, this means that the partition W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the of the partition W comprising alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics, and preferably also the separating element T, directly contact the interior IKM on the SA/MK side via the surface OA/MK.
- the partition W borders the interior IKM of the middle chamber KM.
- the partition W in the electrolytic cell E is arranged in such a way that when the interior space IKM on the SA/MK side is completely filled with solution L3, the solution L3 then flows over the surface OA/MK at least that of the partition W comprised alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramic FA contacted so that ions (e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium) from the solution L3 can enter the AFK FA.
- ions e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
- the partition W comprises at least two AFKs FA, FB, at least one partition element T and optionally a frame element R
- this means that the partition W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that when the interior space IKM is on the side SA/MK is completely filled with solution L3, that the solution L3 then contacts via the surface OA/MK at least the two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics FA and FB enclosed by the partition W and preferably also the separating element T in such a way that ions (e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium) can enter the AFK FA and FB from solution L3.
- ions e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
- Step (a) of the method according to the invention relates to the preparation of a solution Li of MA glycolate in glycol, where MA is an alkali metal cation.
- the process is carried out in an electrolysis cell E.
- steps (a1), (a2), (a3) occurring simultaneously are carried out.
- step (a1) a solution L2 comprising glycol, preferably comprising an alkali metal glycolate MA glycolate and glycol, is passed through IKK.
- the solution L2 is preferably free of water.
- “free of water” means that the weight of the water in the solution L2 based on the weight of the glycol in the solution L2 (mass ratio) is ⁇ 1:10, more preferably ⁇ 1:20, even more preferably ⁇ 1:100, even more preferred ⁇ 0.5:100, more preferably ⁇ 1:1000, even more preferably ⁇ 1:10000.
- the mass fraction of MA glycolate in the solution L2, based on the entire solution L2, is in particular >0 to 30% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 20% by weight more preferably at 0.2 to 10% by weight, even more preferably at 0.5 to 5% by weight, most preferably at 0.7 to 2% by weight, most preferably at 1% by weight.
- the mass ratio of MA glycolate to glycol in the solution L2 is in particular in the range 1:1000 to 1:5, more preferably in the range 1:250 to 3:20, even more preferably in the range 1: 120 to 1:8, more preferably 1:100.
- step (a2) a neutral or alkaline aqueous solution L3 of a salt S comprising MA as a cation is passed through IKA.
- the salt S is preferably a halide, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, bicarbonate or carbonate of MA, more preferably a halide.
- Halides are fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides.
- the most preferred halide is chloride.
- the pH of the aqueous solution L3 is >7.0, preferably in the range 7 to 12, more preferably in the range 8 to 1 1, even more preferably 10 to 1 1, most preferably 10.5.
- the mass fraction of the salt S in the solution L3 is preferably in the range >0 to
- 20% by weight preferably 1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 5 to 20% by weight, even more preferably 10 to 20% by weight, most preferably 20% by weight, based on the entire solution L3.
- step (a3) a voltage is then applied between EA and EK.
- the charge source is known to those skilled in the art and is typically a rectifier that converts alternating current into direct current and can generate certain voltages via voltage converters.
- the area of the solid electrolyte that contacts the anolyte located in the interior IKA of the anode chamber KA is in particular 0.00001 to 10 m 2 , preferably 0.0001 to 2.5 m 2 , more preferably 0.0002 to 0.15 m 2 , even more preferably 2.83 cm 2 .
- step (a3) of the method according to the invention is carried out when the interior space IKA of the anode chamber KA is at least partially loaded with L3 and the interior space IKK of the cathode chamber KK is at least partially loaded with L2, so that both L3 as well as L2 contact the AFKs encompassed by the partition W and in particular also contact the separating element T, if the separating wall W includes one.
- step (a3) The fact that charge transport takes place between EA and EK in step (a3) implies that IKK and IKA are simultaneously loaded with L2 and L3, respectively, in such a way that they cover the electrodes EK and EA, respectively, to such an extent that the circuit is closed .
- step (a1) and step (a2) are carried out continuously and voltage is applied in accordance with step (a3).
- the solution Li is obtained at the AKK outlet, the concentration of MA glycolate in Li being higher than in L2.
- the concentration of MA glycolate in Li is preferably 1.01 to 200.2 times, more preferably 5.04 to 100.8 times, even more preferably 10.077 to 50.4 times, even more preferred 18,077 to 20.08 times higher than in L2, most preferably 20.00 times higher than in L2, with even more preferably the mass fraction of MA glycolate in Li and in L2 in the range 0.1 to 50% by weight, still more preferably 1 to 20% by weight.
