EP3377554A1 - Herstellung von estern der 3-hydroxypropionsäure und acrylsäure - Google Patents

Herstellung von estern der 3-hydroxypropionsäure und acrylsäure

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Publication number
EP3377554A1
EP3377554A1 EP16795381.9A EP16795381A EP3377554A1 EP 3377554 A1 EP3377554 A1 EP 3377554A1 EP 16795381 A EP16795381 A EP 16795381A EP 3377554 A1 EP3377554 A1 EP 3377554A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
poly
reaction
catalyst
cobalt
transesterification
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP16795381.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Marek Pazicky
Rocco Paciello
David Linder
Mathieu BLANCHOT
Wolfgang Fischer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BASF SE
Original Assignee
BASF SE
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Publication date
Application filed by BASF SE filed Critical BASF SE
Publication of EP3377554A1 publication Critical patent/EP3377554A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/03—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting an ester group with a hydroxy group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
    • C07C67/317—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by splitting-off hydrogen or functional groups; by hydrogenolysis of functional groups
    • C07C67/327—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by splitting-off hydrogen or functional groups; by hydrogenolysis of functional groups by elimination of functional groups containing oxygen only in singly bound form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0225—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C07C69/52—Esters of acyclic unsaturated carboxylic acids having the esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
    • C07C69/533—Monocarboxylic acid esters having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C07C69/54—Acrylic acid esters; Methacrylic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C07C69/66—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety
    • C07C69/67—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety of saturated acids
    • C07C69/675—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety of saturated acids of saturated hydroxy-carboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/06—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/78—Preparation processes
    • C08G63/82—Preparation processes characterised by the catalyst used
    • C08G63/823—Preparation processes characterised by the catalyst used for the preparation of polylactones or polylactides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/40—Substitution reactions at carbon centres, e.g. C-C or C-X, i.e. carbon-hetero atom, cross-coupling, C-H activation or ring-opening reactions
    • B01J2231/49—Esterification or transesterification
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/40—Complexes comprising metals of Group IV (IVA or IVB) as the central metal
    • B01J2531/46—Titanium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/347—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups
    • C07C51/377—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups by splitting-off hydrogen or functional groups; by hydrogenolysis of functional groups

Definitions

  • Acrylic acid esters are important intermediates whose main application in the preparation of homopolymers and copolymers with z.
  • acrylic acid acrylamides, methacrylates, acrylonitrile, maleates, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, styrene, butadiene and unsaturated polyesters.
  • These polymers can be used, for example, as polymer dispersions for adhesives and sealants, lacquers and paints, coatings for textiles, leather, paper and for a variety of plastics.
  • Acrylic methyl ester, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, among others, are produced in large quantities.
  • Acrylic acid esters are currently produced industrially by the oxidation of propene to acrylic acid and subsequent esterification.
  • Propene is mainly obtained by thermal cracking (steam cracking) of longer-chain alkanes from fossil fuels such as petroleum.
  • thermal cracking steam cracking
  • acrylic acid esters based on alternative starting materials is industrially relevant.
  • An alternative preparation of acrylic acid is the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide to poly-3-hydroxypropionate (poly-3HP) and subsequent thermolysis to acrylic acid.
  • poly-3HP The production of poly-3HP is described, for example, in the dissertation "Multi-Site Catalysis - Novel Strategies to Biodegradable Polyesters from Epoxides / CO and Macrocylic Complexes as Enzyme Models" by Markus Allmendinger, University of Ulm (2003) carbonylating reaction of dissolved in an aprotic solvent ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide at elevated pressure, elevated temperature and in the presence of at least one cobalt source comprising catalyst system containing a poly-3HP product mixture is obtained.
  • WO 2014/012855 A1 describes a process for the preparation of acrylic acid in which ethylene oxide is carbonylated with carbon monoxide in the presence of a cobalt-containing catalyst to form poly-3HP, the content of poly-3HP in cobalt with water and / or an aqueous solution and the poly-3HP is further converted by thermolysis to acrylic acid. It has been observed that cobalt remaining in the separated poly-3-hydroxypropionate significantly affects its thermolysis to acrylic acid.
  • acrylic acid esters from the poly-3HP obtained by reacting ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide without going through acrylic acid. It is generally known to transesterify poly-3HP to low molecular weight esters and then to dehydrate to produce acrylic esters. However, the known processes were carried out on the basis of fermentatively produced poly-3HP.
  • WO 2013/185009 A1 describes the preparation of acrylic acid alkyl esters by pyrolysis of a genetically modified biomass containing poly-3HP, in the presence of a heat transfer fluid and optionally a catalyst.
  • WO 03/051813 A1 describes the preparation of intermediates, for example alkyl hydroxycarboxylates, from polyhydroxycarboxylates.
  • the polyhydroxycarboxylate which is preferably isolated from biomass, is transesterified by means of an aprotic catalyst in the presence of an alcohol.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a process which allows the preparation of poly-3-hydroxypropionate from ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide and the further conversion to 3-hydroxypropionic acid esters in high yields and high efficiency.
  • the object is achieved by a process for the preparation of a 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester which comprises the following steps: a) the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide in the presence of a cobalt catalyst to give poly-3-hydroxypropionate; b) the transesterification of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate with an alcohol in the presence of a transesterification catalyst, that is to say a depolymerizing transesterification, to obtain the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester; wherein the transesterification catalyst is a compound of formula
  • M is a metal of the 2nd, 3rd or 4th main group or the 3rd to 9th subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements, as of 2015,
  • L is a ligand which binds directly to M via a C, an O, a P, an S and / or an N atom, and
  • x is an integer from 2 to 6.
  • step a) The reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide according to step a) is catalyzed by a cobalt catalyst.
  • the poly-3-hydroxypropionate thus formed stubbornly includes residues of the cobalt catalyst, which can not be completely removed even by decobalting.
  • the methods described in the literature for the transesterification of poly-3HP make no statement on the influence of cobalt on the transesterification. Since the effect of a catalyst depends on many factors, such as the presence of heavy metals in the compound to be reacted, the influence of cobalt on transesterification is unpredictable.
  • polymeric poly-3HP is not distillable, as complete as possible a separation of cobalt from poly-3-hydroxypropionate, which is obtained by cobalt-catalyzed reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide, is possible only at great expense.
  • the 3-hydroxypropionic acid esters obtained in the transesterification of poly-3HP according to the invention are generally easier to separate from catalyst residues, since they can be isolated by distillation. Since cobalt radicals have no interfering effect during the transesterification and can be separated by distillation from the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester together with residues of the transesterification catalyst, they need not be removed to the same extent from the poly-3HP for the process according to the invention as it is for a thermolysis would be advantageous.
  • the invention modern method allows the preparation of 3-hydroxypropionic acid esters of carbon monoxide and ethylene oxide in high yields and with high purity.
  • poly-3-hydroxypropionate In the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide poly-3-hydroxypropionate is obtained.
