Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
  • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
  • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
  • H03K17/56—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices
  • H03K17/687—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices the devices being field-effect transistors
  • H03K17/689—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices the devices being field-effect transistors with galvanic isolation between the control circuit and the output circuit
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
  • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
  • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
  • H03K17/56—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices
  • H03K17/567—Circuits characterised by the use of more than one type of semiconductor device, e.g. BIMOS, composite devices such as IGBT
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
  • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
  • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
  • H03K17/78—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used using opto-electronic devices, i.e. light-emitting and photoelectric devices electrically- or optically-coupled
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
  • H03K2217/00—Indexing scheme related to electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making or -breaking covered by H03K17/00
  • H03K2217/0081—Power supply means, e.g. to the switch driver

Definitions

• the invention relates to a driver circuit for controlling electrical or electronic components, circuits, machines or equipment. It should galvanically decouple the input side from the output side and therefore has a non-galvanic coupling, such as an optocoupler or an electromagnetic coupling or the like. On the input side, it can receive a control signal from any source, for example from another electronic circuit or from a hand-operated component such as a switch or button.
• FIG. 3 shows schematically a possible circuit 90 in the form of an integrated circuit.
• the circuit 90 is connected, for example, to a switch 91 which applies energy from a source 93 to a light-emitting diode 94, for example via a resistor 92.
• the transistor to be driven is symbolized as a load 97 on a power source 98.
• the circuit itself has an optocoupler 94, 95 on the input side.
• 94 is the radiation source
• 95 are photovoltaic components which, depending on the power incident from the transmitter 94, generate a total voltage V G s that is applied to the control input of an FET 96 in order to switch it.
• the output of the circuit is formed by two connections, between which the FET 96 selectively produces a high-resistance or low-resistance state and in this way provides a signal that can be used to control a subsequent IGBT or MOSFET.
• the properties of this circuit are that it switches comparatively slowly, since the power provided by the photovoltaic is comparatively low, so that the reloading at the gate required for switching the FET cannot take place very quickly.
• the FET is therefore not switched through too quickly, so that during switching processes the FET is long in characteristic curve areas in which both the current through the FET and the source-drain voltage at the FET are comparatively high, so that the losses and, accordingly, the development of heat are comparatively high when switching. This is manageable with one-time switching operations. On the other hand, it becomes noticeable with multiple switching processes, for example for pulse width modulation.
• Another property of the circuit of FIG. 3 is that it requires a comparatively high input power, because ultimately the power for switching the FET 96 is indeed supplied by the source 94 of the optocoupler, and it must be supplied continuously to hold at least one of the states .
• the object of the invention is to provide a driver circuit which can switch large loads quickly and flexibly with low power consumption on the input side.
• a driver circuit has a control signal input for receiving a first control signal at a first circuit input; a wireless coupler which is designed to generate a gal- to generate vanically decoupled second control signal; an electronic control circuit having a power supply, an input for receiving the second control signal and an output for outputting a third control signal in accordance with the second control signal received at the input; and an output circuit for driving at least one circuit output terminal of the driver circuit in accordance with the third control signal.
• the control circuit can have a digital logic circuit for generating a digital signal as a third control signal and / or an analog signal processing circuit for generating an analog signal as a third control signal.
• the control circuit in the driver circuit is provided with an energy supply and can thus generate the signals required for controlling the output circuit with a comparatively high power, so that the setting or switching in the output circuit can take place quickly.
• the control circuit also allows certain functions to be implemented in the driver circuit.
• the output signal of the control circuit can, but does not have to follow the input signal of the control circuit directly or proportionally.
• the output signal of the control circuit can be a constant or time-varying signal that is generated in accordance with the input signal of the control circuit.
• the control circuit can be designed as a digital circuit or as an analog circuit which outputs a corresponding digital or analog signal as the output signal of the control circuit that is suitably set or calibrated for the subsequent use in the output circuit.
