EP3292561A1 - Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen untersuchung eines gases und massenspektrometer - Google Patents
Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen untersuchung eines gases und massenspektrometerInfo
- Publication number
- EP3292561A1 EP3292561A1 EP16710230.0A EP16710230A EP3292561A1 EP 3292561 A1 EP3292561 A1 EP 3292561A1 EP 16710230 A EP16710230 A EP 16710230A EP 3292561 A1 EP3292561 A1 EP 3292561A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- excitation
- ions
- ion
- frequency
- ion trap
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
- H01J49/36—Radio frequency spectrometers, e.g. Bennett-type spectrometers, Redhead-type spectrometers
- H01J49/38—Omegatrons ; using ion cyclotron resonance
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/0027—Methods for using particle spectrometers
- H01J49/0031—Step by step routines describing the use of the apparatus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
- H01J49/42—Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
- H01J49/4205—Device types
- H01J49/4245—Electrostatic ion traps
- H01J49/425—Electrostatic ion traps with a logarithmic radial electric potential, e.g. orbitraps
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
- H01J49/42—Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
- H01J49/426—Methods for controlling ions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
- H01J49/42—Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
- H01J49/426—Methods for controlling ions
- H01J49/427—Ejection and selection methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
- H01J49/42—Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
- H01J49/426—Methods for controlling ions
- H01J49/4295—Storage methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/025—Detectors specially adapted to particle spectrometers
- H01J49/027—Detectors specially adapted to particle spectrometers detecting image current induced by the movement of charged particles
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for mass spectrometry
- a gas comprising ionizing the gas to generate ions, and storing, exciting and detecting at least a portion of the generated ions in an FT ("Fourier transform") ion trap, in particular an FT electric trap
- FT Fast Fourier transform
- the invention also relates to a mass spectrometer comprising: an FT ion trap, and a
- Excitation device for storage, excitation and detection of ions in the FT ion trap Excitation device for storage, excitation and detection of ions in the FT ion trap.
- Ion storage, separation and detection are the main functions of conventional mass spectrometers, which are generally housed in different assemblies. This has the consequence that typically expensive interfaces between the modules must be used, which on the one hand makes a compact and efficient solution and on the other hand a fast manipulation of the ion populations difficult. With the transfer In addition, ions through the interfaces can cause signal loss, which degrades the performance and sensitivity of mass spectrometers.
- an electrical or possibly a magnetic Fourier transform ion trap short: FT ion trap
- many functions eg ion generation, storage and detection
- ions or ionized gas components can be measured without retroaction and without interruption and can be detected or detected according to their mass-to-charge ratio, as is
- the FT ion trap has a
- the ions stored in the FT ion trap are excited in situ and the detection of the excited ions takes place by recording and evaluating
- Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance " - Trapped by an IFT excitation in the form of a so-called" SWIFT "(Storage Wave-Form Inverse Fourier Transform), Suggestion to remove individual ion populations from the ion trap or to suppress these if their number of particles exceeds a predetermined threshold value at a given mass-to-charge ratio. In this way, large ion populations can be removed from the ion trap so that specific subsets of ion populations can be measured more accurately.
- the object of the invention is to develop a method for mass spectrometric analysis of a gas and an associated mass spectrometer such that the performance of the mass spectrometric analysis is increased.
- This object is achieved according to a first aspect by a method of the type mentioned, in which the generation and storage of the ions in the FT ion trap and / or the exciting of the ions (immediately) before the
- Detecting the ions in the FT ion trap at least one selective IFT ("Inverse Fourier Transform”) excitation, in particular a SWIFT ("Storage Wave Form Inverse Fourier Transform”), dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio or the ion resonance frequencies of the ions. ) Stimulation.
- IFT Inverse Fourier Transform
- SWIFT Storage Wave Form Inverse Fourier Transform
- Detection of the ions or the ion signals generated in the FT ion trap a selective ion excitation (hereinafter also: stimulation), for example, perform a broadband-selective ion stimulation.
- Stimulation is typically done by means of a powerful IFT excitation, in particular by means of a SWIFT suggestion, which enables the
- Broadband-selective stimulation is understood to mean excitation in a large ion resonance frequency band.
- a broadband-selective excitation for example: (ITI / Z) MAX / (m / z) M iN> 5, possibly> 10, where (m / z) M Ax is the maximum mass-to-charge ratio of the IFT Excitation and (m / z) M iN designate the minimum mass-to-charge ratio of the IFT excitation. It is understood that IFT excitations with a smaller ionic resonance frequency band are also possible.
- At least one IFT excitation is performed to select ions to be stored in the FT ion trap.
- undesired ions not to be stored in the FT ion trap which are in a given interval of the mass-to-charge ratio (the interval may have multiple non-contiguous subintervals) can already do so by means of a continuous SWIFT excitation be excessively excited during ionization or during the storage process, so that these ions or charge carriers are lost to the surrounding electrodes of the FT ion trap and only the ions to be stored with the
- the ions are generated in the FT ion trap, ie the gas to be investigated is introduced in the charge-neutral state into the FT ion trap.
- the ionization in the FT ion trap can be carried out, for example, as described in the cited WO 2015/003819 A1, ie it is possible to introduce ions and / or metastable particles of an ionization gas and / or electrons into the FT ion trap which ionize the gas or gas mixture to be investigated in the FT ion trap. It is understood that it is also possible in principle to ionize the ions outside the FT ion trap and to supply the FT ion trap with the gas to be examined in the form of gas ions. In this case too, during the storage of the ions in the FT ion trap, a selection of ions to be stored or of ions to be accumulated in the FT ion trap can take place.