  • poly-3-hydroxypropionate poly-3HP are polyesters of the structure
  • n is an integer> 2, and z.
  • B up to 150, or up to 200, or up to 500 and more.
  • a, b form the polyester terminating end groups, the nature of which depends on the preparation conditions (eg of the catalyst system used).
  • a cobalt catalyst is understood as meaning a catalyst system which comprises at least one cobalt source. Based on the molar amount of ethylene oxide, the molar amount of cobalt contained in the at least one cobalt source of the catalyst system is normally in the range of 0.005 to 20 mol%, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 10 mol%, particularly preferably in the range of 0.1 to 8 mol% and most preferably in the range of 0.5 to 5 mol%.
  • any cobalt-containing chemical compound can be used, as it can be used under the method used in the process. monoxide pressure is usually converted in each case into the actual catalytically active compound of cobalt.
  • cobalt salts such as cobalt chloride, cobalt formate, cobalt acetate, cobalt acetylacetonate, cobalt sulfate and cobalt 2-ethylhexanoate ("cobalt soap") are readily carbonylated under the applicable carbon monoxide pressures ("in situ”; molecular hydrogen may be advantageous in this respect).
  • coarsely divided cobalt metal e.g., in dust form
  • cobalt sources preformed cobalt carbonyl compounds (including compounds which contain at least one cobalt atom and at least one carbon monoxide ligand) are preferred, of which the dicobaltoctacarbonyl (Co 2 (CO) s) is very particularly preferred (this contains [Co (CO) 4] + [Co (CO) 4] _ the [Co (CO) 4] ⁇ as it were preformed). In terms of application, it is used as sole cobalt source of the catalyst system.
  • co-use of co-catalysts (at least one) in the catalyst system comprising at least one cobalt source and having at least one nucleophilic bransted-base functionality as well as at least one branst-acidic functionality is particularly advantageous.
  • aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (these may be, for example, 5-, 6- or 7-membered rings, they have at least one nitrogen atom in the aromatic ring (cycle)), which in addition to the Br0nsted base in the molecule Nitrogen at least one Br ⁇ nsted acid (free) hydroxyl group (-OH) and / or at least one branstedsaure (free) carboxyl group (-COOH) covalently bonded.
  • aromatic nitrogen heterocycle may in turn be fused with other aromatic and / or aliphatic (eg, 5-, 6- or 7-membered) ring systems.
  • the at least one hydroxyl group and / or carboxyl group may be located both on the aromatic basic nitrogen heterocycle (preferred) and (and / or) on the fused aliphatic and / or aromatic ring system.
  • the fused portion may also have one or more than one nitrogen atom as a heteroatom.
  • the at least one hydroxyl group and / or carboxyl group may additionally also z.
  • aliphatic, aromatic and / or halogen substituents may be present.
  • Examples of particularly preferred co-catalysts which may be mentioned are 2-hydroxypyridine, 3-hydroxypyridine, 4-hydroxypyridine, 3,4-dihydroxypyridine, 3-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine, 3-hydroxy-4-methylpyridine, 2 , 6-dihydroxypyridine, 2-hydroxyquinoline, 1-hydroxyisoquinoline, 3-hydroxyquinoline, 2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2-pyridylmethanol, 3-pyridylmethanol and 2- (2-pyridyl) ethanol.
  • a carboxyl group may be present, as is the case with nicotinic acid.
  • Carbon monoxide is preferably used in excess in all the above cases (relative to the reaction stoichiometry).
  • salts of the anion [Co (CO) 4 ] - and / or its Br ⁇ nsted acid HCo (CO) 4 are also possible for salts of the anion [Co (CO) 4 ] - and / or its Br ⁇ nsted acid HCo (CO) 4 to be used as cobalt sources for such a reaction.
  • examples of such salts are the tetramethylammonium tetracarbonyl cobaltate (-I), Et 4 NCo (CO) 4 , and the bis (triphenylphosphoranylidene) ammonium tetracarbonyl cobaltate (-I). Further examples are disclosed e.g. For example, DE 10149269 A1.
  • the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide is preferably carried out in a solvent.
  • the type and amount of the solvent are preferably chosen so that they are sufficient under the reaction conditions to be used to keep the required amount of the cobalt-containing catalyst system in solution in the reaction mixture, since the process is preferably carried out homogeneously catalyzed.
  • a solvent is meant a solvent for poly-3HP.
  • poly-3HP is soluble in the solvent at 25 ° C to at least 25g (poly-3HP) / 100g (solvent), more preferably at least 40g (poly-3HP) / 100g (solvent).
  • the solvent preferably has a boiling point of more than 20 ° C.
  • the solubility of poly-3HP in the solvent depends on the molecular weight of the polymer. 3HPs.
  • the suitability of a solvent as solvent in the reaction depends on the solubility of the poly-3HP produced in the reaction.
  • the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide takes place in an aprotic solvent.
  • an aprotic solvent is meant organic compounds (as well as mixtures of two or more of these two compounds) that do not contain an atom other than carbon (not a carbon species other than carbon) to which a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded, and neither ethylenically or alkynically (in each case one or more times) are unsaturated.
  • Suitable aprotic solvents are those which have at least one covalently bonded oxygen atom, preferably an ether oxygen atom, ie an oxygen atom which forms an ether bridge.
  • the aprotic solvent is or comprises a substance which contains at most oxygen and / or sulfur as atomic species other than carbon and hydrogen.
  • aprotic substance aprotic (chemical) compound
  • normal pressure is not liquid but gaseous
  • the above specification refers to a temperature of 293,15 K and the associated saturation vapor pressure (the (self) vapor pressure, in which the substance condenses at 293.15 K).
  • a suitable source with information on relative static permittivities of suitable relevant aprotic substances is z.
  • z For example the HANDBOOK of CHEMISTRY and PHYSICS, 92th Edition (2010-2011), CRC PRESS. According to the information there, the relevant £ z.
  • tetrahydrofuran 7.56
  • ethylene oxide 12.43
  • 1, 4-dioxane 2.22
  • ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (1, 2-dimethoxyethane) 7.41
  • diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) 7.38
  • triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme) 7.62.
  • Very particularly preferred aprotic solvents are therefore those whose ⁇ is 2 to 35, advantageously 3 to 20, particularly advantageously 4 to 15, and very particularly advantageously 5 to 10, and which at the same time contain at least one covalently bonded oxygen in which it reacts with particular advantage is an ether oxygen atom.