• a digital output signal (in particular a binary signal with two states) of a digital circuit can be used as a third control signal, for example for switching over switches of the output circuit. But it can also be an analog signal for the corresponding analog control and a set of the output circuit can be used, such as a transistor generated and used therein.
• the control circuit can have a holding element which is designed to generate the third control signal at its output in accordance with the second control signal and to hold it, even if the second control signal changes after the generation. It can also have a bistable circuit which, in response to a pulse at the input, switches the signal at the output from one stable state to the other stable state.
• the control circuit can also be or have a pulse width modulator that operates in accordance with a control parameter. It can also be a function generator operating in accordance with a control parameter or have it.
• the input signals at the input of the control circuit and then also at the input of the driver circuit can accordingly be configured in a pulse-like manner. So you don't have to be long-term.
• an input pulse can lead to the control circuit switching from a stable to a semi-stable state and, after a certain time, which can be different and in particular longer than the pulse duration at the input, falls back into the stable state.
• a short pulse of a few milliseconds can then, for example, result in switching at the output and holding the signal switched in this way at the output for a longer period of time before it falls back to the initial state.
• the hold time can be preset or can be adjustable / decodable.
• each input pulse can lead to a switchover from the currently applied stable state to the other stable state.
• the different output states of a bistable circuit can be different voltage values at the circuit output. The same applies to the output of a hold circuit.
• the mode in which the control circuit operates can also be switchable, for example between “bistable”, “hold circuit” and the like.
• the power supply for the control circuit can be provided separately. In order not to remove the galvanic separation between input and output, it is preferably not galvanically connected to the input side.
• the energy supply can for example have one or more separate connections for connection to an external voltage source.
• the driver circuit can, for. B. have a supply voltage and a ground connection. A connection, for example ground, can also be the supply connection, for example ground, for a load.
• the design can also be such that the internal energy supply of the control circuit is connected to a circuit output connection of the driver circuit, that is to say to a connection on which the output circuit acts in order to draw electrical power from this output.
• the energy supply can then have a voltage shaping circuit which shapes usable values from the received values. This can be, for example, a downward conversion that uses comparatively high voltages at the circuit output to form voltage values that can be used for logic circuits, operational amplifiers, etc., for example a DC voltage in the range between 4 V and 20 V or the like.
• the energy supply can be designed to generate the more or less constant DC voltage required for internal operation from comparatively high voltages that it receives from a circuit output connection. It can be designed so that it can generate suitable supply voltages for the control circuit with voltages above 100 V or above 200 V or above 500 V. It can also have an energy store. Smoothing devices such as a capacitor can also be provided.
• the power supply can also be designed to generate the required more or less constant direct voltage from comparatively low voltages that it receives from a circuit output connection (up-conversion). This can be necessary if a transistor has switched through to low resistance at the output and therefore only small voltage differences (of, for example, below 1 V or below 2 V) are present at the output. It can be designed so that it can generate suitable supply voltages for the control circuit from voltages below 2 V or below 4 V. It can also have an energy store. Smoothing devices can also be provided, such as a capacitor.
• the wireless coupler can be an optocoupler or generally a coupler utilizing electromagnetic radiation or a capacitive coupler or a magnetic coupler which generates suitable signals (direct voltage, alternating voltage) at its output. It can transmit a light-emitting diode and receive a photodiode or a phototransistor.
• the control circuit can have suitable signal shaping circuits at its input, for example a rectifier and / or a smoothing device and / or an impedance converter and / or an amplifier.
• Signals from a wireless coupler are often comparatively weak, so it should be able to suitably strengthen them beyond the value-related formatting and to shape them in a stable manner (i.e. close to low internal resistance).
• the control circuit can have an amplifier at the output which generates the output voltage of the control circuit, the third control signal, in the required value ranges.
• an amplifier can be provided at the output of the control circuit.
• the output circuit for its part can have a switch, for example a transistor, an FET, a MOSFET or an IGBT.