- ions for storage or for accumulation are selected whose mass-to-charge ratio is outside an interval of the mass-to-charge ratios of a main gas component of the gas to be investigated.
- a main gas component is understood to be a gas constituent whose volume fraction is more than 50% by volume, in many applications more than 90% by volume of the gas to be investigated.
- the main gas component is typically only a single gas constituent, eg, N 2 or H 2 , ie, a single substance that generally corresponds to only a mass to charge ratio in the mass spectrum.
- the main gas component, the volume fraction is greater than 50% by volume, possibly more than 90% by volume, also of several gas components
- each of the gas components of the main gas component has more than 20% by volume or possibly more than 30% by volume of the gas to be analyzed.
- the detection of gas traces or gas components with very low partial pressures or concentrations in a gas matrix of a gas to be examined, for example a process gas, with high total pressure is required.
- the ratio of these partial pressures to the total pressure is, for example, in the order of magnitude of ppm volume (10 "6 ppmV) to pptV (10 " 12 ) per volume.
- Phase angle of the IFT excitation varies, with both the first
- Excitation frequency and the second excitation frequency by not more than 10%, preferably not more than 5%, in particular by not more than 1% differ from a predetermined excitation frequency.
- the degree of excitation refers to the amplitude of the IFT excitation relative to a given maximum amplitude and is typically expressed as a percentage.
- the high-frequency alternating field E acts solely on the ions. This is practically true as long as there is only a limited amount of charge carriers of the same sign in the FT ion trap.
- the total number of charge carriers is referred to as "space charge” or "ion cloud”.
- phase-shifted IFT excitations of the ions e.g., slight orbital separation of the ion packets by appropriate SWIFT excitation
- the variation of the phase position and / or the excitation degree of the SWIFT excitation takes place here in a coherent interval between a first excitation frequency f i0 n, i and a second excitation frequency f i0 n, 2 (fion.i ⁇ fion, 2), both comparatively close to each other, ie both the first and the second (ion) excitation frequency deviate from a predetermined excitation frequency f i0 n, a by not more than 10% or 5%, in particular by not more than 1% down or up , that is to say: f ion , i ⁇ 0.9 f ion , a and f ion , 2 ⁇ 1, 1 fion.a or correspondingly f ion , i ⁇ 0.95 f ion , a and f ion , 2 ⁇ 1, 05 f ion , a or f ion , i ⁇ 0.99 f i
- Excitation frequency f i0 n, a typically corresponds to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions of interest or ion population.
- phase angle and / or the phase difference between the first excitation frequency and the second excitation frequency vary
- Excitation degree as a function of the excitation frequency stepwise.
- the frequency width of the stages can be chosen to be equal in particular, i. the interval between the first and the second excitation frequency is divided into equally large subintervals or stages, between which the
- Phase position and / or the degree of excitation can be changed. It goes without saying, however, that the frequency width of the subintervals does not necessarily have to be chosen to be the same. Ideally, the transition occurs in each case a change in the excitation degree and / or the phase position between in each case two adjacent subintervals, in order to steer the ions assigned to the adjacent subintervals to different orbits.
- the excitation degree and / or the phase position increase either stepwise or stepwise as a function of the excitation frequency.
- the ions assigned to adjacent subintervals can be distributed to different orbits in a particularly simple manner.
- the increase or the decrease of the excitation degree and / or the phase position between adjacent stages or sub-intervals can each be the same size, but it is also possible for the increase or the
- the excitation of the ion packets or the ions with an adjacent mass-to-charge ratio is effected by briefly acting on the ion packets by means of a short-time excitation pulse in the corresponding ion resonance band. Will the ions be in different
- the same ions in the FT ion trap are selectively excited several times (possibly broadband) by IFT excitations, with detection of the ions being carried out after a respective IFT excitation.
- the number of excited ions or the partial pressure of the excited gas component is determined. By averaging over the number of ions determined in the detections, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the excited ions of interest can be significantly increased without the remaining ions being affected by the excitation.
- SNR signal-to-noise ratio
- a time interval which is greater than a mean free flight time of the ions in the FT ion trap lies between two IFT excitations which follow one another directly in time.
- the mean free flight time t M is typically greater than about one millisecond (> 1 ms).
- the IFT excitations, especially the SWIFT excitations, are not repeated until the ions have traversed a multiple of the mean free flight time, eg, more than 3 xt M , more than 5 xt M, or more than 10 xt M.
- collisions between the neutral gas parts and the ionized gas particles can lead to chemical reactions, e.g.
- the time-varying mass spectrum can be calculated and displayed by means of a suitably chosen displaceable, short measurement time interval, which is also referred to below as the FFT time window.
- the temporally displaceable measuring time interval may have a duration in the order of, for example, several milliseconds, preferably 10 ms or less, particularly preferably 5 ms or less. Stepless or discrete shifting of the FFT time window results in a chronological representation of the chemical behavior of the ion population embedded in the gas matrix or in the gas to be investigated.