  • aprotic solvents for the reaction are: saturated (cyclic and noncyclic) and aromatic hydrocarbons such as n-hexane, n-heptane, petroleum ether, cyclohexane, benzene and toluene, halogenated saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chlorobenzene and 1, 4-dichlorobutane, esters of organic acids (especially organic carboxylic acids) such as n-butyl propionate, phenyl acetate, glycerol triacetate, ethyl acetate, diethyl phthalate and di-butyl phthalate,
  • Ketones such as acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, benzophenone, cyclohexanone and 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone,
  • Nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, n-butyronitrile and benzonitrile
  • Dialkylamides such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide
  • Carbonic acid esters such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ethylenecarbonate and propylene carbonate,
  • Sulfoxides such as dimethylsulfoxide
  • Sulfones such as sulfolane
  • the solvent is preferably selected from alkylene glycol dialkyl ethers, polyalkylene glycol dialkyl ethers, 1,4-dioxane, methylphenyl ether, cyclohexanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone, chlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobutane, diethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, N-methylpyrrole, ethoxybenzene, 1, 2-Dimethoxybenzene, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, benzyl methyl ether and diethyl phthalate.
  • reaction temperature to be used in the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide or the working pressure to be used are not critical and may vary within wide limits.
  • the reaction can be carried out at comparatively mild reaction conditions. Suitable reaction temperatures are in the range of 25 to 150 ° C, preferably in the range of 35 or 50 to 120 ° C, more preferably in the range of 60 to 100 ° C and most preferably in the range of 70 to 90 ° C.
  • the reaction proceeds with a somewhat reduced reaction rate, but with a comparatively increased target product selectivity, which is close to 100 mol%.
  • the working pressure in the reaction does not normally exceed 2.5-10 7 Pa, since higher working pressures can cause excessive installation costs.
  • Working pressures of 2-10 5 Pa to 2-10 7 Pa are advantageous according to the invention.
  • the reaction is usually carried out in an overpressure reactor such as an autoclave.
  • Oxidizing gases eg O 2, N 2 O
  • CO 2 and water normally act as catalyst poisons with respect to the reaction according to the invention or react with ethylene oxide to form byproducts and are therefore largely or preferably completely made of the carbon monoxide (or in general of the to be used components of the reaction mixture) excluded.
  • Their individual volume fractions in the total volume of carbon monoxide used should be ⁇ 1% by volume, better still ⁇ 0.1% by volume, preferably ⁇ 0.01% by volume, more preferably ⁇ 0.001% by volume, and most preferably vanishingly be.
  • the reaction according to the invention is preferably carried out under inert conditions, i. H. performed in the absence of moisture and air. Since ethylene oxide forms a highly flammable gas, the presence of molecular oxygen is also disadvantageous in this aspect of the carbonylation according to the invention. In addition, water is able to open the ethylene oxide ring in an undesired manner, which is why the presence of water, for example as water vapor (apart from the small amounts already mentioned) in the pressure vessel is undesirable even from this angle.
  • the carbon monoxide to be used for the reaction according to the invention can thus be supplied to the overpressure reactor both in admixture with inert gases (eg N 2, noble gases such as Ar) and essentially as pure substance. The latter is preferred, which is why the working pressures set out above for the reaction also form favorable (in the gas atmosphere of the reaction space) CO partial pressures for the carbonylation according to the invention.
  • inert gases eg N 2, noble gases such as Ar
  • the reaction according to the invention is normally carried out in a gas-tight sealable pressure vessel for reactions in the overpressure region, for. B. in an autoclave.
  • the poly-3HP formation in an overpressure reactor can be carried out batchwise and continuously. If it is carried out batchwise, the working pressure (and with this the CO partial pressure) can be kept constant or decrease following the conversion of the carbonylation.
  • the former is in easy rather, it is possible that spent CO is continuously re-injected into the reaction space of the pressure reactor.
  • ethylene oxide having a purity of 99.9% by weight or higher can be used as raw material for the reaction according to the invention (the statements relate to the liquid phase).
  • a residual aldehyde content of the ethylene oxide can be removed by treatment thereof in a manner known per se with aldehyde scavengers (such as, for example, aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate) prior to its use.
  • the procedure is such that the reaction chamber of the autoclave is suitably initially flushed with inert gas (eg Ar) for practical purposes. Subsequently, under inert gas atmosphere and at a comparatively low temperature, the catalyst system, the aprotic solvent and the ethylene oxide are introduced into the reaction space of the autoclave and sealed therewith. Preferably, the reaction space is operated stirred. Thereafter, an appropriate amount of carbon monoxide is pressed into the reaction space of the autoclave by a suitable pressure valve for the purpose of carbonylation.
  • inert gas eg Ar
  • the temperature in the reaction space is increased by external heating to the reaction temperature, and the reaction mixture is stirred in an autoclave for. B. stirred while maintaining the reaction temperature. If no carbon monoxide is pressed into the reaction space in the course of the reaction, the reaction is usually stopped when the internal pressure in the reaction space has dropped to a value that does not change over time. By appropriate cooling, the temperature is lowered in the interior of the reaction chamber, the increased internal pressure subsequently relaxed to atmospheric pressure and the autoclave open, so that the access to the same in the reaction space of the product mixture is given.
  • the carbon monoxide is used in particular in a batchwise embodiment of the reaction according to the invention normally in superstoichiometric amounts.
  • the amount of CO corresponding to the stoichiometry can also be used in the process according to the invention.
  • conversions of> 80 mol%, advantageously> 90 mol% or> 95 mol are usually obtained with comparatively short reaction times (generally 0.5 to 3.0 h).
  • a product mixture is formed, which generally contains at least the majority of the poly-3HP formed in the dissolved state.
  • the poly-3HP concentration in the solution is in the range of 5 to 35 wt .-%, in particular 10 to 20 wt .-%.
  • the solution may contain, in addition to the solvent and the dissolved poly-3HP further components, for. B. (co) catalysts and by-products of the previous poly-3HP synthesis.
  • Solvent and dissolved poly-3HP together preferably constitute at least 80% by weight, more preferably at least 90% by weight, and most preferably at least 98% by weight of the solution.
  • the isolation of the poly-3HP from the reaction mixture can be carried out by precipitation with subsequent solid-liquid separation or formation of a liquid poly-3HP phase followed by liquid-liquid separation.
  • poly-3-hydroxypropionate is precipitated from the solution of poly-3HP in the aprotic solvent by addition of an antisolvent.
  • a solution obtained in the reaction as such, i. H. without intermediate purification, used in the precipitation process is preferably, a solution obtained in the reaction as such, i. H. without intermediate purification, used in the precipitation process.
  • an antisolvent is understood as meaning a solvent in which the poly-3HP is soluble at 25 ° C. to at most 1 g (poly-3HP) / 100 g (antisolvent) and which has a boiling point of more than 20 ° C has.
  • the solubility of poly-3HP in the solvent depends on the molecular weight of the poly-3HP.
  • the suitability of a solvent as antisolvent in the precipitation depends on the solubility of the poly-3HP produced in the reaction.
  • the solvent and the antisolvent are preferably at least partially miscible with one another and, in particular, are completely miscible in the ratio by weight of solution to antisolvent used. Alcohols are less preferred as antisolvents.
  • ester formation is carried out with terminal carboxyl groups of the poly-3HPs, which can lead to the formation of undesired by-products, for example methyl acrylate at a later re-use.
  • the antisolvent is water or an aqueous solution.