- the concentration of the cation MA in the aqueous solution L3 is preferably in the range 0.5 to 5 mol/l, more preferably 1 mol/l.
- the concentration of the cation MA in the aqueous solution L4 is preferably 0.5 mol/l lower than that of the aqueous solution L3 used in each case.
- steps (a1) to (a3) of the process according to the invention are carried out at a temperature of 20 ° C to 110 ° C, preferably 50 ° C to 105 ° C, more preferably 80 ° C to 99 ° C, even more preferably 90 ° C to 95 ° C and a pressure of 0.5 bar to 1.5 bar, preferably 0.9 bar to 1.1 bar, more preferably 1.0 bar.
- the mixture of chlorine, oxygen and/or CO2 and solution L4 can then be separated using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the gases chlorine, oxygen and/or CO2 after the gases chlorine, oxygen and/or CO2 have been separated from the solution L4, they can then be separated from one another using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the electrolysis cell E comprises at least one central chamber KM
- the simultaneous steps (ß1), (ß2), (ß3) are carried out.
- the electrolytic cell E comprises at least one central chamber KM, and then the simultaneous steps (ß1), (ß2), (ß3) are carried out.
- step (ß1) a solution L2 comprising glycol, preferably comprising an alkali metal glycolate MA glycolate and glycol, is passed through IKK.
- the solution L2 is preferably free of water.
- “free of water” means that the weight of the water in the solution L2 based on the weight of the glycol in the solution L2 (mass ratio) is ⁇ 1:10, more preferably ⁇ 1:20, even more preferably ⁇ 1:100, even more preferred ⁇ 0.5: 100.
- the mass fraction of MA glycolate in the solution L2, based on the entire solution L2, is in particular >0 to 30% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 20% by weight more preferably at 0.2 to 10% by weight, even more preferably at 0.5 to 5% by weight, most preferably at 0.7 to 2% by weight, most preferably at 1% by weight.
- the mass ratio of MA glycolate to glycol in the solution L2 is in particular in the range 1:1000 to 1:5, more preferably in the range 1:250 to 3:20, even more preferably in the range 1: 120 to 1:8, more preferably 1:100. 1 .2.2.2 Step
- step (ß2) a neutral or alkaline aqueous solution L3 of a salt S comprising MA as a cation is passed through IKM, then through VAM, then through IKA.
- the salt S is preferably a halide, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, bicarbonate or carbonate of MA, more preferably a halide.
- Halides are fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides. The most preferred halide is chloride.
- the pH of the aqueous solution L3 is >7.0, preferably in the range 7 to 12, more preferably in the range 8 to 11, even more preferably 10 to 11, most preferably 10.5.
- the mass fraction of the salt S in the solution L3 is preferably in the range >0 to
- 20% by weight preferably 1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 5 to 20% by weight, even more preferably 10 to 20% by weight, most preferably 20% by weight, based on the entire solution L3.
- step (ß3) a voltage is then applied between EA and EK.
- the charge source is known to those skilled in the art and is typically a rectifier that converts alternating current into direct current and can generate certain voltages via voltage converters.
- the area of the solid electrolyte is in particular 0.00001 to 10 m 2 , preferably 0.0001 to 2.5 m 2 , more preferably 0.0002 to 0.15 m 2 , even more preferably 2.83 cm 2 .
- step (ß3) of the method according to the invention is carried out when the interior spaces IKA and IKM of both chambers KM and KA are at least partially loaded with l_3 and the interior space IKK is at least partially loaded with l_2, so that both l_3 as well as l_2 contact the solid electrolyte encompassed by the partition W and in particular also contact the separating element T, if the partition W includes one.
- step (ß3) The fact that charge transport takes place between EA and EK in step (ß3) implies that IKK, IKM and IKA are simultaneously loaded with L2 and L3, respectively, in such a way that they cover the electrodes EK and EA, respectively, to such an extent that the electrical circuit closed is.
- step (ß1) and step (ß2) are carried out continuously and voltage is applied according to step (ß3).
- the solution Li is obtained at the AKK outlet, the concentration of MA glycolate in Li being higher than in L2.