- MS mass analysis methods
- MS n mass analysis methods
- the selected mass range is then finely analyzed with another high resolution mass analyzer (e.g., Fourier transform based, location or transit time based methods) to override the analyzers (see
- FT-mass spectrometers are used to measure the mass-to-charge ratios of ions by Fourier transformation on the basis of their characteristic oscillations or ion resonance frequencies.
- the image charge currents occurring here are generally from a few fA (10 "15 A).
- the ion resonance frequencies are typically on the order of kHz to MHz, for example, of about 1 kHz to 200 kHz, and therefore of parasitic interference frequencies be superimposed, which can generate so-called "phantom masses".
- the systematic, that is, the interference frequencies known to the measuring system can be eliminated by means of suitable measures, but parasitic, usually unknown to the measuring system, external interference frequencies can lead to a misinterpretation of the mass spectra.
- Another aspect relates to a method of the type mentioned, in particular a method as described above, comprising: exciting the ions in the FT ion trap and recording a first frequency spectrum of the ions, changing the phase position and / or the oscillation amplitude of the Ions in the FT ion trap and / or altering the ionic resonance frequencies of the ions in the FT ion trap, re-exciting the ions in the FT ion trap and receiving a second frequency spectrum of the ions, as well as detecting spurious frequencies in the FT ion trap by comparing the first and second recorded frequency spectrum.
- the changing of the phase position and / or the oscillation amplitude of the ions in the FT ion trap can be effected in particular during the renewed excitation of the ions in the FT ion trap by an IFT excitation, in particular by a SWIFT excitation.
- spurious frequencies can be uniquely identified and optionally anninned from the regions of interest of the ionic resonance frequencies of interest. It is exploited here that only the ions stored in the FT ion trap react to the IFT excitation or to the change in the ion resonance frequencies. The rest in the
- Frequency spectrum existing frequency components that can not be influenced in this way can be identified as interference frequencies.
- the detected as interference frequencies mass-to-charge ratios can from the mass spectrum, which the
- Frequency spectrum corresponds, be filtered out or eliminated.
- the phase position and / or the oscillation amplitude of the ions of interest can be influenced virtually as desired, care being taken that the ions are not removed from the FT ion trap in this case.
- the amplitude and / or the phase position of the ions stored in the FT ion trap can be changed in such a way that the height of the associated lines in the mass spectrum or in the frequency spectrum changes, while the lines of the interference frequencies do not change in such an action ,
- changing the ion resonance frequencies comprises changing a storage voltage and / or a storage frequency of the FT ion trap.
- an excitation signal (stimulus) to oscillations whose resonance frequencies are dependent on the ion masses and the charges of the ions
- the ionic resonance frequencies typically in the frequency domain in the order of magnitude of kHz to MHz, for example from about 1 kHz up to 200 kHz.
- a respective ion resonance frequency is directly proportional to the high-frequency storage voltage V RF and inversely proportional to the square of the storage frequency f RF of the high-frequency alternating field, so that this behavior can be used to shift the ion resonance frequencies (hereinafter also referred to as frequency SHIFT).
- the ion resonance frequencies can be increased and, conversely, by reducing the high-frequency storage voltage V RF, the ion resonance frequencies can be reduced. Inversely, the ion resonance frequencies behave with a variation of the memory frequency f RF .
- the method comprises determining a start phase position of a trajectory of ions of a predetermined ion resonance frequency (directly) after an IFT excitation on the basis of a time-dependent ion signal recorded during the detection.
- the measuring time window T 0 is typically less than about 1/10 or 1/50 of the total measuring or detection duration, so that the amplitude on the envelope of the (oscillating) ion signal Ui 0n (t) in the measuring time window T 0 approximately remains constant.
- the expression given in (2) in square brackets has a maximum amount only if the start phase ⁇ of the IFT excitation with the start phase position ao of the
- mass-dependent phase-shifted orbital IFT excitation can be varied as a function of the ion resonance frequency. In this way, ion packets in the mass spectrum can be correspondingly identified differently. If the start phase ⁇ of the IFT excitation is not known, this and thus the start phase position ao of the path movement can be determined by maximizing the amount of the expression given in square brackets.
- the method additionally comprises: determining a charge polarity of the ions based on the starting phase position of the trajectory of the ions after the IFT excitation.
- an FT electric ion trap both positively and negatively charged ion species can be trapped simultaneously.
- the polarity of the ions can be detected the ions through stimulates uniform broadband excitation, move immediately after the excitation, for example, the positively charged ions to one of the electrodes, while the negatively charged ions move away from this. All ions are detected regardless of their polarity after excitation.
- f i0n of an associated ion species the following formula is used
- ion populations can be excited differently depending on their polarity, for example by SWIFT (possibly broadband) selective excitation; This is done by applying different excitation transients to the measuring electrodes as a function of the charge polarity.
- SWIFT possibly broadband
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a mass spectrometer of the type mentioned, in which the excitation device is formed during storage and / or during the excitation of ions at least one selective, dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions IFT excitation, in particular a SWIFT suggestion to generate.
- the mass spectrometer described here is particularly suitable for carrying out the methods described above. It has proved to be advantageous if the FT ion trap is designed as an electrical FT ion trap, ie the mass spectrometer is an electrical ion resonance mass analyzer in which the ions are dynamically stored by a high-frequency alternating field.
- the mass spectrometer is designed to ionize a gas to be investigated in the FT ion trap, wherein the
- Evaluation device is preferably designed to generate during the ionization (and during storage) an IFT excitation, in particular a SWIFT excitation.