  • the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide in an aprotic solvent is particularly preferably carried out, poly-3-hydroxypropionate being precipitated from the resulting solution of poly-3-hydroxypropionate in the aprotic solvent by addition of an aqueous antisolvent.
  • the pH of the aqueous solution used as Antisolvens is at a temperature of 25 ° C and at normal pressure generally ⁇ 7.5, advantageously ⁇ 7.
  • the abovementioned pH of the aqueous antisolvent is preferably 6 6, more preferably ⁇ 5, and most preferably ⁇ 4. In general, the abovementioned pH of the aqueous antisolvent will not fall below the value 0 and in many cases> 1 or> 2 be.
  • the above pH values also apply to the aqueous mixtures resulting from the addition of the aqueous antisolvent to the poly-3HP solution, which are advantageously treated advantageously with a gas containing molecular oxygen and from where the precipitated polyHP is separated by the application of at least one mechanical separation operation.
  • the pH (25 ° C, atmospheric pressure) of these aqueous Gemi- see 2 to 4, z. B. 3.
  • inorganic and / or organic acids come into consideration (in the sense of Bransted).
  • examples which may be mentioned are sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid and / or phosphoric acid as possible inorganic acids.
  • acrylic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid and / or maleic acid are exemplified acrylic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid and / or maleic acid.
  • organic sulfonic acids such.
  • aqueous Antisolventien thus come z.
  • aqueous solutions which have dissolved one or more than one of the aforementioned inorganic and / or organic acids.
  • Such aqueous antisolvents are z.
  • B aqueous Sulfuric acid, aqueous carbonic acid, aqueous hydrochloric acid, aqueous phosphoric acid, aqueous acrylic acid, aqueous oxalic acid, aqueous formic acid, aqueous acetic acid, aqueous propionic acid, aqueous fumaric acid, aqueous maleic acid and / or aqueous methanesulfonic acid.
  • one of the abovementioned suitable aqueous antisolvents based on the weight of the aqueous liquid, contains at least 10% by weight, better at least 20% by weight or at least 30% by weight, advantageously at least 40% by weight or at least 50% % By weight, particularly advantageously at least 60% by weight or at least 70% by weight, optionally at least 80% by weight or at least 90% by weight, often at least 95% by weight, or at least 97% by weight %, or at least 99% by weight of water.
  • the carboxylic acid is selected from acetic acid and propionic acid, and most preferably the aqueous solution comprises 5% by weight to 30% by weight, more preferably 7% by weight to 25% by weight of carboxylic acid, most preferably 10 to 15 Wt .-% carboxylic acid.
  • the addition of the antisolvent is carried out at a temperature of 10 to 90 ° C having solution.
  • temperature is understood here as meaning the temperature of the mixture of antisolvent and solution.
  • the mixture has a temperature of 10 to 90 ° C over the entire period of Antisolvens addition.
  • the weight ratio of solution to antisolvent ( ⁇ _ / ⁇ ) is 0.3 to 3, in particular 0.5 to 1.
  • ⁇ _ / ⁇ precipitation may not be achieved because the amount of antisolvent is too low to to produce sufficient supersaturation of the solution on poly-3HP.
  • ⁇ _ / ⁇ larger quantities of liquid must be separated from the solid, resulting in a longer filtration time.
  • the amount of stirrer energy input is preferably at least 0.3 W per kg of the sum of the mass of solution and antisolvent. At lower power input, the gas dispersion does not sufficiently dissipate or segregate, negatively impacting decolorization.
  • the power input is particularly preferably at least 0.5 W per kg of the sum of the mass of solution and antisolvent. Particularly preferably, the stirring power is in the range of 0.8 to 2.0 W per kg of the sum of the mass of solution and Antisolvens.
  • the addition of the antisolvent and the supply of the molecular oxygen-containing gas take place in parallel or overlapping in time or separately.
  • the addition of the antisolvent is carried out with mixing, z. B. with stirring.
  • the stirrer power input is controlled.
  • the power input from the beginning of the antisolvent addition to the separation of the precipitated poly-3HPs is preferably 0.1 to 10 W per kg of the sum of the mass of solution and antisolvent, particularly preferably 0.3 to 3 W per kg of the sum of Mass of solution and antisolvent.
  • the solution is supplied with a molecular oxygen-containing gas during and / or after addition of the antisolvent.
  • the molecular oxygen-containing gas is air or contains air.
  • the supply of the molecular oxygen-containing gas serves to oxidize the cobalt catalyst.
  • the salts of the resulting from the oxidation cobalt cations are, depending on the counterion (s), different degrees of solubility in water.
  • the aforementioned addition in the presence of air and / or in the presence of a molecular oxygen-containing gas other than air.
  • this can be done by flowing through the intensively mixed aqueous mixture of molecular oxygen or of the molecular oxygen-containing gas.
  • the supply of the molecular oxygen-containing gas to the solution or suspension takes place during and / or after the precipitation at a temperature of z. B. 10 to 90 ° C, or 20 to 90 ° C, or 30 to 90 ° C, preferably 40 to 90 ° C.
  • the term temperature here refers to the temperature of the solution or suspension over the entire duration of the supply of the molecular oxygen-containing gas.
  • the temperature is preferably 40 to 50 ° C; when the solvent is an ester of an organic acid such as diethyl phthalate, the temperature is preferably 65 to 90 ° C.
  • the aqueous mixture can be cooled to temperatures ⁇ 25 ° C, preferably -20 ° C and more preferably ⁇ 15 ° C or ⁇ 10 ° C to promote the precipitation of the poly-3HPs.
  • the precipitated poly-3HP is separated from the liquid mixture by at least one solid-liquid separation step.
  • the separation of precipitated poly-3HP can also be made on the warm liquid mixture.
  • the remaining liquid phase (which comprises a further subset of the product mixture) can be further processed in a corresponding manner (for example, for the purpose of increasing the yield of separated poly-3HP) (the initial added amount of antisolvent can in principle also be so be sufficiently selected that the desired target amount of poly-3HP already fails in the first precipitation step).
  • the separated poly-3HP is usually subjected to a washing step.
  • the washing step is preferably carried out with deionized water, preference being given to a ratio of detergent mass (WM mass) to suspension mass (suspension mass) in the range from 0.05 to 5.0, particularly preferably 0.07 to 3.0.
  • the washing is carried out as described in the examples. Alternatively, a mash washing is possible, after which it is filtered again.
  • An alternative to the precipitation of poly-3HP by adding an antisolvent and subsequent solid-liquid separation is the formation of a poly-3HP liquid phase followed by liquid-liquid separation.
  • the mixture obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide is added to an antisolvent which is essentially immiscible with the solvent and effects the formation of a phase containing poly-3HP. This is in the poly-3HP phase Poly-3HP dissolved in the solvent and / or at elevated temperature as a melt before.
  • Suitable solvents which are immiscible with an aqueous antisolvent include in particular butyl diglyme, anisole, chlorobenzene, diethyl phthalate, 1-methylpyrrole, 1,4-dichlorobutane and diethyl carbonate.