• the collector and base or drain and source of the semiconductor element can be connected to two output connections of the driver circuit and be accessible. If DC voltage is to be switched, a single semiconductor switch can be sufficient. If Wech is to switch selvoltage, two semiconductor switches, z. B. each an n-channel and a p-channel FET, be provided in series if the breakdown voltage of a semiconductor switch is insufficient in both polarities or if parasitic diodes would let leakage currents through.
• the output circuit can switch the state between two circuit output connections between high and low resistance, i.e. ultimately with two binary states (on-off), or it can send an analog or binary signal to a circuit output connection at a sufficiently low internal resistance for further controls output.
• the control circuit can operate in accordance with a set or settable or set or adjustable control parameter.
• the holding time can be set, set, settable or adjustable in a holding element.
• Another type of control parameter can be a duty cycle for pulse width modulation, which is transmitted to the control circuit in a suitable manner.
• PWM Pulse Width Modulation
• the function circuit can also switch in a level- or threshold-sensitive manner, in particular switch it on, switch it off or switch over, if necessary with hysteresis.
• “Zero” or “zero crossing” can here also be a small voltage, for example an amount less than 2 V or less than 1 V or less than 0.5 V.
• a monitored level can be a voltage above 1
• the possibly existing hysteresis offset can be above 1 or 2 or 5 V and / or below 50 or 20 or 10 or 5
• V lie.
• the driver circuit can have one or more input connections in order to be able to input one or more control parameters, that is to say in particular to identify an input mode if necessary, to then make an input and, if necessary, to end the input mode.
• the input made can be suitably stored in the control circuit and used in the further course.
• the input can be analog or digital, time-series via at least one or time-parallel via several lines. It is also conceivable that a control parameter is coded onto the first control signal, for example to the pulse length of the signal at the signal input.
• the control circuit can then have a corresponding decoding device in order to be able to receive the encoded control parameter, store it and then use it.
• the driver circuit can be provided in a housing.
• the package can be a (W) DIP package ((wide) Dual In Line) or an SOP package (Small Outline Package) or an LSOP (Long Small Outline Package) or a SOIC (Small Outline IC) package and have multiple connection surfaces or connection wires. It can be an SMD (surface mounted device) with connection surfaces or connection pins.
• the circuit components therein can be seen distributed on a semiconductor chip or on two or more semiconductor chips, which are suitably connected to one another, for example by bond connections or by conductor tracks of a circuit carrier.
• the overall circuit, the circuit elements and the connections among each other are designed to carry the required currents on the output side and to be able to keep the voltages that may be present free of flashovers.
• a load current in the output circuit can be at least 0.1 or 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 or 20 A.
• a reverse voltage in the output circuit can be more than 30 or 50 or 100 or 200 or 500 or 1000 V. Accordingly, the power supply can also be designed to work with such voltages.
• the circuit can have a cooling device or a cooling body which is placed on the housing or protrudes from it and leads away waste heat away from the circuit in accordance with electrical power loss. It can be a heat sink made of metallic material with cooling fins.
• the driver circuit can be designed to directly control an electrical consumer and therefore lead its consumer current when switched on and block its supply voltage when switched off.
• the consumer can be a motor or a phase of a motor or a lighting device or a charger or a control device or a computer or a display or the like.
• the driver circuit can also be designed to control an electronic switch, for example a MOSFET or an IGBT.
• Fig. 1 is a circuit diagram of a driver circuit
• Fig. 3 shows a known driver circuit.
• 11 denotes two input terminals. They can be galvanically isolated from the rest of the circuit connections and have no metallic or conductive or semiconductive connection to them.
• the input connections 11 are used to connect the driver circuit 10 to an input circuit which inputs a first control signal S1.
• a button 19b is shown schematically and closes a circuit with a source 19a via a protective resistor 19c.
• Part of the circuit is the transmitter of a wireless coupler 12.
• a wireless coupler 12 In FIG. 1 it is shown as a light emitting diode 12a. It generates radiation according to the duration of the actuation of the switch / pushbutton 19b. The radiation intensity correlates in Limits also with the voltage applied to the input connections 11 or the current carried there.