- the concentration of MA glycolate in Li is preferably 1.01 to 200.2 times, more preferably 5.04 to 100.80 times, even more preferably 10.077 to 50.40 times, even more preferred 18,077 to 20.08 times higher than in L2, most preferably 20.00 times higher than in L2, with even more preferably the mass fraction of MA glycolate in Li and in L2 in the range 0.1 to 50% by weight, still more preferably 1 to 20% by weight.
- the concentration of the cation MA in the aqueous solution L3 is preferably in the range 0.5 to 5 mol/l, more preferably 1 mol/l.
- the concentration of the cation MA in the aqueous solution L4 is preferably 0.5 mol/l lower than that of the aqueous solution L3 used in each case.
- steps (ß1) to (ß3) of the method according to the invention are carried out in a
- hydrogen is typically formed in the cathode chamber IKK, which can be removed from the cell together with the solution Li via the outlet AKK.
- the mixture of hydrogen and solution Li can then be separated using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the alkali metal compound used is a halide, in particular chloride, chlorine or another halogen gas can be formed, which can be removed from the cell together with the solution L4 via the AKK drain.
- oxygen and/or carbon dioxide can also be produced, which can also be removed.
- the mixture of chlorine, oxygen and/or CO2 and solution L4 can then be separated using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the gases chlorine, oxygen and/or CO2 after the gases chlorine, oxygen and/or CO2 have been separated from the solution L4, they can then be separated from one another using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- steps (ß1) to (ß3) brings further surprising advantages that were not to be expected in the light of the prior art.
- steps (ß1) to (ß3) of the method according to the invention the acid-labile solid electrolyte is protected from corrosion without having to sacrifice alcoholate solution from the cathode compartment as a buffer solution, as in the prior art.
- the method according to the invention is therefore more efficient than the procedure described in WO 2008/076327 A1, in which the product solution is used for the middle chamber, which reduces overall sales.
- step (b) of the method according to the invention the solution Li ⁇ 21> obtained in step (a) comprising glycol and MA glycolate is reacted with PET to form a mixture Mi comprising BHET.
- PET that needs to be depolymerized
- PET is generated as waste, particularly in households, in industry or in agriculture.
- the PET to be depolymerized is present in a mixture with other plastics, in particular at least one plastic selected from polyethylene (“PE”) and polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”).
- PE polyethylene
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- the PET is at least partially separated from the other plastics, preferably by sorting, before it is subjected to step (b) of the method according to the invention.
- the PET is exposed to at least one pretreatment step.
- the PET is subjected to at least one pretreatment step selected from chemical pretreatment step and comminution step before it is used in step (b).
- the PET is preferably subjected to at least one pretreatment step selected from at least partial separation from other plastics, preferably by sorting, chemical pretreatment step, shredding step, before it is used in step (b). .
- the PET is more preferably first at least partially separated from other plastics, then chemically pretreated at least once and finally shredded.
- the chemical pretreatment step is in particular a washing step.
- a washing step has the advantage that before step (b) is carried out, any Contamination, in particular food residues, cosmetic residues and/or body secretions (e.g. blood, sperm, feces), are removed.
- Such impurities could reduce the efficiency of the reaction in step (b) and/or degrade the purity of the resulting BHET.
- the waste is heated, in particular in a washing solution, at a temperature of 30 ° C to 99 ° C, preferably 50 ° C to 90 ° C, even more preferably 70 ° C to 85 ° C.
- washing solutions are familiar to those skilled in the art and are preferably selected from: aqueous solution of a surfactant, preferably a non-ionic surfactant; aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide; preferably aqueous NaOH.
- a surfactant preferably a non-ionic surfactant
- aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide preferably aqueous NaOH.
- the treatment time of the chemical pretreatment step, in particular the washing step is in particular 1 minute to 12 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 6 hours, more preferably 30 minutes to 2 hours, even more preferably 45 to 90 minutes, most preferably 60 minutes.
- the aqueous solution is separated off, for example by filtration, and the cleaned PET is preferably washed at least once with water in order to remove residues of the washing solution.
- the PET waste thus obtained is then dried, in particular in a drying cabinet.
- the temperature used for drying is in particular in the range 30 to 120 °C, preferably 50 °C to 100 °C, more preferably 60 °C to 90 °C, most preferably 80 °C.
- the shredding step has the advantage that the surface area of the PET available for the reaction in step (b) is increased. This increases the reaction rate of the reaction in step (b).
- the comminution can take place in apparatus known to those skilled in the art, for example a shredder or a cutting mill.
- the PET is decolorized or specifically colored before it is subjected to step (b). This can be carried out using methods known to those skilled in the art, for example decolorization with hydrogen peroxide or coloring with a dye.