- the mass spectrometer may for this purpose comprise a device for supplying electrons and / or an ionizing gas into the FT ion trap.
- a selection of ions which are to be stored in the FT ion trap (accumulating) can already be made during the ionization in this way, as a result of which the dynamics or the sensitivity of the FT ion trap can be increased.
- the excitation device is formed between a first excitation frequency and a second excitation frequency
- Excitation frequency to vary the excitation level (or the amplitude) and / or the phase angle of the IFT excitation, preferably both the first excitation frequency and the second excitation frequency by not more than 10%, more preferably not more than 5%, in particular not more than 1%, deviate from a given excitation frequency.
- Mass resolution can be increased by targeted ions or ion populations with closely spaced mass-to-charge ratios are suitably orbital excited so that they do not have the same trajectories
- the excitation device is formed between the first excitation frequency and the second
- the mass spectrometer comprises a detector, which is designed to determine a phase position of a trajectory of ions with a predetermined ion resonance frequency based on a time-dependent ion signal recorded during the detection of the ions after IFT excitation, wherein the detector is preferably formed to determine a charge polarity of the detected ions based on the phase position.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a mass spectrometer of the type mentioned, in particular as described above, in which the
- Excitation device is formed, a phase angle and / or a
- the mass spectrometer additionally comprises a detector which is formed, based on a comparison of a first, before changing the phase angle and / or the vibration amplitude of the ions in the FT ion trap and / or changing the ionic resonance frequencies of the ions in the FT ion trap recorded frequency spectrum with a second, after changing the phase angle and / or the amplitude of vibration of the ions in the FT ion trap and / or changing the ion resonance frequencies of Ions detected in the FT ion trap frequency spectrum to detect interference frequencies in the FT ion trap.
- interference frequencies in the recorded spectra can be recognized by the fact that they do not react or possibly only slightly to the changing of the ion resonance frequencies or to the changing of the phase position and / or the oscillation amplitude of the ions.
- the FT ion trap is designed as an FT-ICR ion trap or as an Orbitrap. Mass spectrometry by means of a Fourier transformation can in principle be carried out with different types of FT ion traps for carrying out rapid measurements, the combination with the so-called ion cyclotron resonance trap (FT-ICR ion trap) being the most common.
- FT-ICR ion trap which may be formed as a magnetic or electrical ICR trap is by means of
- Cyclotron resonance excitation mass spectrometry operated.
- the so-called orbitrap has a central, spindle-shaped electrode around which the ions are held by the electrical attraction on circular paths, whereby a decentral injection of the ions creates a vibration along the axis of the central electrode, which generates signals in the detector plates, which can be detected similar to the FT-ICR trap (by FT).
- the mass spectrometer can also be operated in combination with other types of FT ion traps, i. with ion traps, in which an induced by the stored ions on measuring electrodes induction current is detected and amplified time-dependent.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a mass spectrometer with an electric FT-ICR ion trap
- Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a timing at a
- Fig. 4 are schematic representations of three mass spectra of a
- Fig. 5a, b are schematic representations of the frequency spectrum
- FIG. 6a-c is a schematic representation of the frequency spectrum with a uniform SWIFT excitation or with a SWIFT frequency-dependent varying in the excitation level and in the phase relationship Excitation (FIG. 6a) and the associated trajectories of the excited ions (FIGS. 6b, c),
- Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of the time course of a multiple
- FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a detected ion signal with a temporally displaceable measuring time interval
- Fig. 9 is a schematic representation of two at different
- Fig. 10a-d are schematic representations of the frequency spectra of in the
- FT-ICR ion trap stored positively charged ions (Figure 10a), negatively charged ions (Figure 10b) as well as all ions stored in the FT-ICR ion trap ( Figures 10c and 10d).
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a mass spectrometer 1 which has an electrical FT-ICR ion trap 2.
- the FT-ICR trap 2 has a
- Ring electrode 3 on which a high-frequency AC voltage V RF is applied which may have, for example, a frequency f RF in the order of kHz to MHz, for example, 1 MHz, and an amplitude V RF of several hundred volts.
- the high-frequency alternating voltage V RF generates a high-frequency alternating field in which ions 4a, 4b of a gas 4 to be investigated are stored dynamically. From the high-frequency alternating field (E-field) results in a middle
- Excitation signal S1, S2 is generated by a second and third excitation unit 5b, 5c, which forms an excitation device 5 together with a first excitation unit 5a, which serves to generate the high-frequency storage voltage V RF with the predetermined storage frequency f RF .
- Excitation device 5 also has a synchronization device 5d, which synchronizes the three excitation units 5a-c in time.
- a synchronization device 5d which synchronizes the three excitation units 5a-c in time.
- Excitation unit 5a-c is an amplifier downstream, which are also part of the exciter 5.
- the vibration signals of the ions 4a, 4b in the form of induced mirror charges at the measuring electrodes 6a, 6b tapped, as for example in the initially cited DE 10 2013 208 959 A, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the respective measuring electrodes 6a, 6b are connected via a respective filter 7a, 7b to a respective low-noise charge amplifier 8a, 8b.
- the charge amplifiers 8a, 8b detect and amplify the ion signals from the two measuring electrodes 6a, 6b and, on the other hand, hold the measuring electrodes 6a, 6b for the memory frequency f RF at virtual ground potential. From the signals supplied by the charge amplifiers 8a, 8b, an ion signal Ui 0n (t) is generated by subtraction, whose time course is shown in Fig. 1 bottom right.