  • the poly-3HP phase can be separated by liquid-liquid separation.
  • Cobalt salts, which form during the work-up of the reaction mixture from a) are for the most part transferred to the antisolvent and can thus be separated from the poly-3HP, residues of the cobalt catalyst always remaining in the poly-3HP.
  • a gas containing molecular oxygen is supplied to the mixture during and / or after the addition of the antisolvent, as described above.
  • the poly-3HP used in the transesterification according to the invention preferably has cobalt contents in the range from 0.01 to 5.0% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.01 to 2.0% by weight, very particularly preferably from 0, 01 to 0.7 wt .-% on.
  • the transesterification of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate with an alcohol takes place in the presence of a transesterification catalyst.
  • the transesterification catalyst is a compound of the formula
  • M is a metal of the 2nd, 3rd or 4th main group or the 3rd to 9th subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements
  • L is a ligand which has a C-, an O-, a P-, a S and / or an N atom binds directly to M
  • x is an integer from 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4, more preferably 2 to 3. Most preferably, x corresponds to the oxidation number of the metal M.
  • the amount of transesterification catalyst used is usually in the range of 0.001 to 10% by weight, preferably in the range of 0.005 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably in the range of 0.01 to 3% by weight .-% and most preferably in the range of 0.01 to 1, 5 wt .-%.
  • the amount of transesterification catalyst used is usually based on the amount of transesterification catalyst used. from 0.001 to 10 mol%, preferably in the range from 0.005 to 5 mol%, particularly preferably in the range from 0.01 to 3 mol% and very particularly preferably in the range from 0.1 to 1, 5 mol% ,
  • the central atom M is a metal of the 3rd or 4th main group or the 4th or 9th subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements. M is particularly preferably titanium, aluminum or cobalt.
  • the catalyst in which M is cobalt are preferably traces of cobalt salts, in particular Co (II) acetate, which form during the work-up of the reaction mixture from a) and remain in the poly-3HP during decobalting.
  • the ligand L can be both a chelating and a non-chelating ligand. Preferred are anionic ligands.
  • the ligands L may be the same or different.
  • the compound of the formula (I) preferably has exclusively non-chelating ligands.
  • the at least two atoms of the chelate ligand which bind to the central atom can be the same, but it is also possible that the atoms which bind to the central atom are different atoms .
  • An example of a chelating ligand in which the atoms that bind to the central atom are the same is acetylacetonate.
  • L is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarboxy, alkylsulfoxy and / or aryl radicals.
  • the one or the ligands are C 1 -C 22 -alkyl, C 1 -C 22 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 22 -alkylcarboxy, C 1 -C -alkylsulfoxy or C 6 -C 22 -cyclo Aryl radicals is.
  • C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 -alkylcarboxy or C 1 -C -aryl radicals are preferably C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 -alkylcarboxy or C 1 -C -aryl radicals.
  • suitable classes of compounds which can be used according to the invention as the transesterification catalyst are metal halides, metal acid esters, organometallics, organometallic alkoxides, organometallic halides, organometallic hydrides, organometallecarboxylates, organometallamides, organometallic sulfinates, organometallic sulfonates and metallocene-type metal complexes.
  • An example of a suitable compound of formula (I) with a metal of the 2nd main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements is magnesium (II) mesylate.
  • suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of main group 3 of the periodic table are aluminum chloride, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, aluminum tri (isopropoxy) (Al (III) isopropyl), aluminum triacetate (Al (III) Acetate), aluminum tri (hydroxyacetate) (Al (III) hydroxyacetate), diethylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum hydride, diethoxy (methyl) aluminum, ethoxy (dimethyl) aluminum, triethoxyaluminum, aluminum tri (ethylacetoacetonate), aluminum trimesylate (Al (III) -mesylate), gallium (acetylacetonate), indium triacetate and indium tris (isopropoxide).
  • Al (III) -mesylate Preference is given to Al (III) -mesylate, Al (III) -iso-propyloxide, Al (III) acetate and Al (III) -hydroxyacetate, in particular Al (III) -mesylate.
  • suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of main group 4 of the Periodic Table include germanium (isopropoxide), triethyltinethoxide, stannous chloride, stannous octoate, stannous ethylhexanoate, stannous laurate , Dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin dichloride, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate, dioctyltin diacetate, tin (II) -2-ethylcaproate, stannous ethylhexanoate, triethyltin dimethylamide,
  • Examples of suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of transition group 3 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are scandium (isopropoxide) and scandium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate.
  • Examples of suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of the 4th subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements include titanium tetrachloride, tetraethyl orthotitanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetrabutyl titanate (Ti (IV) butoxide), tetramesyl titanate (Ti (IV) mesylate), chlorotriisopropyl orthotitanate, tetra ( phenylmethylene) titanium, bis (cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride and titanium acetylacetonate. Preference is given to Ti (IV) mesylate and Ti (IV) butoxide.
  • Examples of suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of the 5th subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements include vanadium (V) oxytriisopropoxide, vanadium (III) acetylacetonate and niobium (V) ethoxide.
  • Examples of suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of subgroup 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements include chromium trichloride, chromium (III) acetylacetonate, molybdenum pentachloride and molybdenum glycolate.
  • Examples of suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of the 7th subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements include manganese dichloride, manganese acetate and rhenium trichloride.
  • Suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of transition group 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements include iron trichloride, iron tribromide, iron (III) octoate, iron (III) acetylacetonate, iron (III) citrate and iron (II) gluconate.
  • suitable compounds of the formula (I) with a metal of subgroup 9 of the Periodic Table of the Elements include the abovementioned cobalt salts, in particular Co (II) acetate, cobalt (II) acetylacetonate and cobalt (III) acetylacetonate. Preference is given to Co (II) acetate.
  • the transesterification catalyst is preferably selected from Ti (IV) -mesylate, Ti (IV) -butyric oxide, Al (III) -mesylate, Al (III) -iso-propyloxide, Al (III) -acetate, Al (III) Hydroxy acetate and Co (II) acetate.
  • the transesterification catalyst is particularly preferably selected from Ti (IV) butoxide, Ti (IV) mesylate and Al (III) mesylate.
  • a compound selected from the co-catalysts described above is included in analogous amounts in the transesterification.
  • the transesterification of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate is carried out with an alcohol. It is preferably a Ci-Cis-alcohol, more preferably a Ci-Cs- alcohol.
  • the alcohol may be saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or straight chain, cyclic or acyclic.
  • the alcohol may be a mono- or polyhydric alcohol.
  • suitable alcohols include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, cyclohexanol, decyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, linoleyl alcohol, Linolenyl alcohol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, Xylose, sucrose, dextrose and triethanolamine. Particularly preferred are methanol, ethanol, cyclo
  • the weight ratio of alcohol to poly-3HP in the esterification mixture is at least 1: 1, preferably at least 2: 1, very particularly preferably at least 5: 1, most preferably at least 10: 1.
  • the transesterification can be carried out in a solvent.