- BHET MHET TS “MHET” also includes the corresponding carboxylate of the structure shown.
- TS also includes the corresponding mono- and dicarboxylate of the structure shown.
- the reaction in step (b) is carried out in particular at a temperature of at least 100 ° C, preferably at a temperature in the range from > 100 ° C to ⁇ 197 ° C, more preferably at a temperature in the range from > 130 ° C to ⁇ 197 ° C, more preferably at a temperature in the range of > 150 ° C to ⁇ 197 ° C, more preferably at a temperature in the range of > 175 ° C to ⁇ 197 ° C.
- the reaction in step (b) is preferably carried out at the boiling point of the glycol. Even more preferably, glycol is refluxed, that is, glycol is evaporated from the reaction, condensed and then returned to the reaction. This refluxation can be adjusted using means familiar to those skilled in the art, for example in a distillation apparatus.
- the total weight of the MA glycolate used in the process is in particular in the range from 0.1 to 100% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.5 to 80% by weight, more preferably in the range from 1.0 to 50% by weight, more preferably in the range from 1.5 to 25% by weight, more preferably in the range from 2.0 to 10% by weight, more preferably in the range from 2.5 to 6.0% by weight, particularly preferably at 3.5 to 5.0% by weight, most preferably 3.9% by weight.
- a mixture Mi is obtained in which the molar ratio q of the amount of BHET (UBHET) to the sum of the amounts of MHET and TS (UMHET + ns) is in the range 1: 1 to 1000: 1, preferably 2:1 to 500:100, more preferably 4:1 to 300:1, even more preferably 10:1 to 100:1, even more preferably 13:1 to 60:1, even more preferably 13:1 to 24: 1 lies.
- n riBHET/ (nMHET + HTS)
- step (c) BHET is at least partially separated from Mi. This is done even more preferably by crystallization and/or distillation. Even more preferably, BHET is filtered from Mi in step (c) and then crystallized out. 3. Procedure for of PET
- the BHET obtained in the mixture Mi in the process according to the invention is preferably polymerized into PET in a process for recycling polyethylene terephthalate in one step (Q.
- step (Q) BHET is polymerized back into PET in the presence of catalysts, which are in particular catalysts selected from the group consisting of antimony compounds, preferably Sb2O3.
- catalysts which are in particular catalysts selected from the group consisting of antimony compounds, preferably Sb2O3.
- step (Q) The polymerization of BHET to PET in step (Q is preferably carried out at least at the boiling temperature of the glycol.
- glycol is removed from the reaction mixture in order to shift the reaction equilibrium to the side of the polymer PET.
- step (Q) the polymerization of BHET to PET in step (Q is carried out at the boiling temperature of the glycol. Even more preferably, glycol is then removed from the reaction mixture during the polymerization in step (Q in order to shift the reaction equilibrium to the side of the polymer PET.
- the electrolytic production of sodium glycolate was carried out in a three-chamber electrolytic cell.
- the middle chamber was separated from the anode chamber by a filter cloth and from the cathode chamber by a 15 x 15 cm Nasicon ceramic.
- a DSA anode [“dimensionally stable anode” with ruthenium oxide/iridium oxide coated titanium anode (RuÜ2 + lrC>2 / Ti)] was used as the anode; the cathode was made of VA steel (VA means “stainless”; stainless steel).
- a Gamry Reference 3000 (AE) potentiostat and Reference 30K Booster were used as a voltage source.
- the cathode chamber of the electrolytic cell was connected to a 250 ml heatable double-jacket vessel with a magnetic stirrer, from which electrolyte could be pumped into the cathode chamber of the electrolytic cell via a perestaltic pump via a conductivity measuring point and another 100 ml glass heat exchanger. From there the catholyte could be pumped back into the double-jacketed vessel. The catholyte was therefore driven in circles.
- the temperature of the cathode-side electrolyte could be measured or adjusted using a thermostat with a PT 100 sensor (platinum sensor, which has a nominal resistance of 100 Q at a temperature of 0 °C) and a heat exchanger.
- a PT 100 sensor platinum sensor, which has a nominal resistance of 100 Q at a temperature of 0 °C
- the middle chamber of the electrolysis cell was connected to a storage vessel from which electrolyte could be pumped via a perestaltic pump into the middle chamber, then via the filter cloth into the anode chamber, and from there via a pH measuring point into a collecting vessel.