- the ion signal Ui 0n (t) is a detector. 9 supplied in the example shown, an analog-to-digital converter 9a and a spectrometer 9b for fast Fourier analysis (FFT) to a
- FFT fast Fourier analysis
- the detector 9 or the spectrometer 9b initially generates a frequency spectrum of the characteristic ion resonance frequencies f.sub.o.sub.n of the ions 4a, 4b stored in the FT-ICR ion trap 2, which due to the
- the electrical FT-ICR trap 2 thus enables a direct detection or the direct recording of a mass spectrum, whereby a rapid gas analysis is made possible.
- the rapid recording of a mass spectrum using Fourier spectrometry can be done not only in the above-described FT-ICR electric trap 10 but also in modifications of the trap type shown in Fig. 1, for example, in a so-called orbitrap.
- all ions 4a, 4b in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 have an ion resonance frequency fion proportional to their mass-to-charge ratio (m / z), with which the stored ions 4a, 4b in the FT ICR ion trap 2 vibrate. If the ions 4a, 4b are excited with their respective ion resonance frequency fion, they can either be selectively excited in this way or thrown out of the FT-ICR ion trap 2 by a resonance increase. It can thus ions 4a, 4b with
- SWIFT excitation 10 An example of a SWIFT excitation 10 with a broadband selective excitation spectrum is shown in FIG. 2, wherein the ion resonance frequencies f i0 n are related to the memory frequency f RF .
- the desired selective excitation spectrum depends on the ion resonance frequencies f i0 n and thus on the mass to charge ratio (m / z) of the ions 4a, 4b.
- the associated discrete SWIFT time function (not shown in FIG. 2) is output at the time of the SWIFT start to obtain the desired excitation spectrum shown in FIG.
- the measuring electrodes 6a, 6b can be used.
- the ions 4a, 4b can be deflected in the direction of the measuring electrodes 6a, 6b such that specific ions occur both during the ion generation and ion storage and immediately before the detection of the ion signals Ui 0n (t) 4a, 4b, on the one hand either stored or not stored, on the other hand practically continuously excited or not excited at all.
- the SWIFT excitation therefore provides several possibilities for realizing new features of the mass spectrometer 1.
- the prerequisite for all measurement tasks is that the excitation time of the ions 4a, 4b within the FT-ICR ion trap 2 is significantly shorter than the mean free flight time or the mean free path of the molecules or ions 4a, 4b of interest. It has proven to be advantageous to use optimized SWIFT algorithms, as described for example in the article "Stored
- a SWIFT excitation 10 may occur just prior to the detection of the ions 4a, 4b, i. prior to the recording of the (normalized) ion signal, as shown in Fig. 3, in which only the envelope of the (normalized) ion signal Uion (t) is shown.
- a SWIFT excitation 10 can also already take place during the generation and storage of the ions 4a, 4b, as is also indicated in the time sequence of FIG. In this case, the SWIFT excitation 10 is for selecting ions 4a, 4b to be stored in the FT-ICR ion trap 2.
- ions 4a, 4b For the generation of the ions 4a, 4b by the ionization of the gas 4, there are basically two possibilities: Either the ions 4a, 4b are generated within the FT-ICR ion trap 2 or the gas 4 becomes the FT-ICR ion trap 2 in charge-neutral form
- ionization in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 can be carried out, for example, in the manner described in the cited WO 2015/003819 A1, which with respect to this aspect is described by reference to FIG Content of this application is made.
- a continuous SWIFT excitation can already take place during the ionization of the gas 4 (see Fig. 3), whereby undesired gas components are excessively excited; as a result, the charge carriers of the undesired gas components at the surrounding electrodes 3, 6a, 6b are lost, and only the carriers of interest 4a, 4b are accumulatively stored in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 for measurement; As a result, the ionization time of the ions 4a, 4b to be detected ensures that the FT ICR ion trap 2 is not flooded by the unwanted charge carriers.
- the ions 4a, 4b to be analyzed or detected are stored and accumulated in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 immediately after ionization or after transfer into the FT-ICR ion trap 2.
- a main gas component 11 is understood to be a gas component whose volume fraction is more than 50% by volume, in many applications more than 90% by volume of the gas 2 to be investigated.
- the main gas component 1 1 has two ion populations with different mass-to-charge ratio (m / z) i or (m / z) 2 , whose volume fraction is in each case more than 30% by volume. of the gas to be examined 2 is such that the volume fraction of
- Main gas component 1 1 in total at more than 50% by volume of the
- Fig. 4 top left recorded mass spectrum of the gas 4 without a mass-selective SWIFT excitation is shown in Fig. 4 top left.
- the mass spectrum shown there only the ion populations of the main gas component 11, for example a majority carrier gas, can be seen, but not the actually interesting traces of gas whose mass-to-charge ratio lies outside of an interval I illustrated in FIG. to- Charge ratios (m / z) i and (m / z) 2 of the main gas component 1 1 are included.
- the ratio of the partial pressures of the gas of interest ingredients to the total pressure for example, in the order of ppm by volume (10 "6 ppmv) to PPTV (10 '12) then.