  • the transesterification is carried out in one of the aprotic solvents mentioned for the reaction of ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide.
  • the alcohol serves as a reactive solvent.
  • the esterification mixture comprises no further solvent in addition to the alcohol.
  • Poly-3-hydroxypropionate is usually transesterified at elevated temperature and / or pressure with the alcohol to give a 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester. It should be noted that the reaction conditions must be chosen so that the activation energy of each transesterification is provided. For example, a temperature of at least 125 ° C is required for the transesterification of poly-3-hydroxypropionate with n-butanol at a pressure of 1 bar. Transesterification with alcohols such as n-butanol, whose boiling point is below the required temperature, are preferably carried out at elevated pressure.
  • the temperature is usually at least 80 ° C, preferably at least 1 10 ° C, more preferably at least 120 ° C and most preferably at least 130 ° C.
  • the temperature is usually at most 220 ° C, preferably at most 210 ° C, particularly preferably at most 200 ° C.
  • the temperature is for example 130 to 200 ° C, preferably 150 to 190 ° C, particularly preferably 160 to 180 ° C.
  • the pressure is usually at least 1 bar, preferably at least 3 bar, more preferably at least 5 bar.
  • the pressure is usually at most 35 bar, preferably at most 20 bar.
  • the pressure is for example 1 bar to 20 bar, preferably 1 bar to 15 bar, more preferably 1 bar to 10 bar.
  • the pressure is Usually adjusted by metering in inert gas, for example nitrogen, helium, argon, krypton or xenon.
  • the reaction vessel suitable for the transesterification is selected according to the prevailing pressure. At low pressures, for example, a glass flask can be used. In order to achieve as complete a conversion as possible, the water obtained during the transesterification can be continuously separated off during the reaction. For example, this is a Wasserausniker suitable. At higher pressures, the reaction can be carried out in a gas-tight sealable pressure vessel for reactions in the overpressure range, for. B. in an autoclave. This is usually made of stainless steel.
  • Oxidizing gases eg O 2, N 2 O
  • CO 2 and water normally act as catalyst poisons with respect to the transesterification according to the invention and / or can cause the formation of by-products and are therefore used in the transesterification (or in general from the components of the reaction mixture to be used). largely or preferably completely excluded.
  • Their individual volume fractions in the total volume of carbon monoxide used should be ⁇ 1% by volume, better still ⁇ 0.1% by volume, preferably ⁇ 0.01% by volume, particularly preferably ⁇ 0.001% by volume, and very particularly preferably be vanishing.
  • the procedure is such that the reaction chamber of the reaction vessel is suitably initially flushed with inert gas (eg Ar) for practical purposes. Then, under an inert gas atmosphere and at a comparatively low temperature, the reaction components are introduced into the reaction space of the reaction vessel and the same is closed off. Preferably, the reaction space is operated stirred.
  • inert gas eg Ar
  • the temperature in the reaction space is increased by external heating to the reaction temperature, and the reaction mixture is stirred in the reaction vessel.
  • the reaction temperature of the transesterification usually increases in the course of the reaction by the formation of high-boiling compounds, namely in the range of 0.5 to 20 ° C.
  • samples are taken from the reaction mixture at regular intervals and the course of the reaction is checked by means of gas chromatography (GC). If the reaction is complete, the temperature in the interior of the reaction chamber is lowered by appropriate cooling, the increased internal pressure is subsequently reduced to atmospheric pressure and the reaction vessel is opened so that access to the product mixture located in the reaction space thereof is provided.
  • conversions of> 90 mol%, advantageously> 95 mol% or> 98 mol are usually the case for comparatively short reaction times (generally 0.3 to 36 h).
  • % Preferably a 99 mol%, and particularly preferably> 99.9 mol%.
  • reaction mixture In the transesterification of poly-3HP with the alcohol, a reaction mixture is formed which, in addition to the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester, contains inter alia catalyst residues and unreacted alcohol.
  • the reaction mixture of the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide to remove the catalyst residues a gas containing molecular oxygen is supplied.
  • the molecular oxygen-containing gas is air or contains air.
  • the supply of the molecular oxygen-containing gas serves to oxidize the transesterification catalyst.
  • the salts of the metal cations resulting from the oxidation are, depending on the counterion (s), of different solubility in the reaction mixture.
  • cobalt acetates are sparingly soluble salts which can be separated by conventional solid-liquid separation techniques.
  • a gas dispersion which allows a large contact surface of the oxygen-containing gas with the solution or the suspension and thus advantageously influences the oxidation of the transesterification catalyst.
  • the amount of stirring energy input is preferably at least 0.3 W per kg of the mass of the reaction mixture.
  • the gas dispersion does not sufficiently dissipate or segregate, negatively affecting the oxidation.
  • the power input is particularly preferably at least 0.5 W per kg of the mass of the reaction mixture. Most preferably, the power input is in the range of 0.8 to 2.0 W per kg of the mass of the reaction mixture.
  • liquid reaction mixture separated off by means of solid-liquid separation of oxidized catalyst is preferably purified by distillation at a pressure of at most 100 mbar, preferably at most 10 mbar, particularly preferably at most 0.1 mbar, in order to isolate the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester
  • the reaction mixture is purified by extraction.
  • Water is added to the reaction mixture in a weight ratio m: water of preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1, more preferably 1: 3 to 3: 1, and particularly preferably 1: 2 to 2: 1 added.
  • the aqueous phase is preferably water-insoluble by means of an organic, water-insoluble solvent, for example anisole, in a weight ratio of preferably from 1: 5 to 5: 1, more preferably from 1: 3 to 3: 1, and particularly preferably from 1: 2 to 2: 1 extracted.
  • the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester obtained in the organic phase is preferably isolated by distillation at a pressure of at most 100 mbar, preferably at most 10 mbar, particularly preferably at most 0.1 mbar.
  • the invention also provides a process for preparing an acrylic ester comprising the steps of: (i) preparing a 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester according to the method described above; and the
  • dehydration of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester (ii) dehydration of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester.
  • the dehydration of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester can in principle be carried out in the liquid phase or in the gas phase.
  • the dehydration of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester in the liquid phase is advantageously carried out at a temperature of from 120 to 300 ° C., preferably from 150 to 250 ° C., more preferably from 170 to 230 ° C., very particularly preferably from 180 to 220 ° C., carried out.
  • the printing is not restricted. A low negative pressure is advantageous for safety reasons.
  • the liquid phase preferably contains a polymerization inhibitor.
  • Suitable polymerization inhibitors are phenothiazine, hydroquinone and / or hydroquinone monomethyl ether. Very particular preference is given to phenothiazine and hydroquinone monomethyl ether.
  • the liquid phase preferably contains from 0.001 to 5 wt .-%, particularly preferably from 0.01 to 2 wt .-%, most preferably from 0.1 to 1 wt .-% of the polymerization inhibitor.
  • an oxygen-containing gas is additionally used for the polymerization inhibition. Particularly suitable for this purpose are air / nitrogen mixtures with an oxygen content of about 6% by volume (lean air).