- the temperature of the anode-side electrolyte could be measured or adjusted using a thermostat with a PT 100 sensor or heat exchanger.
- the anolyte was not driven in circles. 1 .1 .2 Experimental procedure:
- the thermostat for the cathode side was set to 90°C and started. 650 g of 1% by weight sodium glycolate solution were poured into the heatable double-jacketed vessel and the peristaltic pump was started (flow rate 1000 ml/h), as a result of which the sodium glycolate solution was pumped through a conductivity measuring point and another heat exchanger into the cathode chamber of the electrolytic cell. The glycolate then flowed from the cathode chamber back into the double jacket. The glycolate and the chamber were heated to 90 °C. The thermostat for the NaCl side was set to 105 °C and the peristaltic pump for the NaCl brine was started (flow rate 4000 ml/h).
- the 20% by weight NaCl brine with pH 11 from a storage vessel was pumped through a heat exchanger into the middle chamber of the electrolysis cell. From there it flowed through the filter cloth into the anode chamber and then out of the cell into a pH measuring point and then into the collecting vessel.
- the NaCl brine was not cycled in circles.
- the power to the electrolytic cell was switched on.
- the potentiostat was switched to galvanostatic operation. The current was fixed at 10 amps and the voltage was regulated accordingly. Then the conductivity measurement for the glycolate and the pH measurement of the NaCl brine were recorded.
- the electrolysis was carried out for 4 hours. Then the power was switched off and the cell was completely emptied.
- the sodium glycolate solution had a concentration of ⁇ 20% by weight.
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- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22166553 | 2022-04-04 | ||
| PCT/EP2022/082364 WO2023193940A1 (de) | 2022-04-04 | 2022-11-18 | Verbessertes verfahren zur depolymerisierung von polyethylenterephthalat |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4504829A1 true EP4504829A1 (de) | 2025-02-12 |
| EP4504829B1 EP4504829B1 (de) | 2026-04-08 |
Family
ID=81324918
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22818690.4A Active EP4504829B1 (de) | 2022-04-04 | 2022-11-18 | Verbessertes verfahren zur depolymerisierung von polyethylenterephthalat |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250215187A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4504829B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2025513769A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20240174527A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN119013338A (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2022451924A1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA3246818A1 (de) |
| CL (1) | CL2024002964A1 (de) |
| MX (1) | MX2024012275A (de) |
| TW (1) | TW202340350A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023193940A1 (de) |
| ZA (1) | ZA202408200B (de) |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003160650A (ja) * | 2001-11-28 | 2003-06-03 | Is:Kk | ポリエチレンテレフタレートの製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (26)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB784248A (en) | 1954-04-30 | 1957-10-09 | Du Pont | Improvements in the preparation of high quality dimethyl terephthalate |
| US3222299A (en) | 1961-10-16 | 1965-12-07 | Du Pont | Process of reclaiming linear terephthalate polyester |
| JPS499115B1 (de) * | 1970-05-26 | 1974-03-01 | ||
| US4355175A (en) | 1981-04-06 | 1982-10-19 | Pusztaszeri Stephen F | Method for recovery of terephthalic acid from polyester scrap |
| DD258143A3 (de) | 1986-03-03 | 1988-07-13 | Koethen Ing Hochschule | Elektrolysezelle fuer stofftransportgehemmte oder durch konzentrationsabnahmen kinetisch verlangsamte elektrodenreaktionen |
| US4831146A (en) | 1988-03-21 | 1989-05-16 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Process for preparing triacetone amine and other oxopiperidines |
| US5425856A (en) * | 1994-04-26 | 1995-06-20 | Occidental Chemical Corporation | Method of making alkali metal alcoholates |
| IT1278166B1 (it) | 1995-01-24 | 1997-11-17 | Ars Ing Srl | Processo per la preparazione di bis (2-idrossietil) teraftalato |
| JP4118446B2 (ja) | 1999-04-27 | 2008-07-16 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | 熱可塑性ポリエステルの分解処理装置及び分解処理方法 |