- the detection limit for individual gas components can be up to 10 "16 mbar in order to achieve a dynamic D of more than eight orders of magnitude (D> 10 8 )
- the sensitivity (absolute concentration) of the ions 4 a, 4 b increases the FT-ICR ion trap 2 and, accordingly, the signal-to-noise ratio SNR with the accumulation time during storage.
- the high frequency alternating field (E field) is affected by the space charge, more specifically by the space charge density, in the FT-ICR ion trap 2, i.
- E field the high frequency alternating field
- the influence of the alternating field E is greater, the greater the greater the
- Space charge density in the respective sub-volume of the FT-ICR ion trap 2 and the weaker the resulting from the high-frequency alternating field E mean restoring force in the associated sub-volume.
- large space charge densities can sometimes arise in regions of the FT-ICR ion trap 2 which are particularly susceptible to the occurrence of large space charge densities .
- the local space charge in the FT-ICR ion trap can be reduced if ions 4a, 4b do not simultaneously travel through the same trajectory (orbit) with closely adjacent ion resonant frequencies f i0 n. This can be achieved by varying the frequency between a first ion excitation frequency f i0 ni and a second ion excitation frequency f ion 2 of the excitation degree A of the SWIFT excitation 10
- FIG. 5b shows the associated time-dependent excitation signal (S1 or S2) of the SWIFT excitation.
- the excitation degree A of the SWIFT excitation varies stepwise as a function of the ion excitation frequency fion, the excitation degree A varying over the entire interval between the first ion excitation frequency f i0 ni and the second ion excitation frequency f i0 ni.
- Excitation frequency f i0 n2 by no more than about 20% of the maximum
- Excitation degree A (ie the maximum amplitude of the SWIFT excitation 10) varies.
- the excitation level A increases gradually from the first ion excitation frequency f i0 ni to the second ion excitation frequency f ion 2, wherein the step height between adjacent stages of the excitation level A is the same.
- the excitation degree A is from the first ion excitation frequency f i0 ni to the second, larger ionic frequency.
- excitation frequency f ion 2 can also decrease.
- the step height, ie, the difference between the excitation levels of adjacent stages of the SWIFT excitation 10 is not necessarily constant, but may vary from stage to stage. A continuous stepless variation of the
- a variation of the phase position ⁇ of the SWIFT excitation 10 can also take place, as shown in FIG. 6a.
- the phase angle ⁇ is also changed stepwise, in each case by a value of 45 °, wherein the phase position ⁇ of the SWIFT excitation 10 in the example shown in Fig. 6a gradually increases with increasing ion excitation frequencies f i0 n. It is understood that a stepwise decrease of the phase position ⁇ of the SWIFT excitation 10 is also possible and that the difference between the phase positions ⁇ of adjacent stages can deviate from 45 ° and in particular vary from stage to stage.
- phase angle ⁇ is defined only modulo 360 °, ie in the example shown, a phase angle ⁇ of 0 ° is reached again after eight stages.
- the phase angle ⁇ corresponds to a time shift or delay of the SWIFT excitation, wherein the phase angle ⁇ is related to a predetermined ion excitation frequency f ion , a.
- the predefined ion excitation frequency f i0 n, a can correspond , for example, to the ion resonance frequency f i0 n or the mass-to-charge ratio m / z of an ion population to be analyzed.
- the predetermined ion excitation frequency fion.a can also lie in an interval between two ion excitation frequencies f i0 ni, fion2 or two associated ion resonance frequencies whose mass-to-charge ratios m / z are dense lie together.
- the first (smaller) ion excitation frequency f i0 ni can deviate from the predetermined ion excitation frequency fion.a by no more than 10%, preferably not more than 5%, in particular not more than 1%.
- the ratio f 0n i fion, a is approximately 0.999 (deviation: 0.1%), while FIG. 6 a
- Ratio fion.a is about 1.009 (deviation: 0.9%), ie, both ion excitation frequencies f i0 ni, fion2 are within the value range of less than 1% deviation described above.
- Fig. 6b shows the trajectory B of the ions 4a, 4b in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 with a uniform SWIFT excitation, i. a SWIFT An with constant exciting degree A (shown in dashed lines in Fig. 6a), which also takes place synchronously or phase-locked.
- the value z denotes the
- the value T denotes the period of the oscillation of the ions 4a, 4b with the predetermined ion excitation frequency f i0 n, a- Space charge density arises.
- 6c shows the trajectories B of the ions 4a, 4b in the case of the orbital SWIFT excitation 10 shown in FIG. 6a with a different one
- the ions 4a, 4b typically undergo the (periodic) trajectories B more than about 100 times - 1000 times before the measurement or detection takes place. In this way, only a very low pressure in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 is required to perform the measurement or detection.
- FIG. 7 shows a further application of a SWIFT excitation 10, in which the same ions 4a, 4b in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 are excited in succession by two (broadband) selective SWIFT excitations 10 and in each case
- the number of excited ions 4a, 4b (or the
- Partial pressure of the excited gas component determined.
- Averaging over the number of ions 4a, 4b determined during the detections can increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the
- excited ions 4a, 4b are significantly increased without the remaining ions being affected by the excitation.
- the prerequisite for such a multiple detection is that between two temporally immediately following IFT excitations 10 there is a time interval ⁇ which is greater than an average free time of flight t M of the ions 4a, 4b in the FT-ICR ion trap 2, ie it holds that ⁇ > t M , where typically t M is more than about one millisecond (> 1 ms).