• the wireless coupler 12 of the driver circuit 10 also has a wireless receiver. It can be a phototransistor or a photodiode 12b han.
• the wireless coupler 12 can also be a magnetic or an electro-magnetic coupler that sends and receives electromagnetically, or a capacitive coupler. Other types of coupling without a galvanic connection of the components are also possible.
• the output signal of the photodiode 12b is the second control signal S2 which is input to the control circuit 13.
• the photodiode can be built on a chip integrated with the control circuit 13.
• the control circuit 13 has a signal input 21 for the second control signal S2. Accordingly, the wireless receiver 12b is connected to the signal input 21.
• the control circuit 13 has an input amplifier 22, which can be designed as an operational amplifier. It can amplify the second control signal S2 or carry out an impedance conversion or both, or at its output a desired characteristic curve of the output variable over the input variable S2, e.g. B. regional linearity, where possible also into negative value ranges.
• the amplifier 22 at the input of the control circuit 13 is only shown schematically. It can have additional wiring elements (not shown) for signal feedback, voltage division, current-voltage conversion, voltage-current conversion, gain setting (P component), dynamic setting (possibly I and / or D component) and the like.
• the control circuit 13 also has a function circuit 23 which receives the amplified signal from the amplifier 22 on the output side.
• the function circuit 23 can in the simple case be a small digital or analog circuit, such as a bistable flip-flop or a holding element (D flip-flop). It can have supply voltage connections. Triggered by a signal at the input, the functional circuit 23 will show a certain signal at its output, for example in the case of a bistable flip-flop with each incoming pulse, an order from the current one stable state to the other stable state.
• the output of the functional circuit 23 can be used as an output signal of the control circuit, that is to say as a third control signal S3.
• the functional circuit 23 is followed by a further amplifier 24 which can actually amplify the signal or which serves as an impedance conversion for the signal under consideration.
• the output circuit 14 is controlled by the control circuit 13 with the third control signal S3. It can be controlled directly from the functional circuit 23 or from the amplifier 24 on the output side, which applies the third control signal S3 to the output 26 of the control circuit 13.
• the functional circuit 23 can also be more complex. It can have a memory for folding a control parameter.
• the memory can have an analog or digital structure.
• the functional circuit 23 is then designed to include the control parameter stored in this way in the signal shaping.
• the control parameter can be determined tiny or can arise in the course of the operation of the circuit 23 or entered into it.
• an input device for the control parameters can be provided in this respect. It can have connections (not shown) of the driver circuit 10 via which analog or digital values can be entered and via which the write mode can also be distinguished from the operating mode. It can be a standardized input device or the receiving part thereof.
• the input device can generally have a decoding device by means of which one or more control parameters are decoded which were received and / or stored in encoded form.
• a coded reception is conceivable and possible in particular via the wireless coupler 12, in that the first control signal S1 input signal at the circuit connections 11 is appropriately coded, it generates and is input.
• the transmission can include the selection of a write mode for the control parameter in that suitable signal codings are transmitted.
• the functional circuit 23 can then make appropriate decodings, on the one hand to recognize the write mode and on the other hand to be able to decode the control parameters afterwards.
• the coding can be done using time patterns, for example using pulse durations or the like.
• the functional circuit 23 can then be a more complex digital circuit, possibly with a small processor, registers and the like.
• the input device can have, as input interface, an I 2 C interface (integrated circuit) or an SPI interface (serial peripheral interface), in particular in each case the slave of such an interface.
• Their input signal can be the second control signal S2, which is then suitably generated indirectly via the first control signal S1.
• the input interface input signal can be suitably supplied separately via a separate connection.
• the input interface can be used to input a control parameter for the functional circuit.
• the control circuit 13 can have an analog / digital converter on the input side, possibly after the input amplifier 22, and / or on the output side, possibly before the output amplifier 24, a digital / analog converter. These converters can be integrated with the functional circuit 23 or can be provided separately.