| DE10032899C2 (de) | 2000-07-06 | 2003-09-18 | B & B Anlagenbau Gmbh | Verfahren zum Aufbereiten von PET-Behältnissen mittels einer Wärmebehandlung |
| JPWO2003051815A1 (ja) * | 2001-12-18 | 2005-04-28 | 株式会社アイエス | ポリエステルのエチレングリコール分解生成溶液の脱イオン処理方法 |
| US7824536B2 (en) | 2003-12-11 | 2010-11-02 | Ceramatec, Inc. | Electrolytic method to make alkali alcoholates using ceramic ion conducting solid membranes |
| US20080173551A1 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2008-07-24 | Joshi Ashok V | Electrolytic Method to Make Alkali Alcoholates |
| US8075758B2 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2011-12-13 | Ceramatec, Inc. | Electrolytic method to make alkali alcoholates using ion conducting alkali electrolyte/separator |
| US20080173540A1 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2008-07-24 | Joshi Ashok V | Electrolytic Cell for Producing Alkali Alcoholates |
| DE10360758A1 (de) | 2003-12-23 | 2005-07-28 | Degussa Ag | Elektrochemische Herstellung von Alkalialkoholaten mit Hilfe einer keramischen Festelektrolytmembran |
| DE102005051162A1 (de) | 2005-10-24 | 2007-04-26 | Basf Ag | Oberflächenstrukturierte Membranen und mit Katalysator beschichtete Membranen sowie Membran-Elektroden-Einheiten daraus |
| WO2010027825A2 (en) | 2008-08-25 | 2010-03-11 | Ceramatec, Inc. | Methods for producing sodium hypochlorite with a three-comportment apparatus containing an acidic anolyte |
| DE102010062804A1 (de) | 2010-01-12 | 2011-07-14 | Evonik Degussa GmbH, 45128 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1,1 Diarylalkanen und Derivativen davon |
| US9611555B2 (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2017-04-04 | Ceramatec, Inc. | Chemical systems and methods for operating an electrochemical cell with an acidic anolyte |
| EP2870277B1 (de) | 2012-07-03 | 2021-04-14 | Enlighten Innovations Inc. | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung von metall in einer nasicon-elektrolysezelle |
| KR101719293B1 (ko) | 2015-01-13 | 2017-03-23 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 다공성 나피온 막 및 그 제조 방법 |
| DE102015013155A1 (de) | 2015-10-09 | 2017-04-13 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Elektrolytmaterial mit NASICON-Struktur für Feststoff-Natriumionenbatterien sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| US10808096B2 (en) | 2018-06-25 | 2020-10-20 | 9449710 Canada Inc. | Terephthalic acid esters formation |
| EP3885470B1 (de) * | 2020-03-24 | 2023-06-28 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Verfahren zur herstellung von alkalimetallalkoholaten in einer dreikammerelektrolysezelle |
| EP3885471B1 (de) * | 2020-03-24 | 2023-07-19 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Verbessertes verfahren zur herstellung von natriumalkoholaten |
-
2022
- 2022-11-18 US US18/853,148 patent/US20250215187A1/en active Pending
- 2022-11-18 EP EP22818690.4A patent/EP4504829B1/de active Active
- 2022-11-18 KR KR1020247032784A patent/KR20240174527A/ko active Pending
- 2022-11-18 WO PCT/EP2022/082364 patent/WO2023193940A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2022-11-18 CA CA3246818A patent/CA3246818A1/en active Pending
- 2022-11-18 AU AU2022451924A patent/AU2022451924A1/en active Pending
- 2022-11-18 CN CN202280094494.7A patent/CN119013338A/zh active Pending
- 2022-11-18 JP JP2024558287A patent/JP2025513769A/ja active Pending
- 2022-11-30 TW TW111145876A patent/TW202340350A/zh unknown
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2024
- 2024-10-02 CL CL2024002964A patent/CL2024002964A1/es unknown
- 2024-10-03 MX MX2024012275A patent/MX2024012275A/es unknown
- 2024-10-30 ZA ZA2024/08200A patent/ZA202408200B/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003160650A (ja) * | 2001-11-28 | 2003-06-03 | Is:Kk | ポリエチレンテレフタレートの製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA202408200B (en) | 2026-01-28 |
| KR20240174527A (ko) | 2024-12-17 |
| MX2024012275A (es) | 2024-11-08 |
| CA3246818A1 (en) | 2025-02-26 |
| US20250215187A1 (en) | 2025-07-03 |
| CL2024002964A1 (es) | 2024-12-13 |
| EP4504829B1 (de) | 2026-04-08 |
| CN119013338A (zh) | 2024-11-22 |
| JP2025513769A (ja) | 2025-04-30 |
| AU2022451924A1 (en) | 2024-11-14 |
| WO2023193940A1 (de) | 2023-10-12 |
| TW202340350A (zh) | 2023-10-16 |
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