- the SWIFT suggestions are not repeated until the ions 4a, 4b have traveled a multiple of the mean free time of flight t M , for example more than 3 xt M , more than 5 xt M or more than 10 xt M.
- FFT time window time-displaceable measuring time interval 12
- Measuring time interval 12 for example, a reaction such as the transition from H 2 O + to H 3 O + can be observed practically in real time, ie it can also intermediates of chemical reactions are detected.
- the selected ions 4a, 4b stored in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 actually correspond to the ion population intended for the chemical reaction.
- the selection or selection process of the ions 4a, 4b to be accumulated in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 may be suitably adjusted.
- Interference frequencies f R can lead to a misinterpretation of the mass spectrum.
- a method can be used, which is described below:
- the ions 4a, 4b are excited in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 by means of a SWIFT excitation and subsequently detected to receive a first frequency spectrum 13a of the ion resonance frequencies fion (shown in phantom in FIG. 9).
- the ion resonance frequencies f i0 n of the ions 4a, 4b in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 are changed and in a third step, the ions 4a, 4b are excited again by means of a SWIFT excitation 10 and
- the first and second frequency spectrum 13a, 13b have lines whose frequencies change as the ion resonance frequencies fion in the FT-ICR system change. Have practically not shifted ion trap 2, so that their position in both frequency spectra 13a, 13b practically matches. These lines can be identified or determined as interference frequencies f R. Those lines in the two frequency spectra 13a, 13b, which are due to the change of the ion resonance frequencies f i0 n
- the ions 4a, 4b stored in the FT-ICR ion trap 2 can be assigned, ie they are lines at "true" ion resonance frequencies f i0 n.
- the storage voltage V RF of the FT-ICR ion trap 2 has been changed from a first value Vrfl to a second value Vrf2. Since, for a given mass-to-charge ratio m / z, the ion resonance frequency fion is directly proportional to the storage voltage V RF , the
- the ion resonance frequencies are shifted f ion . Since for a given mass-to-charge ratio m / z, the ion resonance frequency f ion is inversely proportional to the square of the
- Memory frequency f RF is a change in ionic resonance frequencies fion alternatively or additionally by a
- SWIFT excitation 10 Another application of a SWIFT excitation 10 is to determine the charge polarities (pos / neg) of the ions 4a, 4b stored in the electrical FT-ICR ion trap 2. For the determination or identification of the positively charged ions 4 a or the negatively charged ions 4 b in the FT-ICR ion trap 2, a phase position a o of the path movement B at the beginning of the detection, ie immediately after the SWIFT excitation 10, at a predetermined ion resonance frequency f i0 n according to the above
- the value of the amplitude or the envelope of the oscillating ion signal 0 typically varies during the measurement time interval T slightly, ie, the duration of the measurement interval T 0 is significantly less than the mean free flight time of the ions.
- both positively charged ions 4a and negatively charged ions 4b can be simultaneously captured. All ions 4a, 4b are detected independently of their charge polarity after the SWIFT excitation 10, which may result in a frequency spectrum, for example, which is shown in FIG. 10c.
- the frequency spectrum of all the ions 4a, 4b stored in the FT-ICR ion trap shown in Fig. 10c represents a superposition of the frequency spectrum of the positively charged ions 4a, which is shown in Fig. 10a, and the frequency spectrum of the negative charged ions 4b, which is shown in Fig. 10b.
- the charge polarity of the ions 4a, 4b can be detected: If the ions 4a, 4b stimulated by a uniform broadband excitation, move immediately after SWIFT excitation 10, for example, the positively charged ions 4a to the first measuring electrode 6a, while the negatively charged ions 4b move away from this.
- the positive ions 4a and the negative ions 4b can in this way in Frequency spectrum of all ions 4a, 4b are identified, as shown in Fig. 10d.
- the start phase ⁇ can be varied in the case of a mass-dependent phase-shifted orbital SWIFT excitation 10, but also as a function of the ion resonance frequency f i0 n. In this way, ion packets in the frequency spectrum or in the mass spectrum can be marked correspondingly differently.