  • the liquid phase generally contains from 5 to 95% by weight, preferably from 10 to 90% by weight, particularly preferably from 20 to 80% by weight, very particularly preferably from 30 to 60% by weight, of an inert organic solvent.
  • the boiling point of the inert organic solvent is 1013 mbar in the range of preferably 200 to 350 ° C, more preferably from 250 to 320 ° C, most preferably from 280 to 300 ° C.
  • the inert organic solvent generally has a solubility in water of preferably less than 5 g per 100 mL of water at 23 ° C, more preferably less than 1 g per 100 mL of water, most preferably less than 0.2 g per 100 mL Water.
  • Suitable inert organic solvents are, for example, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl isophthalate, diethyl isophthalate, dimethyl terephthalate, diethyl terephthalate, alkanoic acids, such as nonanoic acid and decanoic acid, biphenyl and / or diphenyl ether.
  • the dehydration can be catalyzed basic or acidic.
  • Suitable basic catalysts are high boiling tertiary amines such as pentamethyldiethylenetriamine.
  • Suitable acidic catalysts are high boiling inorganic or organic acids such as phosphoric acid and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid.
  • High-boiling means here a boiling point at 1013 mbar of preferably at least 160 ° C, more preferably at least 180 ° C, most preferably at least 190 ° C.
  • the amounts of dehydration catalyst in the liquid phase is preferably 1 to 60 wt .-%, more preferably 2 to 40 wt .-%, most preferably 5 to 20 wt .-%.
  • the water / acrylic acid mixture formed in the liquid-phase dehydration is preferably removed by distillation, more preferably by means of a rectification column. Further information on the dehydration in the liquid phase can be found, for example, in WO 2015/036218 A1 and WO 2015/036278 A1.
  • the dehydration of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester in the gas phase is preferably carried out by heating a solution of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester, for example a solution of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid ester used in the transesterification. Deten alcohol, this heating is particularly preferably carried out in the presence of a catalyst.
  • a catalyst for example, butanol is preferably used as the solvent for the dehydration of butyl 3-hydroxypropionate in the gas phase.
  • the dehydration in the gas phase is preferably carried out in the temperature range between 230 and 320 ° C, more preferably between 240 and 300 ° C and most preferably between 245 and 275 ° C.
  • the printing is not restricted. A negative pressure is advantageous for safety reasons.
  • Suitable dehydration catalysts are both acidic and alkaline catalysts. Acid catalysts are particularly preferred because of the low tendency to oligomer formation.
  • the dehydration catalyst can be used both as a homogeneous and as a heterogeneous catalyst. When the dehydration catalyst is in the gas phase dehydration as a heterogeneous catalyst, it is preferable that the dehydration catalyst is in contact with a carrier. Suitable carriers are all those which appear suitable to the person skilled in the art. In this connection it is preferred that these solids have suitable pore volumes which are suitable for good binding and absorption of the dehydration catalyst.
  • total pore volumes according to DIN 66133 in a range from 0.01 to 3 ml / g are preferred and in a range from 0.1 to 1.5 ml / g particularly preferred.
  • the solids suitable as a support have a surface area in the range from 0.001 to 1000 m 2 / g, preferably in the range from 0.005 to 450 m 2 / g and moreover preferably in the range from 0.01 to 300 m 2 / g according to BET test according to DIN 66131.
  • a carrier for the dehydration catalyst on the one hand, a bulk material having an average particle diameter in the range of 0.1 to 40 mm, preferably in the range of 1 to 10 mm and more preferably in the range of 1, 5 to 5 mm, be used.
  • the wall of the dehydration reactor may serve as a carrier.
  • the carrier per se may be acidic or basic, or an acidic or basic dehydration catalyst may be applied to an inert carrier. Dipping or impregnating or incorporation into a carrier matrix should be mentioned in particular as application techniques.
  • Suitable carriers which can also serve as dehydration catalyst are, in particular, natural or synthetic siliceous substances, such as in particular denit, montmorillonite, acid zeolites, acidic aluminas, Y-Al 2 O 3, with one, two or more basic inorganic acids, in particular phosphoric acid, or acid salts of inorganic acids occupied carriers, such as oxidic or siliceous substances, for example Al 2 O 3, ⁇ 2; Oxides and mixed oxides, such as Y-Al2O3 and ZnO-A 03 mixed oxides of heteropolyacids.
  • natural or synthetic siliceous substances such as in particular denit, montmorillonite, acid zeolites, acidic aluminas, Y-Al 2 O 3, with one, two or more basic inorganic acids, in particular phosphoric acid, or acid salts of inorganic acids occupied carriers, such as oxidic or siliceous substances, for example Al 2 O 3, ⁇ 2; Oxides and mixed oxides,
  • the support preferably consists at least partially of an oxidic compound.
  • oxidic compounds should have at least one of Si, Ti, Zr, Al, P or a combination of at least two of them.
  • Such carriers can themselves act as dehydration catalyst by their acidic or basic properties.
  • a preferred class of compounds acting both as a carrier and as a dehydration catalyst are silicon-aluminum phosphorus oxides.
  • Preferred basic substances functioning both as dehydration catalyst and as carrier include alkali, alkaline earth, lanthanum, lanthanides or a combination of at least two thereof in their oxidic form, such as Li 2 O, Na 2 O, K 2 O, Cs 2 0, MgO, CaO, SrO or BaO or La 2 0 3 - containing substances.
  • acidic or basic dehydration catalysts are commercially available.
  • Another class are ion exchangers. These can also be present in both basic and acidic form.
  • Suitable homogeneous dehydration catalysts are, in particular, inorganic acids, preferably phosphorous-containing acids and, moreover, preferably phosphoric acid. These inorganic acids can be immobilized on the support by immersion or impregnation.
  • an acrylic acid-containing phase is obtained, which can optionally be purified by further purification steps, in particular by distillation, extraction or crystallization or by a combination of these methods. Further information on the dehydration in the gas phase can be found in WO 2008/023039 A1.
  • the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon monoxide was carried out in an autoclave which could be stirred with a paddle stirrer (the blade stirrer was moved by means of a magnetic coupling), the reaction space of which was optionally heated or cooled from the outside could be. All surfaces contacting the reaction space were made of Hastelloy HC4.
  • the reaction space of the autoclave had a circular cylindrical geometry. The height of the circular cylinder was 335 mm. The inner diameter of the circular cylinder was 107 mm.
  • the envelope of the reaction space had a wall thickness of 19 mm (Hastelloy HC4).
  • the head of the autoclave was equipped with a gas inlet / gas outlet valve which opened into the reaction space.
  • the temperature in the reaction space was determined by means of a thermocouple.
  • the control of the reaction temperature was controlled electronically.
  • the internal pressure in the reaction space was monitored continuously with a corresponding sensor.