• the power supply 25 is the power supply of the control circuit 13. It can be integrated with it or provided separately from it. In the embodiment shown, it is connected to the power supply 19e of the load 19d.
• the energy supply is applied to the driver circuit 10 via terminals 14c and 14a. It can be DC voltage or AC voltage.
• the energy supply 25 is designed to be able to work with the respective nominal voltages, for example to rectify alternating voltage or to generate a suitable direct voltage therefrom.
• the supply voltage of the source 19e can be comparatively high, in particular over 30 or 50 or over 100 or over 200 or over 500 V.
• the power supply 25 then supplies the functional circuit 23 and, if necessary, the amplifier 22 and 24 with electrical energy. It can be a DC voltage for operating the respective circuit components, which can be in the range of a few volts, for example.
• the energy supply can have an energy store or smoothing capacitor (not shown) or connections for this for their external connection.
• the power supply 25 can have one or more connections independent of the load 19d and thus possibly directly supplied with usable voltage, for example direct voltage in the amount of a few volts. It is preferable in this as in the other embodiments that the power supply 25 is independent of the input side te and its energy supply 19a and is not electrically connected to the input-side connections 11, but is galvanically separated therefrom.
• the output circuit 14 of the driver circuit can, as shown, have a field effect transistor or generally transistor. In the embodiment shown, it can be operated as a switch to turn a load on and off. The output circuit then sets the state between the two terminals 14b and 14c of the driver circuit to either low-resistance for “load on” and high-resistance for “load off”.
• the switch 14 is designed on the one hand to be able to hold the reverse voltage, which can be applied to the level of the voltage of the voltage supply 19e, and on the other hand is designed to be able to conduct the load current of the load 19d, which is of the order of a few amps or a few 10 A.
• the transistor 14 is therefore preferably a power transistor which can handle high reverse voltages and high load currents.
• the switch 14 of the output circuit can also be operated “analog”, so target values at the output can be between “completely on” and “completely off”, for example by certain voltages, currents or patterns the time to provide from it.
• the functional circuit 23 can then, for. B. work in accordance with one or more control parameters as a function generator and produce certain preferential time-periodic temporal patterns of current and / or voltage be or have him.
• 19d is the load to be switched. In one embodiment, it can be an electrical consumer, for example a motor or a motor phase, lighting, generally a machine, a controller, a computer, a charger or the like.
• the load can in turn be a power transistor which is controlled by the driver circuit 10.
• the driver circuit 13 can be used for pulse width modulation. The same can also apply to other consumers, such as lighting equipment.
• the voltage source 19e can be a DC voltage source or an AC voltage source. It can be the public power grid (110/230 V, 50/60 Hz). However, it can also be a three-phase current (380 V) or another type of electrical power supply.
• the output circuit 14 can have two series-connected transistors of different designs. This is particularly preferable when alternating voltage is to be switched from the current source 19e.
• the transistor types can then be selected such that one is particularly suitable for blocking one of the two possible polarities.
• the driver circuit 10 can also be designed to output a signal at a terminal which, for example, is formed with respect to ground. It is then used to control other components and not primarily to switch a consumer on and off.
• FIG. 2 shows modes of operation which are possible for the functional circuit 23 or, in general, for the control circuit 13.
• a first input signal sequence is shown with i1, which is generated, for example, by the button 19b and connected to the circuit input 11 can be created. It is a series of pulses that can be spaced as desired. The pulses can be generated by a circuit or, for example, by human touch with the switch 19b. One pulse in each case results in the output of the control circuit 13 being switched from one stable state to the other stable state, as shown in FIG. 2 a1. This can be, for example, an on / off button for lighting.
• Fig. 2 i2 shows a further input signal sequence with only a single pulse. It can lead to a longer pulse occurring at output 26, which is reset again after a certain time At.
• the time At is a control parameter that is either fixed or settable or adjustable with the options described above.
• An embodiment of the driver circuit that can optionally be combined with one or more of the features described above is designed in particular electrically and thermally for the direct control of a consumer, i.e. in the on state to carry its load current or at least one phase thereof, in the off state to block it Operating voltage and to switch between the states with the desired switching frequency.