- 10 ion populations can be excited differently depending on their charge polarity, for example by SWIFT (broadband) selective excitation. This can be done by depending on the
- Performance characteristics of a mass spectrometer 1 with a FT ion trap 2 can be significantly increased.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| DE102015208188.5A DE102015208188B4 (de) | 2015-05-04 | 2015-05-04 | Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen Untersuchung eines Gases |
| PCT/EP2016/055842 WO2016177503A1 (de) | 2015-05-04 | 2016-03-17 | Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen untersuchung eines gases und massenspektrometer |
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| EP (1) | EP3292561B1 (de) |
| JP (3) | JP6734872B2 (de) |
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| KR102732327B1 (ko) | 2017-02-21 | 2024-11-19 | 칼 짜이스 에스엠티 게엠베하 | 공정의 실시간 모니터링 방법 및 질량 분광계 |
| DE102017208996B4 (de) | 2017-05-29 | 2024-05-08 | Leybold Gmbh | Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen Untersuchung eines Gases |
| CN108593754A (zh) * | 2018-04-24 | 2018-09-28 | 清华大学 | 一种痕量物质串级质谱分析方法 |
| DE102018116308A1 (de) | 2018-07-05 | 2020-01-09 | Analytik Jena Ag | Dynamische Ionenfilterung zur Reduzierung hochabundanter Ionen |
| WO2020076765A1 (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2020-04-16 | Purdue Research Foundation | Mass spectrometry via frequency tagging |
| DE102019204694A1 (de) * | 2019-04-02 | 2020-10-08 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Massenspektrometer mit einer Ionisierungseinrichtung |
| DE102019215148B4 (de) | 2019-10-01 | 2022-04-14 | Leybold Gmbh | Ionenfalle mit ringförmigem Ionenspeicherraum und Massenspektrometer |
| GB2613601A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2023-06-14 | Edwards Vacuum Llc | Ion trap and method for detecting ions in an ion trap |
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| US4761545A (en) * | 1986-05-23 | 1988-08-02 | The Ohio State University Research Foundation | Tailored excitation for trapped ion mass spectrometry |
| DE3821998A1 (de) * | 1988-06-30 | 1990-01-04 | Spectrospin Ag | Icr-ionenfalle |
| US4931640A (en) * | 1989-05-19 | 1990-06-05 | Marshall Alan G | Mass spectrometer with reduced static electric field |
| US4945234A (en) | 1989-05-19 | 1990-07-31 | Extrel Ftms, Inc. | Method and apparatus for producing an arbitrary excitation spectrum for Fourier transform mass spectrometry |
| US5013912A (en) * | 1989-07-14 | 1991-05-07 | University Of The Pacific | General phase modulation method for stored waveform inverse fourier transform excitation for fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry |
| US5521380A (en) * | 1992-05-29 | 1996-05-28 | Wells; Gregory J. | Frequency modulated selected ion species isolation in a quadrupole ion trap |
| US5324939A (en) * | 1993-05-28 | 1994-06-28 | Finnigan Corporation | Method and apparatus for ejecting unwanted ions in an ion trap mass spectrometer |
| DE19501823A1 (de) * | 1995-01-21 | 1996-07-25 | Bruker Franzen Analytik Gmbh | Verfahren zur Regelung der Erzeugungsraten für massenselektives Einspeichern von Ionen in Ionenfallen |
| DE19501835C2 (de) * | 1995-01-21 | 1998-07-02 | Bruker Franzen Analytik Gmbh | Verfahren zur Anregung der Schwingungen von Ionen in Ionenfallen mit Frequenzgemischen |
| US5696376A (en) * | 1996-05-20 | 1997-12-09 | The Johns Hopkins University | Method and apparatus for isolating ions in an ion trap with increased resolving power |
| WO2005001465A1 (ja) * | 2003-06-27 | 2005-01-06 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | 化学物質の検出装置および化学物質の検出方法 |
| JP3676298B2 (ja) * | 2001-12-28 | 2005-07-27 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 化学物質の検出装置および化学物質の検出方法 |
| GB2402260B (en) * | 2003-05-30 | 2006-05-24 | Thermo Finnigan Llc | All mass MS/MS method and apparatus |
| JP4506260B2 (ja) * | 2004-04-23 | 2010-07-21 | 株式会社島津製作所 | イオン蓄積装置におけるイオン選別の方法 |
| GB0524042D0 (en) * | 2005-11-25 | 2006-01-04 | Micromass Ltd | Mass spectrometer |
| EP2021105A4 (de) * | 2006-05-26 | 2011-11-02 | Cedars Sinai Medical Center | Einschätzung der ion-cyclotron-resonanzparameter in der fourier-transformationsmassenspektrometrie |
| JP4941402B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-12 | 2012-05-30 | 株式会社島津製作所 | 質量分析装置 |
| GB0909292D0 (en) * | 2009-05-29 | 2009-07-15 | Micromass Ltd | Ion tunnelion guide |
| EP2372747B1 (de) * | 2010-03-31 | 2018-08-01 | Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) GmbH | Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Massenspektrumserzeugung |
| EP2894654B1 (de) * | 2012-09-10 | 2019-05-08 | Shimadzu Corporation | Ionenauswahlverfahren in einer ionenfalle und ionenfalle |
| CN104335323B (zh) * | 2013-01-31 | 2017-02-15 | 北京理工大学 | 基于离子阱的双极性离子分析与检测的装置和方法 |
| DE102013208959A1 (de) | 2013-05-15 | 2014-11-20 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur massenselektiven Bestimmung eines Ions |
| DE102013213501A1 (de) | 2013-07-10 | 2015-01-15 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Massenspektrometer, dessen Verwendung, sowie Verfahren zur massenspektrometrischen Untersuchung eines Gasgemisches |
| US10481210B2 (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2019-11-19 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Methods to determine battery cell voltage relaxation time based on cell usage history and temperature |
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| JP2020188007A (ja) | 2020-11-19 |
| JP2020188008A (ja) | 2020-11-19 |
| JP6948500B2 (ja) | 2021-10-13 |
| US20180068842A1 (en) | 2018-03-08 |
| JP6734872B2 (ja) | 2020-08-05 |
| JP6948499B2 (ja) | 2021-10-13 |
| DE102015208188B4 (de) | 2025-05-22 |
| DE102015208188A1 (de) | 2016-11-24 |
| JP2018518019A (ja) | 2018-07-05 |
| WO2016177503A1 (de) | 2016-11-10 |
| EP3292561B1 (de) | 2024-05-01 |
| US10141174B2 (en) | 2018-11-27 |
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