  • the reaction space of the autoclave was first rendered inert with argon (contents of the Ar:> 99.999% by volume of Ar, ⁇ 2 ppm by volume 0 2 , 3 ppm by volume of H 2 O and ⁇ 0.5 ppm by volume total amount hydrocarbons). Subsequently, the autoclave heated to 10 ° C.
  • Ethylene oxide (1.5 g / min) was then pumped through the valve into the reaction space in the amount indicated in Table 1 (supplier: BASF SE, specification: 99.9% purity, 100 ppm water, 50 ppm acetaldehyde and 20 ppm acetic acid ).
  • the temperature in the reaction space was reduced to 25 ° C.
  • carbon monoxide was again pressed into the autoclave until the pressure in the reaction space reached 6-10 6 Pa (while maintaining the internal temperature of 25 ° C).
  • the temperature in the reaction chamber of the autoclave was then increased substantially linearly to 75 ° C. within 45 minutes with stirring (700 rpm). This temperature was maintained with stirring for 8 h.
  • the pressure in the reaction space dropped to 5-10 6 Pa during this period.
  • the heating of the autoclave was switched off.
  • the temperature in the stirred reaction chamber cooled essentially exponentially to 25 ° C. (after 50 min, the internal temperature was 60 ° C., 150 ° C. after 40 min and 30 ° C. after 235 min energized).
  • the associated pressure in the reaction space was 4.3-10 6 Pa.
  • the autoclave was then depressurized to normal pressure and the reaction space was flushed three times in succession with argon (10 6 Pa).
  • the reactor contents were purged with air (12 L / h) for 0.5 h with the nozzle positioned below the surface, near the stirrer circumference; at the same time the headspace of the reactor was purged with nitrogen (20 ° C, 700 L / min). The temperature was 45 ° C. The resulting suspension was stirred at the same stirrer rotation speed for a further 10 min. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool without stirring and to rest for up to 18 h.
  • a laboratory pressure filter was used for solid-liquid separation.
  • the filter medium 42-1 100-SK012, Sefar (PTFE, air permeability: 7 L / (dm 2 -min)) with a filter area of 20 cm 2 was placed on a perforated support plate (lower part of the filter chute).
  • the lower part and the cylindrical housing of the filter chute (V is 0.32 L / 0.52 L) were connected.
  • a filtrate container was placed under the filtrate outlet on a balance.
  • the suction filter was filled with the suspension (msus is about 250 to 450 g). The experiment was carried out at room temperature (about 20 ° C), the exact temperature was recorded during the filtration.
  • the nutsche was not tempered.
  • the suction filter was closed by connecting the header (which included the gas inlet port, a pressure gauge and a pressure relief valve) to the Nutsche main body.
  • the filtration was carried out by the application of nitrogen gas pressure ( ⁇ is 2 bar). The filtration was stopped as soon as nitrogen passed through the filter medium.
  • Deionized water was added to the filter cake as washing liquid.
  • the suction filter was closed again and the washing liquid was forced through the filter cake by application of nitrogen gas pressure ( ⁇ is 2 bar).
  • the pH of the wash filtrate was noted during the wash process.
  • nitrogen gas 100 L / h was passed through the suction filter for 120 seconds to mechanically dehumidify the filter cake.
  • the filter cake was dried in a vacuum drying oven at 10 mbar and 60 ° C for three days. Before and after drying, the filter cake was weighed to calculate dry matter content and yield. The yield was defined as the mass ratio between the collected dried filter cake and the expected amount of poly-3HP, based on 100% theoretical conversion of the carbonylation reaction.
  • the cobalt content in the dried product was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy (Varian 720-ES ICP-OES spectrometer, cobalt line 237.86 nm).
  • the molecular weights of the poly-3HP products were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC, also known as size exclusion chromatography, SEC) using polymethylmethacrylate as standard for the average chain length and the molecular weight dispersity of the poly-3HP - to characterize molecules.
  • GPC gel permeation chromatography
  • SEC size exclusion chromatography
  • the influence of the cobalt content of the poly-3HP on the transesterification was investigated.
  • a poly-3HP batch with 0.3 wt .-% cobalt was compared with a poly-3HP batch with 0.040 wt .-% cobalt.
  • the respective poly-3HP batches were added in the amount shown in Table 2 with ten times the amount of butanol and heated for 8 h in a 300 mL autoclave at 170 ° C.
  • the pressure in the autoclave was in the range of 6 to 7 bar.
  • Examples 8 to 12 Poly-3HP, n-hexanol and Al (III) -mesylate were heated in a glass flask with attached Wasserausniker in the ratios shown in Table 2 for 3 to 9.3 hours at 154 to 166 ° C.
  • the respective yield of 3-hydroxypropionic acid hexyl ester was determined by means of GC (internal standard: decane, 3-hydroxypropionic acid butyl ester was used for the calibration). The results are shown in Table 2. No by-products were formed.
  • Al (III) mesylate, Mg (II) mesylate, Ti (IV) mesylate, Ti (IV) n-butoxide, Al (III) -i-propoxide, and Al (III) acetate (basic) were added investigated their catalytic activity in the transesterification of poly-3HP.
  • the mesylates were made by themselves; the remaining compounds were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
  • 3 g of poly-3HP, 60 g of n-hexanol and optionally 30 mg of catalyst were heated in a glass flask with attached Wasserausniker in the ratios shown in Table 2 for 0.5 to 8 hours at 154 to 164 ° C.
  • the respective yield of 3-hydroxypropionic acid hexyl ester was determined by means of GC (internal standard: decane, 3-hydroxypropionic acid hexyl ester was used for the calibration).
  • Methylsulfonic acid which can be formed in the hydrolysis of Al (III) or Ti (IV) mesylate, showed no significant catalytic activity (Example 16).
  • Ti (IV) butoxide Example 19
  • the product concentration dropped after four hours; GC analysis indicated the formation of acrylate by dehydration of the product.
  • Poly-3HP, an alcohol and optionally a catalyst were in the proportions shown in Table 2 in a glass flask with attached Wasserausniker or a 300-mL autoclave (pressure: 2 bar for 1 -dodecanol to 22 bar for methanol) for 4 heated to 1 19 to 180 ° C for 22 hours.
  • the respective yield of 3-hydroxypropionic acid alkyl ester was determined by means of GC (internal standard: decane, 3-hydroxypropionic acid butyl ester was used for the calibration).
  • methyl acrylate was detected by transesterification in methanol.
  • Example 50 30 g (205 mmol) of butyl 3-hydroxypropionate in 30 g of n-butanol (50% strength by weight solution) in the presence of 30 ml (16.7 g, 1.5 mm extrudates) of aluminum oxide (BASF D10) were added. 10) to Acrylsaurebutylester reacted.
  • the reaction was carried out at a pressure of 1 bar (normal pressure) and a temperature of 250 ° C in a conventional fixed bed gas phase reactor.
  • the feed solution was passed through the reactor at 10 mL / h while nitrogen was passed through the reactor at 10 NL / h.
  • the product was condensed in a flask containing 10 mg of 4-methoxyphenol in 79.5 g of n-butanol as a stabilizer.

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