• Such an embodiment has a control signal input 11 for receiving a first control signal S1 at a first circuit input, a wireless coupler 12 connected to the control signal input, which is designed to generate a galvanically decoupled second control signal S2 in accordance with the first control signal S1, and an output circuit 14 for controlling at least one circuit output connection 14b, 14c of the driver circuit for the consumer in accordance with a third control signal S3. It has a driver section 13 with a power supply, an input for receiving the second control signal and an output for output ben the third control signal S3 in accordance with the second control signal S2 received at the input.
• the second control signal S2 can be used directly as the third control signal S3.
• an impedance conversion, amplification or other linear scaling that converts the second control signal S2 into the third control signal S3.
• One of the more complex functional circuits mentioned can also be provided.
• the energy supply then serves at least to operate the output circuit 14 and, if necessary, the wireless coupler or the amplifier or the impedance converter, so that the output circuit 14 can be switched quickly and reliably.
• the housing of the driver circuit can have one or more cooling devices, for example one or more metallic cooling surfaces in the housing wall and / or one or more cooling ribs protruding from the actual body, which are thermally connected to the interior.
• one or more cooling devices for example one or more metallic cooling surfaces in the housing wall and / or one or more cooling ribs protruding from the actual body, which are thermally connected to the interior.
• the consumer that can be connected to the driver circuit can have a load current, possibly in one of its phases, of at least 0.1 or 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 or 20 A. Its operating voltage can be over 30 or 50 or 100 or 200 or 500 or 1000 V.
• the driver circuit can be designed for switching on and off with relatively high switching frequencies, such as switching frequencies above 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 or 20 kHz. These can be desirable in PWM applications, for example.
• the energy supply circuit 25 is then designed to provide the energy required for the correspondingly rapid and frequent charging of the internal capacities of the semiconductor switches.
• the design can be such that the driver circuit is not suitable and designed for high frequencies as above and only for operation for frequencies below the above-mentioned limits, possibly also only for operation below 500 Flz or below 200 Hz or below 100 Hz. This can in particular affect the Energyver supply circuit 25, which can then be designed correspondingly smaller. It can then also be made less expensive thermally related design features. Cooling elements or cooling fins may be omitted.
• the driver circuit can be an integrated circuit. It can be housed in a standard housing, for example in a DIP housing (Dual In Line Package), WDIP housing (Wide Dual In Line Package), an SOP housing (Small Outline Package), an LSOP housing (Long Small Outline Package) or a SOIC (Small Outline IC) package.
• DIP housing Dual In Line Package
• WDIP housing Wide Dual In Line Package
• SOP housing Small Outline Package
• LSOP housing Long Small Outline Package
• SOIC Small Outline IC
• the circuit elements of the integrated circuit can be accommodated on one or more semiconductor chips.
• the functional circuit 23 and possibly the input and output amplifiers 22, 24 can be built on a common chip.
• Components of the power supply 25 and the receiver 12b of the wireless coupler 12 can also be built on chips or circuit carriers separately therefrom or on the same chip.
• the semiconductor switch of the output circuit 14 can be built on a separate chip. The different chips are suitably connected to one another in the integrated circuit.

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• 2019
  • 2019-03-25 DE DE102019107506.8A patent/DE102019107506A1/de active Pending
• 2020
  • 2020-03-23 TW TW109109627A patent/TW202044922A/zh unknown
  • 2020-03-23 US US17/442,368 patent/US11496132B2/en active Active
  • 2020-03-23 JP JP2021556223A patent/JP2022525772A/ja active Pending
  • 2020-03-23 WO PCT/EP2020/058031 patent/WO2020193488A1/de unknown
  • 2020-03-23 CN CN202080023180.9A patent/CN113875157A/zh active Pending
  • 2020-03-23 KR KR1020217033485A patent/KR20210136130A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2020-03-23 EP EP20713878.5A patent/EP3935738A1/de active Pending

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